EMBEDDED SYSTEM COURSE COMPLETION
A course completion report submitted in partial
fulfillment of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Submitted by : YADDANAPUDI KALYANI
(O170620)
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies -Ongole
Santhanuthalapadu,Prakasam(Dist),Andhra Pradesh
January 2023
CERTIFICATE
This is to certifiy that the report entitled
“EMBEDDED SYSTEMS BY INTERNSHALA”.
Submitted by Yaddanapudi kalyani(o170620)
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and Communication Engineering is a bona fide
work carried by them under my supervision and
guidance.
Head of the Department :
[Link] REDDY.
DECLARATION
• "I, yaddanapudi kalyani, hereby declare that the
work presented in
• this report, entitled 'Embedded System Course
Completion Report', is a result of my own efforts
and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements.
• The report is based on original research and is
not submitted in any other form, either in part or
in whole, to any other institution or organization.
Any ideas or data taken from other sources have
been properly acknowledged and referenced in
the report.
• I understand that any form of plagiarism is a
serious academic offence and can
lead to severe consequences. I assure that the
work presented in this report is my own and that I
have not plagiarized any part of it.
• Signed: [Link]
• Date:
APPROVAL SHEET
• This report entitled “EMBEDDED SYSTEM COURSE
COMPLETION” by [Link] is hereby approved for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi University
of Knowledge Technologies - Ongole Campus, Andhra
Pradesh.
• Examiner (s):__________________________
• __________________________
• Supervisor(s):___________________________
• _________________________
• __________________________
• Chairman:__________________________
Date: __________________________
Place: __________________________
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
INTERNSHALA,for providing me knowledge and skills
necessary to successfully complete this Embedded
SystemCourse.
I would like to thank my project guide [Link] for
his supervision and support.
I am grateful to [Link] REDDY, HOD of the
Electronics and Communication Engineering, for
providing excellent computing facilities and a
congenial atmosphere for progressing with my course.
I thank the Director of RGUKT Ongole
Campus ,[Link] Reddy as
Academic & Administrative head of the campus
At the outset,I would like to thank Rajiv Gandhi
University of Knowledge Technologies,IIIT Ongole,
providing all the necessary resources for the
successful completion of my course work.
With Sincere Regards.
Yaddanapudi Kalyani- (O170620)
Project Internal Guide:
[Link]
IIIT ONGOLE.
INDEX
●CHAPTER-1: Introduction
●CHAPTER-2: Embedded
Hardware
●CHAPTER-3: Embedded
Firmware
●CHAPTER-4:Firmware
Development
●CHAPTER-5: Phase of
Embedded Systems Development
●CHAPTER-6:Case Studies
●CHAPTER-7:Conclusion
Submitted by : Signature of guide:
Yaddanapudi Kalyani [Link]
O170620
ABSTRACT
EMBEDDED SYSTEM COURSE:
• Embedded System course consists of basic knowledge
about the hardware and software view of a system.
• For desiging a Embedded Systems we need
Microprocessor,memory,peripherals,clock and power.
• This course gives the overview about above mentioned
things so that by using above mentioned Components,
the embedded system can be prepared.
• Embedded System can increase the performance of a
System by using the hardware and software layer and its
components
•When it is a good System then their exist more number of
Customers.
• Without a good system,we will not be able to generate
the long-term relationships with customers.
CHAPTER-1:
INTRODUCTION TO WEB DEVELOPMENT
• A microprocessor based System built to execute certain
functionalities and not designed to be programmed by the
end user in the same way that a pc is.
• Each Embedded System is designed to perform
dedicated tasks only.
• Most Embedded Systems are designed to be Stand
alone(less human interaction).
• It cannot be stuck at a [Link] has to solve out of that
by itself and start running again.
•It is designed to be safe and fault tolerant Architecture.
•EMBEDDED SYSTEM INSIDE VIEWER
• Embedded System is divided into 2 types they are
nothing but software and Hardware.
1. Hardware Layer: It is the last layer in the
Embedded system.
It is classified into 5 types.
[Link], [Link],[Link],[Link] and
[Link]
[Link]: The Processor process the Instruction and
executes [Link] is selected based based on the
performance levels required for the task.
Heat dissipation,cost and power dissipation requirement.
[Link]: It has Both RAM and Rom in it.
[Link]: These are connect the processor with
the external world.
It includes :general purpose input and output pins
communication [Link] and DAC comparators,etc.
[Link]: Processor executes instruction at every clock
pulse.
It enables the processor and other hardware blocks to
perform.
Higher the clock rate means higher the
[Link] means higher power dissipation.
[Link]: It power the entire hardware block.
[Link] LAYER: Both the system software and
the Application software comes under the Software
layer.
• It consists 2 layers in [Link] are
[Link] Software layer [Link] software
layer.
