Polynomials

Polynomials

CHAPTER 4: Polynomials, Cubic Equations…

Learning Outcomes:

-Add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials

-State the Division of Algorithm of Polynomials
-Use the Remainder Theorem to find the
remainder when a polynomial is divided by a
linear factor
-Use the Factor Theorem to factorise cubic
expressions,
-Solve cubic equations and problems in real-
world contexts involving cubic equations
 Polynomials
Polynomials

Polynomial [Link]

- “Poly”
- many

- “Nomial”
- terms
 Polynomials
Polynomials

Polynomial [Link]

- A numerical
expression written
with:
- one term OR
- sum/difference of
terms
- variables that
have whole-
number
exponents
 Polynomials
Polynomials

- Polynomial Vocabulary -

- Variable
-Any letter that is used to represent
a changing value

(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5
 Polynomials
Polynomials

- Polynomial Vocabulary -

- Coefficient
-Any number found at the beginning
of a term containing a variable

(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5
 Polynomials
Polynomials

- Polynomial Vocabulary -

- Constant
-Any number by itself, the number
does not change

(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5
 Polynomials
Polynomials

- Polynomial Vocabulary -

- Terms
-Each individual portion of the
expression
- Can be a number, variable, or the
product of a number & a variable

(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5
 Polynomials
Polynomials

- Polynomial Vocabulary -

- Degree of Polynomial
- Refers to highest power of its individual
terms with non-zero coefficients.

(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5 has a degree of 2 since the

term 3x2 contains the highest power of x
(ex) 5x3 + 7x2 -4x +6 has a degree of 3
Notation
- Arrange the terms of a polynomial in
DESCENDING POWERS of the variable
(ex) 3x2 - 2x +5

- Sometimes, the terms are arranged in

Ascending powers of the variable when the
leading coefficient is negative
(ex) 2 +3x - 5x3

Polynomials are also functions. Therefore,

we can use the function notations,
(ex) P(x) and Q(x), to denote polynomials.
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
PN1:

It is given that 𝐏 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓 and

𝐐 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔
(i) Find an expression for the following
a) P(𝑥) + Q(𝑥) b) P 𝑥 − Q(𝑥)

(ii) Evaluate P 0.5 − Q(0.5)

Exercise 4A:
#1
It is given that 𝐏 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 and 𝐐 𝒙 =
𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
(i) Find:
a) P(𝑥) + Q(𝑥) b) P 𝑥 − Q(𝑥)

(ii) Evaluate P 3 − Q(3)

Multiplication of Polynomials

PN2:

If 𝐏 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 and 𝐐 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔, find

(i) P 𝑥 × Q(𝑥)

(ii) The relationship between the degrees of P 𝑥 , Q(𝑥)

and 𝑃 𝑥 × 𝑄(𝑥)
Note: ☺

If 𝐏 𝒙 and 𝐐(𝒙) are non-zero polynomials,

then the

degree of 𝐏 𝒙 × 𝐐 𝒙 = degree of 𝐏 𝒙 +
degree of 𝐐(𝒙)
Exercise 4A:
#2

If 𝐏 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 and 𝐐 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖, find

P 𝑥 × Q(𝑥)
Division of Polynomials

Division Algorithm for Polynomials

Remember!

Dividing
-If the variables are the same, subtract
the exponents
(ex) (x7)÷(x3) = x(7-3)
Exercise 4A:
#7
Find the quotient and remainder for each of
the following

(a) −4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 160 ÷ (7 − 𝑥)

(b) 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 ÷ 𝑥 + 3
(c) 7 − 3𝑥 3 ÷ (3 − 𝑥)
(d) 12𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 ÷ (−3𝑥 + 1)
(e) 5𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4 ÷ (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3)
(f) (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7) ÷ 1 + 𝑥 2
Equality of Polynomials

If two polynomials

𝐏 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒙𝟑 + 𝑩𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫 and

𝐐 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 are EQUIVALENT,

then the equation 𝐏 𝒙 = 𝐐 𝒙 is true for all real

values of 𝑥.

We call this equation an IDENTITY.

PN3: Finding unknown coefficients

Given that 3𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 = 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 +

𝒃 𝒙 − 𝟐 + 𝒄 for all values of 𝒙,
find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
𝑴𝑬𝑻𝑯𝑶𝑫 𝟏: 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙

