Unit-4 Special Function 4.

unit

4 Special function

Part-a
Short QueStionS with SolutionS
Q1. Define Gamma function and list its important formulae.
Answer: Model Paper-1, Q7
Gamma Function
∞

The definite integral ∫ e .x .dx (for n > 0), is termed as Gamma function. It is a function of ‘n’ and is denoted by ‘Γ’.
− x n −1

∞ 0

Γ(n) = ∫
0
e − x .x n −[Link] (n > 0)

It is also known as ‘Euler’s integral of the second kind’.

Formulae
(i) Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) or Γ(n) = (n – 1) Γ(n – 1)
(ii) Γ(n) = (n – 1)! or Γ(n + 1) = n!
Γ(n + 1)
(iii) Γ(n) =
n
π
(iv) Γ(n).Γ(1 – n) =
sin nπ
(v) d
Γ 2
1 n=
π

 7
Q2. Find the value of Γ   .
 2
Answer: June-11, Q7
Given function is,
 7
Γ 
 2

Gamma function interms of n is given by,

Γ(n) = (n – 1)Γ(n – 1)
7
Substituting n = in above equation,
2
 7
Γ   =  − 1Γ − 1
7 7
 2 2  2 
5 5
= Γ 
2 2

5  5   5 
 − 1 Γ  − 1
2  2   2 
=

5  3  3  
=  Γ  
2  2  2  

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4.2 MatheMatics-ii
5  3  3   3  
=   − 1Γ − 1  Q4. Show that Γ
2  2  2   2  
Answer : Model Paper-2, Q7
5  3 1  1 
=  × Γ   Given integral is,
2  2 2  2 
1

∫ (log 1 / y)
n −1
5 3 1   1  e dy
= × × π  Γ  = π 
2  2 2    2  
0

1
15 π Let, loge =t
= y
8
1
⇒ = et ⇒ y = e–t
Γd 2 n = 8
7 15 π
\ y
Differentiating on both sides with respect to ‘t’,
Find the value of G d 2 n .
9
Q3. dy = – e–t dt
Answer : Dec.-12, Q10 Limits
1
Given function is, For y = 0, loge = t ⇒ loge ∞ = t ⇒ t = ∞
0

Gd 2 n
9 1
For y = 1, loge = t ⇒ loge 1 = t ⇒ t = 0
1

The above function can be written as, \ Limits are from ∞ to 0.

Then,
Gd 2 n = G d 2 + 1 n
9 7
1 n −1
 1 0

From the property of Gamma function, ∫ log e y 

0 
dy = ∫ (t) n–1
.(– e–t).dt
∞
Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) 0
= – e–[Link]–[Link]
∫
Gd 2 n = Γd 2 + 1 n = 2 × Γd 2 n
9 7 7 7 ∞
\
∞

⇒ Gd 2 n = 2 Γd 2 n
9 7 7 = ∫ e .t
0
–t n–1
.dt

 ∞ 
= 2 Γd 2 + 1 n
7 5 = Γ(n) 
 0
∫
 e − x .x n −[Link] = Γ (n)


n −1
= 2 × 2 × Γd 2 n
1
7 5 5  1
∴ Γ (n) =  log e 
 y ∫
0
dy

= 2 × 2 × Γd 2 + 1 n
7 5 3
π
Q5. Prove that Γ(n) Γ(1 – n) =
sin nπ
= 2 × 2 × 2 × Γd 2 n
7 5 3 3
Answer : Dec.-13, Q8

Given that,
= 2 × 2 × 2 × Γd 2 + 1 n
7 5 3 1
π
Γ(n) Γ(1 – n) =
sin nπ
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 Γd 2 n
7 5 3 1 1 The general expression of a β-function in terms of
(m, n) is,
7 5 3 1   1 
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × π  Γ   = π  ∞
x n −1
 
2 β(m, n) = ∫ (1 + x)
0
m+ n
.dx ... (1)
105 π
= Relation between ‘Γ’ and ‘β’ function is given by,
16
Γ(m).Γ(n)
Γ d 2 n = 16
9 105 π β(m, n) = Γ(m + n) ... (2)
\

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.3
Combining equations (1) and (2), Equation (6) can also be expressed interms of ‘x’ as,
∞
∞
x n −1
Γ ( m )Γ ( n ) x p −1 π
∫
0
(1 + x) m+n
dx =
Γ ( m + n)
... (3)
∫
0
1+ x
dx =
sin pπ

