LESSON 1: Illustrations of Quadratic Equations

CONCEPT NOTES

A quadratic equation in one variable is of the form 𝑎𝑥² + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are real
numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0. This form of quadratic equation is written in standard form. In this equation:

• 𝑎𝑥² is the quadratic term

• 𝑏𝑥 is the linear term
• 𝑐 is the arithmetic or constant term

In addition, a in the quadratic term is the coefficient of x² which may be positive or negative but
not equal to zero. b in the linear term is the coefficient of x and c is the constant term which both
may be positive, negative or zero.

Illustrative Example:

x(x - 7) = -12 and 3x(x - 4) = 10 are quadratic equation, however, it is not written in standard form.
To write it in standard form, expand the product and make one side of the equation zero.

x(x - 7) = -12

x² - 7x = -12 (Multiply the left side of the equation)

x² - 7x + 12 = 0 (Move -12 to the right side of the equation and convert its sign to its opposite
form)

3x(x - 4) = 10

3x2 - 12x = 10 (Multiply the left side of the equation)

3x2 – 12x - 10 = 0 (Move -12 to the right side of the equation and convert its sign to its opposite
form)

As we can see, we can now set values for a, b, and c

(a = 1, b = -7, and c = 12) and (a = 3, b = -12, and c = -10)

SHORT QUIZ

B. Write the following in standard form 𝑎𝑥² + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and identify a, b and c.

1. 15 − 2𝑥² = 3x

2. 3𝑥 − 4𝑥² = 8
3. (𝑥 + 2)² = 2𝑥 − 1
4. 5 - (x + 3) = 4x²

5. x² - 3(x + 4) = -2x
VIDEO LESSON

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 LESSON 2: Solving Quadratic Equations

CONCEPT NOTES

Solving Quadratics Equations is done by finding the x-values of a quadratic equation. We call
those x-values as Roots. There are 4 ways in solving a quadratic equation:

1. Extracting the Square Root: Solving a quadratic equation by factoring the quadratic and
constant term of an equation. This method only works if both the quadratic and constant terms
are perfect squares and there is no linear term. ax² + c = 0

Example: x² - 25 = 0

x² = 25 (Move -25 to the right side of the equation and convert its sign to its opposite form)

√x² = ±√25 (Square Root each side)

x = ±5 (x₁ = 5 and x₂ = -5)

2. Factoring Method: Finding two binomial factors of a quadratic equation in order to solve for its
roots. After finding the Binomial factors you will equate each factor to 0 to solve for the value of
x or the Roots.

Example: x² – 9x + 14 = 0

-7(-2) = 14 and -7 + -2 = -9

(x – 7) (x – 2)

x – 7 = 0 and x – 2 = 0 (Zero Product Property)

x₁ = 7 and x₂ = 2 (Move to the left side and change to its opposite sign)

3. Completing the Square: You must first make sure that the constant term is not in the same side
as the quadratic and linear term: ax² + bx = c If the constant term is with the constant or linear
term, you must transpose or throw it to the other side of the equation. After throwing the constant
term, you must turn the left side of the equation into a Perfect Square Trinomial by using the
𝑏
formula ( ) ² and adding the answer to both sides of the equation. Then afterwards use extracting
2
the square root to find its square roots.

4. Quadratic Formula In this Method of solving the quadratic Formula, the first step is finding the
value of a ,b, and c in the equation ax² + bx + c = 0. And then substituting it to the formula

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝟐𝒂
. Then solve for the Roots using the formula by substitution.

Examples for 3 and 4: x2 + 5x + 6 = 0

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 SHORT QUIZ

A. Solve the following Quadratic Equation

1. x² + 4x + 5 = 0
2. x² - 7x + 10 = 0

3. 3x² + 2x - 8 = 0

4. x² - 6x + 9 = 0

5. 2x² + 5x + 3 = 0
VIDEO LESSON

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LESSON 3: The Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation

CONCEPT NOTES

The Nature of Roots of a quadratic equation is simply how the values of the Roots will be (whether
it will be negative, positive, perfect square, or a complex numbers.) In order to find the nature of
the Roots, we first have to find the value of a, b, and c from the equation

ax² + bx + c = 0 After that, we need to solve for its discriminant.

