Engineering Mathematics II – Group
Assignment
Course Title: Engineering Mathematics II
Assignment Title: Group Assignment – Differential Equations, Vector Calculus, and Complex
Analysis
Department: MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
Institution: Lagos State University of Science and Technology
Level: 200L
Group Number: [Insert Group Number]
Matric Number Range: [Insert Range]
Name Matric Number
[Enter Name 1] [Enter Matric 1]
[Enter Name 2] [Enter Matric 2]
[Enter Name 3] [Enter Matric 3]
[Enter Name 4] [Enter Matric 4]
[Enter Name 5] [Enter Matric 5]
[Enter Name 6] [Enter Matric 6]
[Enter Name 7] [Enter Matric 7]
[Enter Name 8] [Enter Matric 8]
[Enter Name 9] [Enter Matric 9]
[Enter Name 10] [Enter Matric 10]
[Enter Name 11] [Enter Matric 11]
[Enter Name 12] [Enter Matric 12]
[Enter Name 13] [Enter Matric 13]
[Enter Name 14] [Enter Matric 14]
[Enter Name 15] [Enter Matric 15]
Question 1: Describe physical systems where ODEs are used
a) Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering:
- Modeling plant disease spread
- Simulation of livestock population
- Temperature control in greenhouses
b) Civil Engineering:
- Bridge oscillation dynamics
- Soil erosion models
- Traffic flow simulation
c) Electrical Engineering:
- Phase-locked loop behavior
- Switching circuits
- Transmission line signals
d) Chemical Engineering:
- Modeling pollutant decay
- Enzyme kinetics
- Flash drum dynamics
e) Computer Engineering:
- Dynamic scheduling systems
- Cryptographic timing analysis
- Circuit timing delays
f) Mechanical Engineering:
- Vehicle suspension systems
- Gearbox dynamics
- Internal combustion engine cycles
g) Food Science and Technology:
- Freezing and thawing curves
- Food drying kinetics
- Pressure cooking dynamics
Question 2: Practical importance of solving ODEs and methods
Why it matters:
- Helps forecast system behaviors
- Enables control over time-dependent processes
- Essential for automation and robotics
Solution Techniques:
1. Exact: Variation of parameters, Laplace transforms, characteristic equations
2. Approximate: Adams-Bashforth, RK4, Python’s `solve_ivp` or MATLAB’s `ode23`, `ode15s`
Question 3: Numerically solve two differential equations using MATLAB
A. Duffing Equation (Nonlinear Oscillator)
MATLAB Code:
function dydt = duffing(t, y)
alpha = 1;
beta = -1;
delta = 0.3;
gamma = 0.37;
omega = 1.2;
dydt = [y(2); -delta*y(2) - alpha*y(1) - beta*y(1)^3 + gamma*cos(omega*t)];
end
tspan = [0 50];
y0 = [0.5; 0];
[t, y] = ode45(@duffing, tspan, y0);
plot(t, y(:,1))
xlabel('Time'), ylabel('Displacement')
title('Duffing Equation Response')
B. BVP: d²y/dx² - sin(y) = 0 with y(0)=0, y(π)=0
MATLAB Code:
function dydx = sinebvp(x, y)
dydx = [y(2); sin(y(1))];
end
function res = sinebc(ya, yb)
res = [ya(1); yb(1)];
end
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, pi, 10), [0; 0]);
sol = bvp4c(@sinebvp, @sinebc, solinit);
xint = linspace(0, pi, 100);
yint = deval(sol, xint);
plot(xint, yint(1,:))
xlabel('x'), ylabel('y')
title('Solution to BVP: d²y/dx² - sin(y) = 0')
Question 4: Vector-valued functions
- Derivatives: Show how vector quantities like velocity or force change. Example: velocity =
dr/dt
- Integrals: Accumulate vector effects, like total displacement from velocity over time.
- Curvature: Indicates how sharply a path bends; used in designing tracks or robotics.
- Torsion: Measures the twisting rate of a 3D curve; important in cable or helix modeling.
Question 5: Line Integrals and Green’s Theorem
Line Integrals allow evaluation of work done by force fields along a path.
Green’s Theorem connects circulation along a curve to a double integral over the region it
bounds.
∮ (L dx + M dy) = ∬ (∂M/∂x − ∂L/∂y) dA
Conservative Fields Criteria:
- The curl of the field is zero: ∇ × F = 0
- Domain must be simply connected
Question 6: Applications of Cauchy-Riemann Equations
a) Agricultural Engineering: Analysis of fluid irrigation systems
b) Civil Engineering: Concrete stress distribution
c) Electrical Engineering: Designing impedance-based components
d) Chemical Engineering: Modeling reactive flows
e) Computer Engineering: Digital signal analysis in the complex plane
f) Mechanical Engineering: Describing rotational flows
g) Food Science: Predicting heat behavior in food during microwaving
Question 7: Cauchy Integral Formula & Taylor Series
Cauchy Integral Formula provides values of analytic functions using contour integrals:
f(a) = (1/2πi) ∮ f(z)/(z−a) dz
Taylor Series expresses complex functions as power series around a point:
f(z) = Σ [f⁽ⁿ⁾(a)/n!] * (z - a)ⁿ
Both relate through analytic properties of functions—Taylor coefficients can be derived
using Cauchy’s formula.