Let, m + n = 1 ⇒ m = 1 – n Let p = n
∞
x n −1 π
\ Equation (3) becomes, ∴ ∫ (1 + x) dx = sin nπ
∞
0 ... (7)
x n −1 Γ(1 − n)Γ(n)
∫ dx = Combining equations (4) and (7),
0
(1 + x) 1
Γ(1) π
Γ( n)Γ(1 − n) =
sin nπ
Γ (1 – n) Γ (n) π
= 1 [ Γ(1) = 1] \ Γ( n)Γ(1 − n) =
sin nπ
∞
x n −1
∫
∞
\∴ . dx = Γ (1 − n) Γ (n) ... (4)
Q6. Evaluate ∫x e
2 −x2
(1 + x) dx .
0
0
Answer : (Model Paper-1, Q8 | June-13, Q9 | June-10, Q9)
Also, Given integral is,
∞ ∞
x 2m π (2m + 1)π
∫ ... (5) ∫ x .e
− x2
dx =
2
cosec dx
0
(1 + x )
2n
2n 2n 0

Let, x2 = t
⇒ x= t
Where, m > 0, n > 0 and n > m
1
dx = dt
(2m + 1) 2 t
Let x2n = t Þ x = (t) 1/2n and =p
2n ∞ ∞
−t  1 
∫ ∫ t.e
2
\ x 2 .e − x dx =  dt
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’, 0 2 t 
0
1 1 −1 ∞ ∞
dx = t 2 n .dt 1 t 1 1 2 −t
Limits
2n =
2 ∫
0
t
.e −t .dt =
20 ∫
t .e dt

∞ 3
1 1 −1
For x = 0, 0 = (t ⇒t=0 ∫
2n ) −t
= 2 t 2 .e dt
1 0

For x = ∞, ∞ = (t 2n )
⇒t=∞ 1 3  ∞ 
 x n −1.e − x dx = Γ(n) 
\ Limits are from 0 to ∞.
= × Γ 
2 2 
 0
∫ 

13  3 
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5), =  − 1Γ − 1 [ Γ(n) = (n – 1) Γ(n – 1)]
∞
22  2 
1
(t 1/ 2 n ) 2 m 1 2 n −1 π
∫ (1 + t ) 2n
. t dt =
2n
cosec pπ 1 1  1
. .Γ  
0 =
2m 1
2 2  2
∞
t 2n 1 t 2n
−1
π 1   1 
⇒ ∫ 0
. .
(1 + t ) 2n t
dt =
2n
cosec pπ =
4
π  Γ  2  = π 
π
∞ 1 = 4
t ( 2 m / 2 n ) 2 n −1 π
⇒ ∫ 2n(1 + t )
.t dt =
2n
cosec pπ ∞
π
∫
2
0
\ ∴ x 2 e − x dx =
2m 1
−1 0
4
∞
1 t 2n .t 2n π
∫
1
⇒ dt = cosec pπ x
2n 0
(1 + t ) 2n Q7. Evaluate ∫ 0 1 − x2
dx.

 2 m +1 
−1 Answer : Dec.-12, Q9
∞  2 n 
t  2m + 1 
⇒ ∫ dt = π cosec pπ  p =  Given integral is,
0
1+ t  2n 
1
x
∞
t p −1
π
∫ 1− x2
dx
⇒ ∫ 1+ t
dt =
sin pπ
... (6) 0

0 Let, x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ

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4.4 MatheMatics-ii
Limits Let x2 = y Þ x = y
For x = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 2xdx = dy
π dy
For x = 1 ⇒ θ = 2 dx =
2x
π
\ Limits are from 0 to 1
2 dx = dy
2 y
Then,
U.L : If x = ∞, y = ∞
π

L.L : If x = 0, y = 0
1 2
x sin θ
∫ 1− x 2
dx = ∫ 1 − sin 2 θ
× cos θdθ
0 0 Then,
3 1 3 1
π 1
2
sin θ # x 3 e –x dx =
2
#^ y h3 e
–y
dy
= ∫
0
cos θ
cos θdθ 0 0
2 y
3 1 1
1 –21
π
2
= # y2
×
3 e –y
2
y dy
= ∫ (sin θ) dθ
1 0
3 1 1
0
1
π
2
 n +1
π Γ 
=
2
# e –y y 6
–
2 dy