The discriminant can be solved using the formula: b² - 4ac

By substituting a, b and c from your given equation, you can solve for the discriminant. There can
be 4 outcomes when finding the nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation:

• If D > 0, then the Roots are Irrational and Unequal. (The Roots are Irrational Numbers)
• If D > 0 and the D is a perfect square, then the Roots are Rational and Unequal. (The Roots
are Rational Numbers)
• If D = 0, then the Roots are Rational and Equal. (There is only 1 Root)
• If D < 0, Then the Roots are Complex and Imaginary Numbers.

Here are some examples in finding the nature of the Roots of a quadratic equation:

1. x² - 4x + 3 = 0

1st Step: find the values of a, b and c: a = 1, b = - 4 and c = 3

2nd step: substitute to the formula b²-4ac:

b = -4, a = 1 and c = 3

D = b² - 4ac

D = (-4)² - 4(1)(3)

D = 16 - 12

D=4

3rd Step: finding it's nature; Now we now that the discriminant is 4, we need to find out what it's
nature is.

Because 4 > 0 and 4 is a perfect square, then it's nature is: Rational and Unequal.
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 2. -2x² + 16 = 0

1st Step: a = -2, b = 0 (there is no linear term), and c = 16

2nd Step: D = b² - 4ac

D = (0)² - 4(-2)(16)

D = 0 - (-128)

D = 0 + 128

D = 128

3rd Step: Now that we know the discriminant is 128 and 128 > 0 but is not a perfect square, then
it's nature is: Irrational and Unequal.
SHORT QUIZ

A. Find the nature of their discriminants

1. x2+6x+9 = 0

2. x2-7x+6 = 0

3. 2x2+9x+20 = 0
4. 2x2-16x-14 = 0

5. 2x2-6x-10 = 0
VIDEO LESSON

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LESSON 4: Sum and Product of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation

CONCEPT NOTES

In the previous lesson we learned about Quadratic Equations, Solving Quadratic Equations and
The Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation. Now in this lesson we are gonna learn about the
Sum and Product of a Quadratic Equation.

A quadratic equation is written as:

Ax² + bx + c , where a, b, and c are numbers and a ≠ 0. The solutions of this equation are called
the roots.

The roots are x₁ and x₂. To find the sum and product of the Roots without having to solve for the
values of x, we need to use the quadratic formula's:

Sum of Roots:
(−𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐) −𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
+ ( )
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏
𝑂𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦: − .
𝑎
Product of Roots:

−𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑐

( ) × ( ) 𝑂𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦:
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
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 𝑏 𝑐
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔: − 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔:
𝑎 𝑎

Examples:

1). X² - 5x – 24 = 0

A=1, b=-5, c=-24

𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 (− )
𝑎
−5 5
− = = 5
1 1
𝑐
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 ( )
𝑎
−24/1 = −24
2. ) 3𝑥² + 21𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝐴 = 3, 𝑏 = 21, 𝑐 = −12
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
21 21
− = − = −7
3 3
12
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 − = −4
3
There is also a technique where if you are given the Roots, you can transform it into its original
Quadratic equation

By finding the sum of the Roots x₁ + x₂

And the product of the Roots x₁ • x₂

You can arrange it into:

Ax² - sum(x) + product = 0

Example: Example:

Roots : -5 and 7 Roots : -13 and 6

-5 + 7 = 2 -13 + 6 = -7

-5 • 7 = -35 -13 • 6 = -78

Standard Form: x² -(2) +(-35) = 0 Standard Form: x² -(-7) +(-78) = 0

Standard Form: x² - 2 – 35 = 0 Standard Form: x² + 7 – 78 = 0

SHORT QUIZ

A. Find the sum and the product of the roots of each equation:
1. x² + 10x - 24 = 0

2. 6x² - x = 2
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 3. 4x² - 16x + 15 = 0

4. 2x² - 14x + 12 = 0

5. 3x² - 15x – 12 = 0
VIDEO LESSON

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LESSON 5: Equations Transformable into Quadratic Equations

CONCEPT NOTES

Quadratic Equations can also be expressed in any rational equation whose highest degree is 2
after being converted in a quadratic equation.

