Human Reproduction

GE 8
 Learning Objectives:
•Discuss Human • Discuss the Biocultural •Explain Human reproduction
Reproduction Ecological Perspectives from the perspective of human
ecology; Environmental,
socioeconomic, and cultural
 Table Of Contents

Biocultural
Factors
Human and
affecting
Reproduction Ecological
infertility
Perspectives
 Human
Reproduction
Both sexes have reproductive
organs called GENITALS or
GENITALIA designed for
the purpose of intercourse
and conception.
Female Reproductive
System

Female reproductive organs are

for intercourse, reproduction,
urination, pregnancy, and
childbirth.
Internal Female
Anatomy
Front View
 Ovary
• Two solid egg-shaped structures
• They are attached to the uterus by ligaments.
They are the counterpart of the male testicles.
• Ovaries have two main functions:
 Ovary
1. store and release the ova or female egg cell.
Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant
until each is ripened and released after puberty.
2. produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN
and PROGESTERONE
 Ova
• The female reproductive cell.
• They are the largest cells in the female body.
(about the size of a grain of sand.)
• The female baby is born with all the ova she
will ever have (about 200,000 in each
ovary).
• About 400-500 ova mature and are released
over a lifetime
 Estrogen
Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex
characteristics and the sex drive in females. It
spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for
OVULATION.
 Progesterone
Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus
called the endometrium in preparation for the
fertilized ovum
 Ovulation
• When the egg is released from the ovary.
• At the age of puberty
• The ovum moves to the surface of the
ovary in bursts out
 Ovulation
• The ova falls into the fallopian tube and
waits for fertilization
• This happens every 28 days
• It happens at about the 14th day of the
cycle
 FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
• Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus.
• They are about four inches long and 3/16 inches in
diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle).
• The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and
sperm cells toward the egg cell.
• Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the
oviduct.
 Uterus
• A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an
upside-down pear, about the size of a fist).
• The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood
lining.)
• The uterus has one main function—to protect and
nourish a fetus
 Uterus
• The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to
the size of a small watermelon.
• After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the
original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to
nine months for the uterus to fully recover.
 Cervix
• The neck or opening of the uterus.
• A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in
the body.
• It dips down about half an inch into the vagina.
 Cervix
• It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly
closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the
delivery of the baby.
• How big does it need to dilate to for birth?
 Vagina
• Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty
passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the
uterus.
• It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during
arousal.
 Vagina
• The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of
membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a
baby during birth.
• The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to
make intercourse easier.
 Urethra
• The opening to the bladder
 Clitoris
• A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the
labia.
• It contains a small amount of erectile tissue.
• The clitoris increases sexual pleasure
 Woman’s Cycle
• Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding)
• Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended
• Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts out of
the ovary
 Woman’s Cycle
• Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done
• Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, estrogen or
progesterone levels drop and the endometrium
lining breads down
• Day 28 – Menstruation begins again.
• [Link]
Timeline
Male Reproductive System
Scrotum
Testicles or Testes
Testicles or Testes
Testosterone
Sperm
• The microscopic cells produced by
the male's testicles can fertilize the
female's ovum.
• They are tiny, living cells 100
times smaller than a pencil dot.
(the smallest cell in a man’s body
Sperm
• Enough sperm would fit on the
head of a pin to re-populate the
earth if each sperm fertilized an
egg.
• It is destroyed by warm body
temperature, acidic environment.
Sperm
• It can survive in a women’s body
for 5-8 days.
• Any sperm not ejaculated are
passed in the urine.
 Epididymis
• the structure that forms a mass over the back and
upper part of each testis.
• Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks
while they ripen to maturity.
 Cowper’s Gland
• two small pea-sized glands located beneath the
prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis.
• They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to
neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
Cowper’s Gland
 Seminal Vesicles
• two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes
and enables the sperm to move.
 Prostate Gland
• surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland
secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in
the male urethra and the female reproductive tract.
• Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland,
many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be
impossible.
 Urethra
• A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through
to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix.
• Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra.
• During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the
pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body.
• During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen
can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body.
•
Penis
The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and
urination.
• The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the
vagina during sexual intercourse.
• The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At
birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the
foreskin.
• When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when
the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood.
 Semen
• a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid
nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra.
 Ejaculation
• the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of
muscular contractions.
 Timeline
• Infancy
Erections begin
• Ages 11-14
Secondary sex characteristics appear
• Ages 13-16
Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty)
 Timeline
• Late teens
Peak sexual urges for boys
• Throughout life
If good health is present, there is the sex urge and
ability to father children
 Reproduction
Process in Human
Beings
 The process of fusion of sperm with egg
(ovum) to produce zygote is called
fertilization. Fertilization is a crucial stage
of reproduction in human beings. The
fertilized egg is called the zygote. The
zygote starts to divide into many cells and
develops into an embryo.
The embryo moves into the uterus and
gets attached to its walls. This process is
referred to as implantation, and the
implanted embryo eventually develops
into a fetus.
 What is the
significance
of human
reproduction?
Biocultural and
Ecological
Perspectives
 What is biocultural?
• The term “biocultural” refers to the
interconnectedness between biological and cultural
factors in shaping human behavior, health, and well-
being. Biocultural approaches emphasize the
importance of considering both biological and
cultural factors in understanding human diversity,
adaptation, and evolution.
 What is the Ecological Perspective of
Human Ecology?
• The ecological perspective of human ecology
includes studying the impacts of human activities on
the environment and how environmental changes
can affect human health, livelihoods, and cultural
practices. This perspective also considers how social,
economic, and political factors shape human
behavior and the ways in which societies use and
manage natural resources.
 Activity 2:
Explain how biocultural and ecological
perspectives affect human well-being.
Give examples to support your answer.
 Activity 3
Consider the three case studies given below.
Please provide your suggestions for managing
these situations in 2-4 sentences each.
Case 1: Your friend, Suresh is extremely shy
and withdrawn because he is growing hair at
many places in his body. His voice is croaky
and sometimes he gets dreams which make him
feel ashamed of himself. How will you convince
Suresh that what he is undergoing is absolutely
normal and natural?
 Case 2: Rehman, your friend, is disappointed
because he is the same age as most of the
friends but in comparison to others, he looks
baby-faced and has no facial hair. How will you
get him out of this ‘odd man out’ feeling?
Suggest two ways.
 Case 3: Case 3: Your cousin Madhu is
prevented from entering the kitchen and
entering places of worship during menstruation
and Madhu feels that she is being punished for
something that is normal and definitely not
her fault. Based on your understanding of the
menstrual cycle, do you think this is a correct
practice? If not, please provide at least two
reasons to convince your aunt to stop this
practice.
 Case 4: Your friend Kiran would not look at
boys during her periods as she had heard from
someone that if she did so she would become
pregnant.
Write a letter to Kiran that helps her realize
that she is holding on to a false belief
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