1  2 
∫
0
a (sin θ) n dθ =
2 n+2 3
Γ  1 1
#
0
–
 2  = e –y y 3 dy
2
0
1+1 2
3 2
π Γ  1
=
 2 
=
π Γ 
2 =
2
# e –y y 3
–1
dy
1+ 2  1  0
2Γ   2Γ + 1
 2  2  1 JK 2 NO
ΓK O =
2 KL 3 OP
π .Γ(1)
= 3 1
1  1 JK 2 NO
2Γ + 1
2 
\ # 2
x 3 e –x dx = Γ KK OO .
2 L 3P
0
π .(1)
=  Γ(1) = 1  3
1  1
2. Γ  
2  2
 Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)
 
Q9. Evaluate # t 4 .e –2t .dt .
2

0
π Answer : May/June-17, Q7
=
1
Γ  Given integral is,
2
3

=
π
=1
 1 
 Γ  = π  #t 4
e –2t dt
2

  2  
π 0

1
From the property of gamma function,
x
\∴ ∫
0 1− x 2
dx = 1
#
3

x m e –ax dx =
n 1
m+1
KJ 1 + m ONO
Γ KK O
0 n a n L n P
3 1
Q8. Evaluate # 2
x 3 e –x dx . Here, m = 4, a = 2, n = 2
3
0
1 JK 1 + 4 NO
Answer : Dec.-17, Q7 #t 4 2
e –2t dt = 4+1 Γ KK OO
Given integral is, 0 2 2 2 L 2 P
3
KJ 5 ON
1
1
# x 3 e –x dx
2
= 5 Γ KK OO
L2P
0 2.2 2

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.5
1 J (iii) β(m, n) = β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1)
K 5 NO KJ 5 ON
= 2 5/2 + 1 KK – 1OO Γ KK – 1OO
L2 P L2 P Γ(m).Γ(n)
(iv) β(m, n) =
6a Γ ]ng = ]n – 1g Γ ]n – 1g@
Γ ( m + n)

Q11. Show that β(m, n) = β(n, m).

= 7 2 Cb l
1 3 3
2 Answer : Model Paper-3, Q7
22
Given that,
3 JK 1 NO JK 1 NO
= 7
KK OO Γ KK OO β(m, n) = β(n, m)
+1 2
22 L P L2P
The general expression for Beta function in terms of
RS V
=
3 SSa Γ JKK 1 NOO = πWWW m, n is,
9 π S K2O W
22
+1
T L P X 1

β(m, n) = ∫ x
m −1
(1 − x) n −1 dx ... (1)
3 0
= 11 π
22 Let, 1 – x = t ⇒ x = (1 – t)
3 π Differentiating on both sides with respect to ‘x’,
= 1
5+
2 2 dx = – dt

3 π Limits
=
32 2 For x = 0, 1 – 0 = t ⇒ t = 1
3 π For x = 1, 1 – 1 = t ⇒ t = 0
=
32 2 \ Limits are from 1 to 0.
3
3 π Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
#t 4 2
e –2t dt =
32 2
.
0

β(m, n) = ∫ (1 − t ) t (−dt )
0 m −1 n −1

1
Q10. Define Beta function. State its formulae.
1
Answer : Model Paper-2, Q8 = ∫ t n −1 (1 − t ) m −1 dt
0
Beta Function
1
= β(n, m) [ From equation (1)]
The definite integral ∫x .dx (m > 0, n > 0) is
m −1 n −1
.(1 − x) \ β(m, n) = β(n, m)
0
termed as Beta function. It is a function of m, n and is denoted
Q12. Find the value of b d 2 , 2 n
9 7
by β.
1 Answer : Jan.-12, Q7
∫x
m −1
β(m, n) = .(1 − x) n −1 dx (m > 0, n > 0)
0 Given function is,
It is also known as ‘Euler’s integral of the first kind’. 9 7
β , 
Other Forms of β Function 2 2
v Trigonometric form : The relation between ‘β’ and Γ function is,
π/ 2
Γ (m) Γ (n)
β(m, n) = 2 ∫ sin 2m −1 θ. cos 2n −1 θ.dθ β(m, n) = Γ (m + n)
0
9 7
= 2.I2m–1, 2n–1 Substituting m = and n = in above equation,
2 2
Γd 2 nΓd 2 n
9 7
v Beta function in terms of improper integral :
KJK 9 7 ONO
∞ βK , O =
x m −1 L2 2P Γd 2 + 2 n
9 7
β(m, n) = ∫ (1 + x)
0
m+n
.dx

Formulae
(i) β(m, n) = β(n, m)
= [ a Γ(n) = (n – 1) Γ (n – 1)]
(m − 1)!(n − 1)!
(ii) β(m, n) =
(m + n − 1)!