Example 1: 2x(x - 4) = 0

2x(x) - 2x(-4) = (simplify the equation by distributing 2x)

4x² + 8x = 0 (write quadratic equation in standard form solving equation using any of the four
methods of solving quadratic equation)

2x(x - 4) = 0

x - 4 = 0 2x = 0 (set each factor equal to 0)

x = 0, x = 4 (solve for the value of the variable x)

Therefore, the roots of 2x(x - 4) = 0 are 0 and 4.

To check, you substitute the values of x to the original equation. If the values of x make the
equation true, then the solutions are correct.
1 𝑦
Example 4: Solve the roots of 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0

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 SHORT QUIZ

A. Convert these rational equations into quadratic equations and find its solutions
1 2
1.𝑥 + 𝑥+1 = 3
2 3
2.𝑥 − 𝑥−2 = 1
4 5
3.𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 = 3
𝑥 3
4.𝑥+2 = 𝑥−2
2𝑥 3𝑥
5.𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1 = 5

VIDEO LESSON

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LESSON 6: Solving Problems Using Quadratic Equations

CONCEPT NOTES

Quadratic Equations are used in the real world, that’s why we learn about them to tackle many
situational problems relating to math.

Example:

A school project in Arts required students to make a photo frame. The teacher gave the specific
dimensions that the length is three inches more longer than the width side. The photo frame has
an area of 18 square inches. What is the exact dimension of the frame, its length and its width?

Problem: Area of rectangle (frame) = 18 in² Longer side = 3 inches more than the shorter side.

• Step 1: Assign variables Let the shorter side = x (inches). Then the longer side = x + 3
(inches).
• Step 2: Write the area equation Area = length × width x(x+3) = 18
• Step 3: Transform into quadratic equation x² + 3x - 18 = 0
• Step 4: Solve using quadratic formula or factoring Eq. x² + 3x - 18 = 0
• Factorable: (x + 6) (x - 3) = 0 So, x = -6 | x = 3 Since length cannot be negative x = 3
• Step 5: Find dimensions: Shorter side = 3 inches, Longer side = 3 + 3 = 6 inches

Final Answer: The frame’s dimensions are 6 inches by 3 inches.

SHORT QUIZ

A. Solve the following.

1. Lian wants to make a garden. She plans the area of the garden to be 77m 2. She also wants the
width to be 4 meters longer then the length. What are the dimensions of the garden?

2. Cirro will plan out his bedroom floor size. He wants the length to be 5 meters longer than thrice
its width and the total area of the floor is 100m2. What are the dimensions of the floor?

3. Kode wants to claim a land. He wants the area to be 80m 2 and the width is 2 meters longer than
the width. What are the dimensions of the land he wants to claim?

VIDEO LESSON

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 [Link]
LESSON 7: Quadratic Inequalities
CONCEPT NOTES

Solving an inequality is the process of finding the set of numbers that make the inequality
a true statement. These numbers are called the solutions of the inequality and we say that they
satisfy the inequality. Note that an inequality can have:

1. One solution (unique);

2. Infinitely many solutions; or

3. No solutions.

The set of all solutions is called the solution set of the inequality. We can either use the
set-builder notation or the interval notation to represent these solution sets.

Steps in Solving:

1. Express the inequality as a quadratic equation in the form of ax² + bx + c = 0 and solve
for x
2. Locate/Plot the numbers found in step 1 on a number line. The number line will be divided
into three regions
3. Choose a step point on each region and substitute the test points on the original inequality.
If it’s true, then the region belongs to the solution set; otherwise if false, it’s not part of the
solution.
4. Graph the solution set

Note:
Hollow circles and use Parenthesis when the inequality is > or < since these are EXCLUDED in the
solution set

Shaded circles and use Brackets when the inequality is ≥ or ≤ since these are INCLUDED in the
solution set

Example:

1. x² - 9x > -18

Step 1: Express the inequality as a quadratic equation in the form of ax² + bx + c = 0 and solve
for x

x² - 9x + 18 = 0

(x – 6) (x – 3) = 0

x–6=0|x–3=0

x=6|x=3

The critical numbers are 6, 3

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 Step 2: Locate/Plot the numbers found in step 1 on a number line. The number line will be divided
into three regions

Step 3: Choose a step point on each region and substitute the test points on the original inequality.
If it’s true, then the region belongs to the solution set; otherwise if false, it’s not part of the solution.

