UNIVERSIDAD CRISTIANA DE PANAMÀ
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
BACHELOR IN ENGLISH
MODULE # 2
Assignature:
GRAMMAR III
Ll - 112
FACILITADOR:
PAOLA M. APARICIO A.
2025
Grammar III is a core course, granting three credits and
having Grammar II as a prerequisite. Its main focus is on
improving grammatical structure and concepts that are
very important for speaking and writing English well.
Sentence diagramming is a systematic and repetitive
process that can be applied to individual sentences as a
way to unravel the meaning of their constituent phrases. It
strengthens critical and analytical thinking and promotes
visual learning of grammatical patterns. It allows for in-
depth language analysis.
The content is presented in six modules whose progressive
curricular design allows for the integration of individual
topics to establish a structuring of knowledge of
grammatical rules that enable effective use of the English
language.
Specialist in higher education.
Secondary school teacher with a
specialization in English as a second
language.
Degree in English as a second language with
a specialization in teaching methodology.
1. Compound subjects and compound subjects.
2. Parts of speech
2.1 What is a part of speech?
3. Conjunctions
3.1 Coordinating conjunctions
3.2 Correlative conjunctions
3.3 Subordinating conjunctions
3.3.1 THAT as a subordinating conjunction
3.3.2 THAT clauses with ideas
3.3.3 THAT clauses with nouns
4. Parts of a sentence
4.1 Compound subjects
4.2 Compound verbs
Eje Nº 2
COMPOUND SUBJECTS AND COMPOUND VERBS
1. Compound subjects and compound subjects.
Compound Subjects
A sentence containing more than one subject is said to have a compound subject.
A compound subject is two or more subjects that have the same verb and are joined by a conjunction such as
and or or.
Examples of Sentences with compound subjects:
- Cats and kittens are popular as pets.
- She and I will feed the cat.
- Cats, dogs and other pets can learn to live together.
Compound Verbs
A compound verb is two or more verbs that have the same subject and are joined by a conjunction such as
and or or.
Example Sentences with Compound Verbs:
- Kittens sleep, eat and play.
- I have to feed the cat and walk the dog.
- The cat yawned, settled into the blanket, and fell asleep.
Sometimes a sentence will have a compound subject and a compound verb.
Example: The house and the garden face the lake and are protected by hedges.
2. Parts of speech
Parts of speech are among the first grammar topics we learn when we are in school or when we start our
English language learning process. Parts of speech can be defined as words that perform different roles in a
sentence. Some parts of speech can perform the functions of other parts of speech too.
8 Parts of Speech Definitions and Examples:
1. Nouns are words that are used to name people, places, animals, ideas and things. Nouns can be classified
into two main categories: Common nouns and Proper nouns. Common nouns are generic like ball, car, stick,
etc., and proper nouns are more specific like Charles, The White House, The Sun, etc.
Examples of nouns used in sentences:
She bought a pair of shoes. (thing)
I have a pet. (animal)
Is this your book? (object)
Many people have a fear of darkness. (ideas/abstract nouns)
He is my brother. (person)
This is my school. (place)
Also, explore Singular Nouns and Plural Nouns.
2. Pronouns are words that are used to substitute a noun in a sentence. There are different types of pronouns.
Some of them are reflexive pronouns, possessive pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. I, he,
she, it, them, his, yours, anyone, nobody, who, etc., are some of the pronouns.
Examples of pronouns used in sentences:
I reached home at six in the evening. (1st person singular pronoun)
Did someone see a red bag on the counter? (Indefinite pronoun)
Is this the boy who won the first prize? (Relative pronoun)
That is my mom. (Possessive pronoun)
I hurt myself yesterday when we were playing cricket. (Reflexive pronoun)
3. Verbs are words that denote an action that is being performed by the noun or the subject in a sentence.
They are also called action words. Some examples of verbs are read, sit, run, pick, garnish, come, pitch, etc.
Examples of verbs used in sentences:
− She plays cricket every day.
− Darshana and Arul are going to the movies.
− My friends visited me last week.
− Did you have your breakfast?
− My name is Meenakshi Kishore.
4. Adverbs are words that are used to provide more information about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
used in a sentence. There are five main types of adverbs namely, adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree,
adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time and adverbs of place. Some examples of adverbs are today, quickly,
randomly, early, 10 a.m. etc.
Examples of adverbs used in sentences:
− Did you come here to buy an umbrella? (Adverb of place)
− I did not go to school yesterday as I was sick. (Adverb of time)
− Savio reads the newspaper everyday. (Adverb of frequency)
− Can you please come quickly? (Adverb of manner)
− Tony was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open during the meeting. (Adverb of degree)
5. Adjectives are words that are used to describe or provide more information about the noun or the subject
in a sentence. Some examples of adjectives include good, ugly, quick, beautiful, late, etc.
Examples of adjectives used in sentences:
− The place we visited yesterday was serene.
− Did you see how big that dog was?
− The weather is pleasant today.
− The red dress you wore on your birthday was lovely.
− My brother had only one chapati for breakfast.
6. Prepositions are words that are used to link one part of the sentence to another. Prepositions show the
position of the object or subject in a sentence. Some examples of prepositions are in, out, besides, in front of,
below, opposite, etc.
Examples of prepositions used in sentences:
− The teacher asked the students to draw lines on the paper so that they could write in straight lines.
− The child hid his birthday presents under his bed.
− Mom asked me to go to the store near my school.
− The thieves jumped over the wall and escaped before we could reach home.
7. Conjunctions are a part of speech that is used to connect two different parts of a sentence, phrases and
clauses. Some examples of conjunctions are and, or, for, yet, although, because, not only, etc.
Examples of conjunctions used in sentences:
− Meera and Jasmine had come to my birthday party.