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4.6 MatheMatics-ii
∞
7 d7n d7n
2Γ 2 Γ 2
xdx
Q13. Evaluate ∫ (1 + x 6
using β-Γ functions.
= )
Γ (8) Answer : 0

2
Given integral is,
7 > d 7 nH
2 Γ 2 ∞
xdx
= Γ ( 8) ∫1+ x
0
6 ... (1)
2
Let, x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
7 >d 7 n d 7 n H
2 2 –1 Γ 2 –1 Limits
= (8 – 1) ! [ Γ (n) = (n – 1)!] For x = 0, 0 = tanθ ⇒ tan0 = tanθ ⇒ θ = 0
π π
7 > 5 d 5 nH
2
For x = ∞, ∞ = tanθ ⇒ tan = tanθ ⇒ θ =
2 2
2 2Γ 2 π
\ Limits are from 0 to .
= 7! 2
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
2
7 d 5 n > d 5 nH
2 π2
∞
xdx tan θ
2× 2 Γ 2
∫ 1+ x = ∫ 1 + tan (sec2 θ).dθ
= 0
6
0
6
θ
7!
π2
2 tan θ sec 2 θ dθ
7 25 >d 5 n d 5 n H = ∫ (1 + (tan 3 θ) 2 )
2 × 4 × 2 –1 Γ 2 –1 0

= π2
7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 tan θ sec 2 θ
2
= ∫ (sec3 θ) 2
dθ [ 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ]
7 25 > 3 d 3 n H
0

2× 4 2Γ 2 π2
tan θ
π2
sin θ 1
= 5040
= ∫
0
sec 4 θ
dθ = ∫ cos θ. sec 4
θ
dθ
0
2
7 25 9  3   3   π2 π2
× × ×  − 1 Γ  − 1 sin θ
2 4 4  2   2   ∫ sin θ cos θdθ
=
= ∫ cos θ
. cos4 θdθ =
0
3

5040 0

2 π2
1  m +1 n +1
7 25 9 > 1 d 1 n H Since, ∫ sin θ cosn θ dθ = β  ... (2)
m ,
2× 4 ×4× 2Γ 2 0
2  2 2 
= 5040 Substituting, m = 1 and n = 3 in equation (2),
π2
2
1 1+1 3 +1
7 25 9 d 1 n f d 1 n p
2
cos3 θ dθ = β
2× 4 ×4× 2 Γ 2 ∫ sin θ
0
2  2
, 
2 
= 5040 1 2 4 1
= β  ,  = β(1, 2)
2 2 2 2
7 25 9 1
× × × ×
2 4 4 4
( π)
2
RS V
SSa Γ JKK 1 NOO = π WWW 1 Γ (1) Γ (2)
= K2O =
5040 S W 2 Γ (1 + 2)
T L P X
7 25 9 1
× × × ×π  Γ ( m) Γ ( n) 
= 2 4 4 4  β (m, n) = Γ (m) + (n) 
5040
1 Γ(1) .Γ(2)
 7 × 25 × 9 × 1 × π  =
 2× 4× 4× 4  2 Γ(3)
 
= 1
5040 = [ Γ(n) = (n – 1)!]
2
1575π 
 128  1
  =
= 2
5040
5π 1 Γ(1) 1 1 1
= 2048 = . = . =
2 2 2 2 4
∞
9 7 5π [Link] 1
∴ β ,  =
 2 2  2048
∴ ∫ (1 + x
0
6
)
=
4

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.7
3
Then,
Q14. Evaluate # e –mx (1 – e –x) n dx , where m, n are m m –1 0
JK x NO
positive constants.
0
# x n KK1 – OO
mP
dx = # ^m]1 – tgh t n m –1
]– mdt g
0 L 1
Answer : May/June-17, Q8 0