•[Link] layer:The It is only defines the task to be
performed.
• [Link] Software: It is also known as the operating
[Link] has the direct access with the hardware.
EXAMPLES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM :
[Link]:
1. Consumer Electronics:
2. Industrial:
3. Medical:
4. Networking
5. Printing
Embedded Devices commonly in use:
1. Engine control unit
2. TV,set of box,DVD,VCR,,music System
3. Washing machine,refrigerators,air conditioners
4. Personal digital assistants, toys, cameras, telephones,
GPS, CCTV,camera.
5. Dialysis machines,prosthetics,ICU monitors
6. Printer,Scanner,Photocopies,fax
ESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES:
Power efficient,memory efficient,intellectual
property,protection and reliability.
CHAPTER 2:-
EMBEDDED HARDWARE
• Importance of Hardware Drawings:-
• describes the hardware of the project.
• Helps in understanding complex projects.
• Successfully communicate with hardware
engineers about any requirements.
• Several types in hardware drawings.
These are divided into several types. they are
[Link] Diagram:-
It tells the every step and components.
[Link]:
We have the schematics it helps in understanding the
signal definitions and signal [Link] a circuit view.
[Link] DIAGRAMS:-
Wiring diagrams will show the connection between
major and minor.
Wiring diagram:horizontal and software.
INTERNAL BLOCKS OF A PROCESSOR:
CPU,On Chip Memory,Processor I/O and processor
Cpu:-central processing unit consists of ALU and
registers.
On-chip memory:- All the data and instruction to be
executed by the system are stored in the memory.
Types:-PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH, SRAM,
DRAM
CHAPTER3:-
EMBEDDED FIRMWARE
[Link] is a software,provides low level control for a
[Link] specific hardware.
[Link] adds value to the system.
[Link] examples are embedded systems.
COMPONENTS OF FIRMWARE INCLUDES:
[Link]
[Link] system
[Link] application
[Link] handling
[Link] and maintainance support.
DEVICE Drivers:-
The software that directly interfaces and control the
hardware is called device driver.
OPERATING SYSTEM:-
An OP-System sits over the hardware,over the device
driver layer.
Operational parts of devices.
It has 2 main functionalities
1. To provide an abstraction layer for the [Link]
sits on the top of the system to be less dependent on
Hardware.
2. Manage the various System Hardware and Software
resources.
EXAMPLES OF OS:-
Linux, windows CE microsoft,RT linux,free RTOS etc.
KERNALS AND ITS FUNCTIONALITIES:-
All the operating System have kernal at least.
The kernal is a component that contains main
functonalities of the operating System.
It has 3 main functionalities,they are
1. Process management:-
manages all processes that runs on top of the os
and how os manages and control the other software
in the embedded System.
2. Memory management:-
Memory space access and sharing is managed.
3. I/O System management also need to be Shared
Access and allocation is managed.
Types of Kernal:-
1. Monolithic kernal
2. Layer os
3. Micro kernal
Key factors of scheduling performance:-
Response in time:-Time taken by the schedular to
switch to a ready task.
Turnaround time:-time taken by a processor to
complete execution and return
Overhead:-time and data needed to determine which
tasks will run next.
Fairness:-factors determing the schedular of a
process.
TYPES OF SCHEDULING IN OS:-
INTERRUPTS:-
Interrupts is nothing but a problem which decreases
the performance.
It may be internal or External.
Processor will stop its current Execution and Starts
executing instruction in response to the event.
Detecting Interrupt:-
[Link] Trigger
[Link] Trigger
Latency:-
It is defined as the time taken tom the processor from
recognization of interrupt from the ISR(Interrupt Survice
routine)
DISPATCH LATENCY:
The amount of time a system takes to resume the
original execution once ISR processing is complete.
CHAPTER-4
FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT
OVER VIEW OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Assembly
2. C
3. C++
4. Python
5. Java
Selection of programming languages is based on:-
1. size of memory
2. Speed of Execution
3. Portability
DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM:-
Embedded system developed in a computer and if it
want share the information then it connected to the
another computer hardware through communication
link.
Here the first computer acts as a HOST and another
one acts as a target.
Typically there are 3 types of tools in HOST:-
1. utility tools
2. Translation tools:
i. pre-processor
ii. Compiler
iii. Linker
iv. interpreter
3. Debugging tools
SIMULATION AND DEBUGGING:-
Simulation:-
Completely host-based program that simulates the
functionality and instructions set of the target
processor.
Model the behaviour of the complete microcontroller
in software.
Simulation external events by manually creating
“Stimulus”files.
DEBUGGING:-
Remote debugging is a tool that can be commonly
used for:- downloading,execution and debugging
embedded software.
