SOLUTIONS

wh %
i mass
of compo X 100
=

Total mass

ii vIv % volume
=

of compo x100

Total volume

iii m/v % = mass

of comp X100

Total volume

in v/m % volume
=

of comp x100

Total mass

~
ppm no
of parts of comp X10
=

Total all
no
of comps

vi
ppb =
no
of parts of comp X109
Total no -
of comps
vie

praction=
mole or a
(x) NA + RB

How to
find moles ???
N =
Given mess

MM

viii

motality (m) COB Or R

=

MB XWA WA

Molarity (M) =
R

V
or

MBX V
WB

*
(N)
Normality
WB
geg
= =

EB XV V
*
(F)
Formality
= WB

Form mass XV

Applicable for ionic solids

like NaCl

* NIM
Calci
of on dilution

Z
NIVI = NaVz Norm

Before After

Before M2 Z
MIVI
Mo a

- Calci
of NIM on
mixing

E
same NiVl + N2 ve =
N3V3 (V3 =
Vi +
Vc)
solute

Mi VI + M2Vz = M3V3
 3
NiVl-N2Vz N3V3
Rigf
=

solute
M . Vi -
M2Vz =
M3V3

* Inter relations >

-

m/x -

m = NB X 1000

CAX MA

m/m- >

M = md x 1000

1000 + MMB

m =
MX 1000

1000d-MMB
·

NIM >
-

N
n-factor X
molarity
=

n-factor : - lost or
gained
·

M/x >
-

M =
xB XdX 1000

+ XB MB
HAMA

Henry's law -

partial pressure (p)

pLx or
p knx
=
 Roult's law -
·

>

- up A in
PA pA SLA= of pure

PB
=

poB CCB

in
up
of B pur
·

Non-volatile subs >

-

PS =
PA X A

XB =
PA -

PS
PA
 Relo btw Dalton's /Roult's law :
·

PA PB
Pt = +

Pt =
PACA + PB/LB

Pt =
PA + (PB-PA) xB

Roult's law as
special case
of
henry's law >
-

PALIA or PA =
PACCA >
- R

PALIA O PA =
Kn xA
.
- H

Here ,
kn =

pA
Colligative properties
* -

Ap = PA-PS
·

Relative AP =
-PS
POA
zup
T

·
-P =
CB =
NA + RB

: PA-p = No
(nB(A)
POA NA

·
Molar mass wala -

PM
mad MM
of solute
solute
of
 Ap(PA-p)
·

p =
pA -

· xA + xB = /

soln .
BP of
·
& - BP
Elevation in BP (ATb) =
Tb-Tb
pure
solvent

ATb < m or ATb =

Kom

ATb Kb
z m 1 =
=

,
Gas const
>
- 2
Kb = RXM , x (Tb)
1000 X AH

Enthalpy
O

ATb =
Kb X 1000 X We

M2 X W
I
 M2 =
1000 X W2 X Kb

A Tb X CO I

Depression in
freezing pt
·

Aty =

Tg -

TJ

ATJ < m

:
ATy =

1m
1
If m =

ATJ =

Ky

ky
=
RXMIX(tg)2
1000 XDH
 Ky
·

1000 X Wa
ATj
=
x

M2 X WI

Me 14 x (2 x 1000
=

Dij X 10 ,

* Osmose's >
- (π) moles of
-
Gas const & solute

ART
·
It = CRT on T =

↓ ↓ T
temp S
osmotic
pressure volume

o Rz =
#z
M2

· TV =
WLRT or Mz = 2 RT
M2 #V
 related to osmoses :
Impo things
*

T2
If T =
·

=
RT, RT
#
T1 T2 Vi Vz
zg H1 R2
= = =

,
,

then
Vant
Hoff factor
*
(i) -

i = normal MM

abnormal MM