EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:___________
AIM: TO IMPLEMENT DIFFERENT TYPE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT USING PN
JUNCTION DIODE.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
After this experiment, students will be able to determine the ripple factor and efficiency for the
different type rectifier and understand the effect of filter capacitors on output voltage.
PREREQUISITES:
Applications of PN junction diode.
APPARATUS:
Experimental Board, CRO, Multimeter.
THEORY:
The process of converting an alternating voltage/current to a unidirectional voltage/current is
called rectification. A diode offers very low resistance when forward biased and very high
resistance when reverse biased. Hence, it can be used as rectifier. The rectified output is a pulsating
unidirectional voltage/current. A filter is necessary after rectifier to convert pulsating waveform to
dc.
Half Wave Rectifier:
During positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased. Hence, current flows through load resistor.
During negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and is equivalent to open circuit. Therefore
current through load is zero. Thus, the diode conducts only for one half cycles and results in half
wave rectified output.
Full Wave Rectifier:
The full wave rectifier consists of a center-tap transformer, which results in equal voltages above
and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, positive voltage appears at the anode of
D1 while negative voltage at the anode of D2. So diode D1 is forward biased and it results in
current through load. During negative half cycle, the positive voltage appears at the anode of D2
and hence it is forward biased resulting in current through load. At the same instant a negative
voltage appears at the anode of D1, thus reverse biasing it and hence D1 does not conduct. The
current through the load during both half cycles is in the same direction hence it is sum of
individual currents.
Bridge Rectifier:
This circuit does not required center-tap transformer. During the positive half cycle, diodes D1
and D2 are forward biased and D3 and D4 are reverse biased. Thus, current flows in the circuit
due to D1 and D2. During the positive half cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and D3
and D4 are reverse biased. Thus, current flows in the circuit due to D1 and D2. During the negative
half cycle, diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased and D1 and D2 are reverse biased which results
in a current in the same direction. Thus the current flows for the whole cycle across the load in
one direction resulting in full wave rectification.
Fig: 1 Half Wave Rectifier Fig: 2 Full Wave Rectifier
Fig: 3 Bridge Rectifier
PROCEDURE:
Half wave rectifier: (without filter)
1. Trace the circuit. Note the type number of the diode used. Note the value of load resistance.
2. Connect the primary winding of the transformer to the ac mains.
3. Switch ON the CRO. Adjust the focus and intensity, so as to get a sharp and bright display
on the screen.
4. Connect the CRO probe across AB (secondary side). Adjust the different kinds of CRO so
as to get a stable and sufficiently wave shape on the screen.
5. Connect the CRO probe across CD (load) and observe waveforms.
Note down Maximum voltage Vm.
Calculate Vrms=Vm/2.
6. Calculate ripple factor.
7. Measure diode resistance Rf, secondary winding resistance Rs and load resistance R L and
calculate efficiency.
8. Repeat same procedure for center tap and bridge rectifier.
9. See the effect of capacitor filter on CRO by connecting capacitor parallel to load.
CALCULATIONS: (Half wave rectifier)
1. Maximum/peak value Vm =_________ V Max
2. DC voltage Vdc=Vm/π = _________ V (Avg.)
3. RMS value of voltage Vrms=Vm/2 = _______ V
4. Ripple factor r=√(Vrms/Vdc)2 -1 = ______%
5. Average Voltage Vavg = _______ V (On Scope)
CALCULATIONS: (Center tap rectifier) i/p Vac = _______V (RMS),
1. Maximum/peak value Vm = ______ V Max
2. DC voltage Vdc=2Vm/π = (2*Vm / 3.14) = _______ V (Avg.)
3. RMS value of voltage Vrms=Vm/√2 = _________ V
4. Ripple factor r=√(Vrms/Vdc)2 -1 = _________%
5. Average Voltage Vavg = ______ V (On Scope)
CALCULATIONS: (Bridge rectifier) i/p Vac = ______V (RMS),
1. Maximum/peak value Vm = _______ V Max
2. DC voltage Vdc=2Vm/π = (2* Vm / 3.14) = ______ V (Avg.)
3. RMS value of voltage Vrms=Vm/√2 = __________ V
4. Ripple factor r=√(Vrms/Vdc)2 -1 = ________%
5. Average Voltage Vavg = _________ V (On Scope)
CONCLUSION
QUIZ: HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Q.1 State disadvantages of half wave rectifier, full wave centre tap rectifier and full wave bridge
rectifier.
Q.2 Sketch CRO waveforms with capacitor filter.