− Jane did not go to work as she was sick.
− Unless you work hard, you cannot score good marks.
− I have not finished my project, yet I went out with my friends.
8. Interjections are words that are used to convey strong emotions or feelings. Some examples of
interjections are oh, wow, alas, yippee, etc. It is always followed by an exclamation mark.
Examples of interjections used in sentences:
− Wow! What a wonderful work of art.
− Alas! That is really sad.
− Yippee! We won the match.
− Sentence Examples for the 8 Parts of Speech
− Noun – Tom lives in New York.
− Pronoun – Did she find the book she was looking for?
− Verb – I reached home.
− Adverb – The tea is too hot.
− Adjective – The movie was amazing.
− Preposition – The candle was kept under the table.
− Conjunction – I was at home all day, but I am feeling very tired.
− Interjection – Oh! I forgot to turn off the stove.
2.1 What is a part of speech?
Parts of speech can be defined as words that perform different roles in a sentence. Some parts of speech can
perform the functions of other parts of speech too.
3. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that join phrases, clauses, or words within a sentence, helping us to communicate
interconnected and complex things coherently.
There are three main types of conjunctions: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating.
3.1 Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a
sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can
remember them with the acronym FANBOYS.
In the following sentence, the coordinating conjunction or is connecting two nouns: pizza and salad:
I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch.
When the elements that a coordinating conjunction joins are two independent clauses, a comma is used
before the conjunction:
She enjoys painting, and he loves playing the guitar.
It’s important to make sure that the words or phrases joined by coordinating conjunctions are parallel (have
the same structure):
Example: I work quickly and careful. / I work quickly and carefully.
It’s also important not to make the common error of creating a run-on sentence, which is a compound
sentence in which two independent clauses are incorrectly separated by just a comma:
Incorrect: I work quickly, I check my work carefully.
Run-on sentences can be corrected by either adding a coordinating conjunction or changing the comma to a
semicolon or period:
Example: I work quickly, but I check my work carefully.
I work quickly; I check my work carefully.
I work quickly. I check my work carefully.
3.2 Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together by framing and connecting
grammatically identical sentence elements. Some common examples
are both/and, either/or, neither/nor, and not only / but also.
It’s important to pair correlative conjunctions correctly; avoid common errors like I
take both pilates as well as swimming at the YMCA (it should be I
take both pilates and swimming at the YMCA).
3.3 Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join dependent clauses to the independent clauses of sentences, signaling cause
and effect, comparison, contrast, time, or some other kind of relationship between the clauses. Common
subordinating conjunctions include because, since, as, although, though, until, while, and whereas. They
introduce a dependent clause that depends on the sentence’s independent clause to make sense:
I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.
Here, the presence of the subordinating conjunction until makes until the clock strikes twelve a dependent
clause; it is dependent on the independent clause (I can stay out) for its meaning, and it in turn provides
clarifying information about the independent clause.
A subordinating conjunction doesn’t need to go between the two clauses the way it does in the above
examples. It must introduce the dependent clause, but the dependent clause can come before the independent
clause.
Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.
If the dependent clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty.
Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.
That as a subordinating conjunction
The word that, which is usually a demonstrative pronoun or a relative pronoun, sometimes acts as a
subordinating conjunction by introducing a dependent clause after certain kinds of verbs, adjectives, and
nouns in a sentence’s independent clause.
That clauses with verbs
Dependent clauses beginning with that often follow verbs that express acts of statement (such
as say, report, indicate, and so on) or acts of thought (think, know, believe, hope, imagine, and so on):
The professor said that we would all get our grades over break.
I imagine that she and I will talk this over when we see each other next.
That clauses with adjectives
Another kind of dependent clause introduced by that often follows an independent clause with a form of to
be and an adjective having to do with a feeling or opinion. These adjectives
include sure, certain, excited, sorry, and others:
He was certain that he had locked the door when he left.
I am excited that we are taking the martial arts class together.
That clauses with nouns
Independent clauses with certain nouns that name opinions, feelings, or statements used as direct objects,
indirect objects, or objects of prepositions are also often followed by dependent clauses beginning with that.
Such nouns include belief, fact, hope, idea, and possibility:
I am holding on to the hope that the art center will raise the funds to stay open.
She shared the possibility that the café would start staying open later on weekends.
Omitting that
That as a subordinating conjunction in any of the above circumstances can be omitted if the meaning
remains clear:
I imagine she and I will talk this over when we see each other next.
He was certain he had locked the door when he left.
4. Parts of a sentence
Sentence diagram
Diagramming a sentence is a great exercise to gain a deeper understanding of its grammatical
structure. A sentence diagram is a visual representation of a sentence’s structure and its words’
functions. When doing this exercise, you put each word in its respective place within the
diagram, which uses lines to represent which words relate to each other and how. With practice,
this skill of breaking down and diagramming a sentence will not only help you understand the
underlying principles of sentence structure but also help keep your writing mistake-free.
Although sentence diagramming is not a necessary part of language learning, it is great for
practicing and understanding grammar and syntax, especially for visual learners. Below, we
explain how to diagram a sentence, including some sentence diagram examples so you can see
for yourself.
4.1 Compound subjects
4.2 Compound verbs
ASSIGNMENT
ASYNCHRONOUS ASSIGNMENT - Sentence
Diagramming: Compound Sentences
Instructions:
1. Carefully read the sentences in the document.
2. Create a diagram for each sentence,
incorporating all the elements found in it.
3. Create a presentation page and send it to the
teams platform on the corresponding date in PDF
format.
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Punctuality in deliver.......................................................10 pts
Style and Spelling ..........................................................20 pts
Present originality and creativity....................................20 pts
Develops all the sentences............................................. 30 pts
Spelling and vocabulary and punctuation.......................20 pts
TOTAL 100 points
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