Given integral is, = –m # m ]1 – tg .t

n n m –1
dt
1
3

# e –mx
(1 – e ) dx –x n 1

0
= m # m ]1 – tg
n n+1–1 m –1
t dt
3 3 0

⇒ # e –mx (1 – e –x) n dx = # (e –x) m (1 – e –x) n dx 1

0 0 = m.m n #t m –1
]1 – t gn + 1 – 1 dt
0
Let, y = e–x Þ dy = – e–xdx
n +1
= m β ^m, n + 1h
Limits: x = 0 Þ y = e–0 = 1 m m –1
JK x NO
x = ¥ Þ y = e–¥ = 0 # x n KK1 – OO
mP
dx = m n + 1β ^m, n + 1h .
0 L
3 0
y m (1 – y) n
# e –mx (1 – e –x) n dx = # –y dy Q16. Define error function and complementary error
0 1 function. List their properties.
1
Answer :
= # y m–1 (1 – y) n dy
0 Error Function
1
The error function or the probability integral is defined
= # y m–1 (1 – y) n + 1–1 dy by the relation,
0
x
2 −t 2
= b(m, n+1) erf(x) =
π0
e dt ∫
n
J Nm – 1
Q15. Evaluate # x KKK1 – mx OOO
n
dx in terms of beta Complementary Error Function
0 L P The complementary error function is defined as,
function where m, n ÎN. erfc(x) = 1– erf(x)
Answer : Dec.-17, Q8 (or)
3

Note: In equation #
m
JK x NO
x n KK1 – OO
m –1

dx is misprinted as
erfc(x) =
2
π
# 2
e –t dt
L mP Properties x
0
n m –1 (i) erf(– x) = – erf(x)
J x ON
# nK
K
x K1 – OO
m
dx. (ii) erf(0) = 0
L P
0
(iii) erf(∞) = 1
Given integral is, (iv) erf(– ∞) = –erf(∞) = –1
m
JK
m –1 (v) erf(x) + erf(–x) = 0
x NO
# x n KK1 – OO
mP
dx (vi) erfc(x) + erfc(–x) = 2
0 L
Q17. Define error function. Prove that erf(–x) =
JK x NO
Let KK1 – OO = t Þ x = m(1 – t) – erf(x).
L mP Answer : [Model Paper-3, Q8 | May/June-15, Q7]
–1 Error Function
dx = dt
m The error function is defined by the integral,
x
dx = – mdt 2
∫e
–t 2
erf(x) = dt , – ∞ < x < ∞
π
U.L : If x = m, t = 0 0
The graphical representation of error function is shown
L.L : If x = 0, t = 1 in below figure.

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4.8 MatheMatics-ii
Q19. Define singular and regular singular points.
Answer : June-11, Q5

A differential equation of second order is given as,

d2y dy
P0 ( x) 2
+ P1 ( x) + P2 ( x) y = 0
dx dx
Where,

P0, P1, P2 - Polynomials in x.

Singular Point
A point x = a is said to be singular point of the differential
equation if and only if P0 (a) = 0
Figure
Example
From the definition of error function,
2
x
d2y dy
x2 + (2 x 2 – x) +y =0
∫
2

erf(x) = e – t dt
π 0
dx 2 dx
2
–x Dividing above equation with ‘x2 ’,
∫
2
⇒ erf(– x) = e – t dt
π 0 d2y (2 x 2 – x) dy y
+ + =0
Let, dx 2 x2 dx x 2
t = – u ⇒ dt = – du
For x = 0, x2 = 0
Lower Limit t = 0 ⇒ u = 0
Upper Limit t = – x ⇒ u = x ∴ x = 0 is a singular point since x2 = 0.
x
2 Regular Singular Point
∫
2
∴ erf(– x) = e – u (– du )
π 0 A singular point x = a of a differential equation is said
x
–2 to be regular singular if it is in the form of,
∫e
–u 2
= du
π 0
x d2y Q1 ( x) dy Q2 ( x)
–2 + + y=0
∫
–t 2
= e dt = – erf(x) 2
x – a dx ( x – a ) 2
π dx
0

Where,
∴ erf (– x) = – erf ( x)