Our test points: 2, 4, 7

Substitute to original inequality:

(2)² - 9(2) > -18

4 – 18 > -18

-14 > -18

True

(4)² - 9(4) > -18

16 – 36 > -18

-20 > -18

False

(7)² - 9(7) > -18

49 – 63 > -18

-14 > -18

True

Therefore:

Interval Notation: (-∞, 3) U (6, ∞)

Set builder: {x|x<3 or x>6}

Example 2

2. x² + 3x - 28 ≤ 0

Step 1: Express the inequality as a quadratic equation in the form of ax² + bx + c = 0 and solve
for x

x² + 3x – 28 = 0

(x + 7) (x – 4) = 0

x+7=0|x–4=0

x = -7 | x = 4

The critical numbers are -7, 4

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 Step 2: Locate/Plot the numbers found in step 1 on a number line. The number line will be divided
into three regions

Step 3: Choose a step point on each region and substitute the test points on the original inequality.
If it’s true, then the region belongs to the solution set; otherwise if false, it’s not part of the solution.

Our test points: -8, 0, 5

Substitute to the original inequality

(-8)² + 3(-8) – 28 ≤0

64 – 24 – 28 ≤0

12 ≤0

False

(0)² + 3(0) – 28 ≤0

0 + 0 – 28 ≤0

-28 ≤0

True

(5)² + 3(5) – 28 ≤0

25 + 15 – 28 ≤0

40 - 28 ≤0

12 ≤0

False

Therefore:

Interval Notation: [-7, 4]

Set-builder Notation: {x|-7≤x≤4}

SHORT QUIZ

Directions: Determine whether the inequality is INCLUDED or EXCLUDED in the solution set.

_____ 1. x² - 3x < 28

_____ 2. x² + 2x ≥ 15

_____ 3. x² - 2x ≤ 24

_____ 4. x² - x + 20 < 0

_____ 5. 2x² – 11x + 12 > 0

VIDEO LESSON
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 LESSON 8: Quadratic Functions

CONCEPT NOTES

Quadratic Function, like Quadratic Equations is a polynomial equation with a degree of 2, it is in

the form of:

f(x) = ax² + bx + c or y = ax² + bx + c

A quadratic function is an equation that creates a graph shaped like a parabola

A parabola is a U-shaped plane [Link] Graph of a Quadratic Function

can open upward(upside down cup) or downward(normal cup),

if a > 0 then, the cup opens upward(upside down cup)

If a < 0, then the cup opens downward(normal cup)

A Quadratic Function is consisted of many points and parts:

1. The Vertex
2. X-axis
3. Y-axis
4. Axis of symmetry
5. Domain
6. Range

1. The Vertex

The Vertex is the Maximum or Minimum Point of a Parabola,

• If a < 0, then the Vertex is at Maximum Point

• If a > 0, then the Vertex is at Minimum Point

There are 2 ways in looking for the Vertex:

a. Changing a quadratic function into vertex form: [ y = a(x + h)² + c]

b. Using the formula for h and k

a. Changing a quadratic function into vertex form [ y = a(x-h)² + c]

Transforming a Quadratic Function into vertex form:

y = ax² + bx + c → y = a(x-h²) + k

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 y = x² + 4x + 12

First step: separate the constant from the quadratic and linear term.

y = (x² + 4x) + 12

Second step: Transform the quadratic and linear term into a perfect square trinomial using the
formula (b/2)², and subtract the answer to the constant.

y = (x² + 4x + 4) + 12 - 4

Third Step: Transform the equation into vertex form by squaring the perfect square trinomial

y = (x + 2 )² + 8

Where -2 = h and 8 = k

Vertex = (h,k)

Vertex = (-2,8)

b.) using the formula for h and k

𝑏
h=−
2𝑎

4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
k=
4𝑎

Example:

y = x² + 4x + 12

First step: Find the values for a,b and c

a = 1, b = 4, c = 12

Second step substitute to the formula h and k

𝑏
h = − 2𝑎
4
h = −2
4
h=−
2

h = -2

4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
k= 4𝑎

4(1)(12)−(4)2
k=
4𝑎
48−16
k= 4
32
k= 4

k=8

Vertex = (h,k)