Contains 2 pieces of software:-
1. Frontend
2. Backend
HELLO WORLD
ESSIENTIAL C PROGRAMMING:-
#include <stdio.h>int main() {
// printf() displays the string inside quotation
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:-
Hello, World!
Variables and Data Types:-
Variables
Rules for naming variables,
1. Only letter,digits &underscore
2. Cannot begin with a digit
3. Cannot use keywords
Data types:
Data type specifies the type of variables stored.
Integer-int,long
Character-char
Unsigned &signed types
BRANCH STATEMENT:-
[Link]-else:-
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d", &num1, &num2);
if(num1 > num2)
{
printf("First number is maximum.");
}
else
{
printf("Second number is maximum.");
}
return 0;}
OUTPUT:-
Enter two numbers: 10
20
Second number is maximum
1. SWITCH-CASE:-
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char operation;
double n1, n2;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf("%c", &operation);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&n1, &n2);
switch(operation)
{
case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1+n2);
break;
case '-':
printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1-n2);
break;
case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1*n2);
break;
case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1/n2);
break;
default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:-
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): -
Enter two operands: 32.5
12.4
32.5 - 12.4 = 20.1
LOOP STATEMENT:-
1. for loop:-
#include <stdio.h>int main(){
int i;
for (i=1; i<=3; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;}
OUTPUT:-
1
2
3
1. While loop:-
// Print numbers from 1 to 5
#include <stdio.h>int main() {
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
++i;
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:-
1
5
OPERATIONS IN C:-
CODING ON ARDUINO:-
Basic Arduino Routines:-
1. Set up():-used to initialization of [Link] only
once.
2. loop():-after set up(),loop() will start and work
continuously.
Ex:-
Void Set up()
{
}
Void loop()
{
}
CHAPTER-5
PHASES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
Phase-1:-
Concept,preliminary requirement analysis,define the
system.
Phase-2:-
Creating the Architecture
Phase-3:-
Implementing the Architecture
Phase-4:-
Testing the System
Phase-5:-
maintaining the system.
INFLUENTIAL PARAMETERS:-
Business:-
Saleability
Time -to-market
Costs
Devices Lifetime
Target market
Technical:-
Performance
User Friendlines
Modifiability
Security
Relability
Industry Standards
TV standards
Medical device standards
Programming language standards
Networking standards
Customers
Cost
User friendliness
Performance
IMPLEMENTING SOFTWARE:-
1. Coding
2. Translation
3. Simulation/debugging
4. Code review
5. Correction
6. Uploading
TEST:-
While-box Testing
Black-box Testing
Static Testing
Dynamic Testing
Unit & Module
System testing
Regression Testing
Manufacturing testing
Capability maturity model(CMM)
PRODUCT SUPPORT:-
Technical manual
User manual
Training Manuals
Field support
CHAPTER-6:-
CASE STUDIES
Topic-1:-
Burgulary Alarm System:-
A Burgulary alarm is basically an intruder alert
system used to prevent theft/robbery and protect
ones premises.
Cost of building burgulary alarm will go up depending
on features.
In this case study we take a look at a simple burgular
alarm system using an Arduino UNO and a PIR sensor.
HARDWARE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BURGULARY
ALARM SYSTEM:-
MAJOR COMPONENT:-
1. PIR(Proximity Infrared Sensor)
2. Arduino UNO
3. Siren
TOPIC-2:-
AUDIO SPECTRUM ANALYZER USING ARDUINO:-
Analyse the music input,identifies the amplitude of
each frequency in the music played and then displays
it using LED lights.
Each audio signal is sum of many many sine waves.
Each sine wave is separated by Fourier Analysis.
This is a spectrum under spectrum Analyzer.
Spectrum analyzer is a equipment that uses Fourier
analysis and Digital processing techniques to provide
spectrum analysis.
Block diagram of audio spectrum analyzer:-
Major components:-
1. Internal ADC
2. Arduino UNO
3. LCD
TOPIC-3:-
IP CAMERA SYSTEM
Used in CCTV security Systems.
Type of digital video camera used for Surveillance
which transmits data via ethernet or WiFi.
Like mobiles and TVs.
Captures Resolution can be as high as 16 megapixels.
Equipped with a processing chip,capable of capturing,
Compressing and transmitting video.
To avoid consumption of two much Bandwidth
images are compressed using MPEG4.
Salient features of IP camera is:-two-way audio,
remote access,high resolution, fewer cables.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:-
1. Optics
2. Sensor
3. SOC.
CHAPTER-7:-
CONCLUSION
• By using these all we can design a efficient
embedded system without interrupts.
Now a days each and every system consists of
embedded [Link] system must maintain its
efficiency and execution speed.
By maintaining these only a system can be user
friendly and survives in this competitive market.
And here intershala teached me these all thinks with
more affective manner and easy way.
Here I am learned some coding techniques in
embedded systems.