Q18. Define ordinary point of a differential equation. Q1 (x), Q2 (x) – Derivatives of all orders.
Answer : Alternatively, a singular point x = a of differential equa-
Ordinary Point 2
d y dy
A differential equation of second order is given as, tion 2
+ P( x) + Q( y ) = 0 is said to be regular if,
dx dx
d2y dy
P0 ( x) 2 + P1 ( x) + P2 ( x) y = 0 (x – a) P(x), (x – a)2 Q(x) are analytic (i.e., not infinite).
dx dx
Where, Q20. Classify the singular points of a differential
equation.
P0, P1, P2 - Polynomials in x
Answer :
A point x = a is said to be an ordinary point of differential
The singular points of a differential equation are classi-
equation if and only if P0 (a) ≠ 0.
fied as,
Example (i) Regular singular points and
d y 2
dy (ii) Irregular singular points.
(1 + x2) +x –y=0
dx 2
dx (i) A point x = a, is said to be regular singular if for x = a,
Dividing above equation with (1 + x ), 2 the values (x – a)P and (x – a)2Q are not equal to infinity
(∞).
d2y x dy 1
+ – y =0 (ii) A point x = a, is said to be irregular singular if for x =
dx 2 1 + x 2 dx 1 + x 2
a, the values (x – a)P and (x – a)2Q are equal to infinity
Here x = 0 is an ordinary point since (1 + x2) ≠ 0. (∞).
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Unit-4 Special Function 4.9
Q21. Find the singular points of x y'' + xy'+ (x – n )
2 2 2
Equation (1) can be written as,
y = 0. Classify them.
d2y dy
Dec.-12, Q7 x2 2
+ ( x + x2 ) −y =0 ... (2)
dx dx
or
Equation (2) is of the form,
Classify the singular points of, x2y'' + xy' +
(x2 – n2)y = 0, n is a constant. d2y dy
P0 ( x ) 2
+ P1 ( x ) + P2 ( x ) y = 0 ... (3)
Answer : Dec.-09/Jan.-10, Q7 dx dx

Given differential equation is, Comparing equation (3) with equation (2),
P0 (x) = x2
x2y'' + xy' + (x2 – n2) y = 0 ... (1)
For P0 (x)= 0
Equation (1) can be written as,
x2 = 0 Þ x = 0
2 d2y dy
x +x + (x2 – n2 ) y = 0 ... (2)
dx 2 dx ∴ x = 0 is a singular point.

Equation (2) is of the form, From equation (1),

d2y dy d 2 y ( x + x 2 ) dy 1
⇒ P0 (x) + P1(x) + P2 (x) y = 0 ... (3) + + y =0
dx 2 dx dx 2 x2 dx x 2
Comparing equation (3) with equation (2),
d 2 y  1  dy 1
⇒ +  + 1 + y ... (4)
P0 (x) = x2 dx 2  x  dx x 2 = 0
For P0 (x)= 0 Equation (4) is of the form,
⇒ 0 = x2 ⇒ x =0
d2y dy
+ P( x ) + Q ( x ) y = 0 ... (5)
∴ x = 0 is a singular point. dx 2
dx
From equation (1), Comparing equation (5) with equation (4),

d2y x dy x 2 – n 2 1  1
+ + y=0 P ( x ) =  + 1 Q( x) =
x , x2
dx 2 x 2 dx x2
For x = 0,
d2y 1 dy x 2 – n 2 1 
⇒ + + y =0 ... (4) (x – a) P(x) = (x – 0)  + 1 = 1 + x ≠ ∞
dx 2 x dx x2 x 
Equation (4) is of the form,  1
(x – a)2 Q(x) = (x – 0)2  2  = 1 ≠ ∞
2
d y dy x 
2
+ P( x) + Q( y ) = 0 ... (5)
dx dx ∴ The given differential equation has regular singular
Comparing equation (5) with equation (4), point at x = 0
1 1
P( x) = Q = 2 (x2 – n2 ) Q23. Determine the nature of the singular points of
x, x the differential equation x2y'' + 9xy' + 6y = 0.
For x = 0,
Answer : May/June-17, Q5
1
(x – a) P(x) = (x – 0) x = 1 ≠ ∞
Given differential equation is,
1
(x – a)2 Q(x) = (x – 0)2 2 (x2 – n2) = x2 – n2 ≠ ∞ x 2 y" + 9xy' + 6y = 0 ... (1)
x
∴ Equation (1) has regular singular point at x = 0. Equation (1) can be written as,
Q22. Find the singular points of x y'' + (x + x )y' – y
2 2
d2 y dy
= 0 and classify them. x2 2 + 9x dx + 6y = 0 ... (2)
dx
Answer : Jan.-12, Q5 Equation (2) is of the form,
Given differential equation is,
d2 y dy
x2y'' + (x + x2)y' – y = 0 ... (1) P0 ] xg + P1 ] xg + P2 ] xg y = 0 ... (3)
dx 2 dx