𝑥 = 2 3 2 2+2 2 −9=𝑎 2−2 2+1 +𝑏 2−2 +𝑐

12 + 4 − 9 = 0 + 0 + 𝑐
𝑥 = −1 𝟕=𝒄
2
3 −1 + 2 −1 − 9 = 𝑎 −1 − 2 −1 + 1 + 𝑏 −1 − 2 + 𝟕
3−2−9= 0 + −3 𝑏 + 7
3 − 2 − 9 − 7 = −3𝑏
−15 = −3𝑏
5=𝑏
𝑥=0 3 0 2
+2 0 −9=𝑎 0−2 0+1 +𝟓 0−2 +𝟕
−9 = 𝑎 −2 1 + 𝟓 −2 + 𝟕
−9 = −2𝑎 − 10 + 7
−9 + 10 − 7 = −2𝑎
−6 = −2𝑎
3=𝑎
 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 9 = 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑏(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
𝑴𝑬𝑻𝑯𝑶𝑫 𝟐: 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 9 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 9 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 9 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + −𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐
3𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 3=𝑎 −9 = −2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐
2𝑥 = −𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 −9 = −2 3 − 2 𝟓 + 𝑐
2 = −𝟑 + 𝑏 −9 = −6 − 10 + 𝑐
2+3=𝑏 −9 + 6 + 10 = 𝑐
5=𝑏 7=𝑐

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 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 7 = 𝑥 − 1 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
5=𝑎
7 = −𝑐
−7 = 𝑐
5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 7 = 𝑥 − 1 (5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 7)
0𝑥 2 0 = −5𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 2
0 = (−5 + 𝑏)𝑥 2
0 = −5 + 𝑏 5=𝑏
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 𝑥 = −5
=2
3 2
3 2
𝑃 2 =3 2 −4 2 −5 𝑃 −5 = 3 −5 − 4 −5 −5
𝑃 2 = 24 − 16 − 5 𝑃 −5 = −375 − 100 − 5
𝑷 𝟐 =𝟑 𝑷 −𝟓 = −𝟒𝟖𝟎
2𝑥 = −3 3 3
3
3
2

3 𝑃 − =3 − −4 − −5
2 2 2
𝑥=−
2 3 27 9
𝑃 − =3 − −4 −5
2 8 4
3 81
𝑃 − =− −9−5
2 8

𝟑 𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝑷 − =−
𝟐 𝟖
 𝒙=𝟏 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐𝟐
5
5 1 + 2𝑘 1 3 − 6𝑘 1 2 + 9 = 22
5 + 2𝑘 − 6𝑘 + 9 = 22
2𝑘 − 6𝑘 = 22 − 5 − 9
−4𝑘 = 8
𝑘 = −2
 𝒙=𝟏 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟗
3 2
4 1 +𝐴 1 + 𝐵(1) + 3 = 9
4+𝐴+𝐵+3=9
𝐴+𝐵 =9 −4−3
𝐴+𝐵 =2
𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒇 𝟏 = −𝟐𝟕
3
4 −3 + 𝐴 −3 2 + 𝐵 −3 + 3 = −27
−108 + 9𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 3 = −27
9𝐴 − 3𝐵 = −27 + 108 − 3
9𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 78
𝐴+𝐵 =2 9𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 78
𝐴 =2−𝐵 𝐴 =2−𝐵
𝐴 = 2 − (−5)
9 2 − 𝐵 − 3𝐵 = 78
𝐴=7
18 − 9𝐵 − 3𝐵 = 78
−9𝐵 − 3𝐵 = 78 − 18
−12𝐵 = 60
𝑩 = −𝟓
𝑥=3 𝑓(3) = 0
4 3 3 + 6 3 2 − 9 3 + 2𝑘 = 0
4(27) + 6(9) − 27 + 2𝑘 = 0
108 + 54 − 27 + 2𝑘 = 0
2𝑘 = −108 − 54 + 27
2𝑘 = −135
135
𝑘=−
2
𝑥 = −2 135
3 2
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 4 −2 + 6 −2 − 9 −2 + 2 −
2
= −32 + 24 + 18 − 135
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = −125
 1
𝑥=− 𝑥=2
2 2
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 2)
1
𝑓 − =0
2 3 2
𝑓 2 =0
1 1 1
2 − +𝑎 − − 14 − + 𝑏 = 0
2 2 2
1 1
− + 𝑎+7+𝑏 =0
4 4
1 1
+ 𝑎+𝑏 = −7
4 4
𝟏 −𝟐𝟕
𝒂+𝒃=
𝟒 𝟒
𝑓 2 =0
3 2
2 2 +𝑎 2 − 14 2 + 𝑏 = 0
16 + 4𝑎 − 28 + 𝑏 = 0
4𝑎 + 𝑏 = −16 + 28
𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐
 𝟏 −𝟐𝟕
𝒂+𝒃= 𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝑏 = 12 − 4𝑎
𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −27
𝑏 = 12 − 4(5)
𝑎 + 4(12 − 4𝑎) = −27
𝑎 + 48 − 16𝑎 = −27 𝒃 = −𝟖
𝑎 − 16𝑎 = −27 − 48
−15𝑎 = −75
𝒂=𝟓
2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 8
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 4)
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟒)
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