Vertex = (-2,8)

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 2. X-axis

The X-axis can be found by transforming y to 0 in the equation y = ax² + bx + c

0 = ax² + bx + c

Example:

y = x² + 7x - 18

0 = x² + 7x - 18

x² + 7x - 18 = 0

Then you solve for its roots, after solving for the Roots, the Roots are now the x-axis

x² + 7x - 18 = 0

(x + 9)(x - 2)

x + 9 = 0 and x - 2 = 0

x = - 9 and x = 2

-9 and 2 are now the x axis of the parabola

3. Y-axis

Y- axis can be obtained by Substituting 0 for all the values of x the same way as obtaining the X-
axis

y = x² + 7x - 18

y = 0² + 7(0) - 18

y = 0 + 0 - 18

y = -18

That is how you get the y-axis

4. Axis of symmetry
𝒃
You can get the axis of symmetry by using the formula − just like the formula for h,
𝟐𝒂

In other words the Axis of symmetry is just h in the Vertex (h,k)

5. Domain

The domain never changes, the domain of a quadratic function will always be:

{x | x ∈ ℝ}.

6. Range

The Range of a Quadratic Function depends on the value of k in vertex (h,k)

if a > 0 then the range is {x|x ≥ k}

If a < 0 then the range is {x|x ≤ k}

SUMMARY:

• the value of a, h and k have a very big impact on the Graph of the parabola

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 • If the absolute value of a increases, then the parabola becomes narrower.
• If the absolute Value of a decreases, then the parabola becomes wider.

• If the value of h increases, then the parabola moves to the right.

• If the value of h decreases, then the parabola moves to the left.

• If the value of k increases, then the parabola moves upward.

• If the value of k decreases, then the parabola moves downward.
SHORT QUIZ

A. Choose the correct letter.

1. What is the shape of the graph of a quadratic function?
A. Circle. B. Straight Line. C. Parabola. D. Broken Line

2. What is the Vertex form of a quadratic function?

A. f(x) = ax² + bx + c B. f(x) = a(x² - h)² + k
C. y = ax² + bx + x D. y = a(x - h)² + k

3. Henry needs to make his parabola wider, what must he do?

A. Increase the absolute value of A. B. Decrease the absolute value of A
C. Increase the value of h D. Decrease the of k

4. Dennise needs the value of h and k for his Vertex, what formula must he use to obtain h and k?
𝑏 𝑏 2− 4𝑎𝑐 𝑐 4𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 2
A. 2𝑎 and 4𝑎
B. − 2𝑎 and 2𝑎
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
C. − and D. − and
2𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎

5. What do you call the maximum or minimum point a parabola

A. Vertex B. X-Axis C. Y-Axis D. Domain
VIDEO LESSON

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MASTERY EXAMINATION Grade 9 First Periodical Examination

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Prepared By: Nazarene Eyam | Technical Committee (Co-Chairperson) Kieziah Sophia Lampa | VP External
Ian Harvey Vidallon | Assistant Auditor James Paul Manaois | G9 Representative
 Jade Alejandria Serrano | G9 PO Myke Limwell Laluna | G9 PRO
Prepared By: Nazarene Eyam | Technical Committee (Co-Chairperson) Kieziah Sophia Lampa | VP External
Ian Harvey Vidallon | Assistant Auditor James Paul Manaois | G9 Representative
 Good luck, Mathletes!

The reviewer made by your Math Society officers is your guide, use it well, trust your
preparation, and believe in yourself. Remember, every problem has a solution. We’re
cheering for you, kaya niyo ‘yan!

— Math Society Officers S.Y. 2025 - 2026

PLEASE SCAN THE QR CODE

TO ACCESS THE ANSWER KEY.
But before checking it, make sure you have
already solved the short quizzes in each
lesson. Use the key only as a guide to verify
your answers and understand where you
can improve.

Jade Alejandria Serrano | G9 PO Myke Limwell Laluna | G9 PRO

Prepared By: Nazarene Eyam | Technical Committee (Co-Chairperson) Kieziah Sophia Lampa | VP External
Ian Harvey Vidallon | Assistant Auditor James Paul Manaois | G9 Representative