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4.10 MatheMatics-ii
Comparing equations (2) and (3), Equation (3) is of the form,

P0(x) = x2 d2 y dy
] g ] g
2 + p x dx + Q x y = 0 ... (4)
dx
For P0(x) = 0
Comparing equations (3) and (4),
x2 = 0 Þ x = 0
–5
\ x = 0 is a singular point. p(x) = , Q(x) = 3
x2
From equation (2), For x = 0,
2
d y 9 dy 6 JK – 5 NO
... (4) (x – a) p(x) = ] x – 0g KK 2 OO
2 + x dx + 2 y = 0
dx x Lx P
–5 –5
Equation (4) is of the form, = = =3
x 0
d2 y dy
+ P ] xg + Q ] xg y = 0 ... (5) (x – a)2 Q(x) = (x – 0)2(3)
dx 2 dx
=
3x2 = 3(0)2 ¹ ∞.
Comparing equations (4) and (5),
\ x = 0 is an irregular singular point.
9 6
P(x) = , Q(x) = 2
x Q25. Give the equation of power series expansion.
x
Answer :
For a = 0
The power series expansion is given as,
9
(x – a) P(x) = (x – 0) =9¹∞
x y(x) = C0 + C1 (x – x0) + C2 (x – x0)2 + C3 (x – x0)3 + ....
6 or
(x – a)2 Q(x) = (x – 0)2 =6¹∞ ∞
x2
\ Equation (1) has regular singular point at x = 0.
y(x) = ∑C
m=0
m (x – x0 ) 2

Q24. Determine the nature of the singular point of Q26. Find the value of Pn' ( −1) .
the differential equation x2y'' – 5y' + 3x2y = 0.
Answer : May/June-12, Q5
Answer : Dec.-17, Q5 The Legendre’s differential equation is given by,
Given differential equation is, d2y dy
(1 – x2) 2
– 2x + n(n + 1) y = 0 ... (1)
dx dx
x2y'' – 5y' + 3x2y = 0
Equation (1) can be written as,
d 2y 5dy
Þ x2 – + 3x 2 y = 0 ... (1) (1 – x2) Pn′′ (x) – 2x Pn′ (x) + n(n +1) Pn(x) = 0 ... (2)
dx 2 dx
Substituting x = –1 in equation (2),
Equation (1) is of the form,
⇒ 0 + 2 Pn′ (–1) + n(n + 1) Pn(–1) = 0
d 2y dy
p0 ] xg 2 + p1 ] xg + p2 ] xg y = 0 ... (2) ⇒ 2 Pn′ (–1) + n(n + 1) (–1)n Pn(1) = 0
dx dx
[ Pn(–1) = (–1)n Pn(1)]
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
⇒ 2 Pn′ (–1) + n(n + 1) (–1)n (1) = 0
p0(x) = x2
[ Pn(1) = 1]
For p0(x) = 0, x2 = 0
⇒ 2 Pn′ (–1) = –n(n + 1) (–1)n
Þ x=0
⇒ 2 Pn′ (–1) = (–1)n–1 n(n +1)
\ x = 0 is a singular point
(−1) n −1
From equation (1) ⇒ Pn′ (–1) = n(n + 1)
2
d 2y 5 dy (−1) n −1
2 – 2 dx + 3y = 0 ... (3) ∴ Pn′ (−1) = n(n + 1)
dx x 2
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Unit-4 Special Function 4.11
Q27. Write the expression for Rodrigue’s formula. ⇒ 3x – 1= 2P2(x)
2

Answer :
⇒ 3x2 = 2P2(x) + 1
The expression for Rodrigue’s formula is given as,
2 P2 ( x) + 1
1 dn ⇒ x2 =
. 2
( x − 1) n 3
Pn(x) =
2 n n! dx n 2 1
⇒ x2 = P2(x) + P0(x) [ P0(x) = 1] ... (4)
3 3
Substituting different values for n,
(i) P0(x) =1 Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in equation (1),

f (x) = P0(x) + P1(x) –  P2 ( x) + P0 ( x) 

(ii) P1(x) = x 2 1
3 3 
1
(iii) P2(x) = (3 x 2 − 1)
2 2 1
⇒ f (x) = P0(x) + P1(x) – P (x) – P0(x)
1 3 2 3
(iv) P3(x) = (5 x 3 − 3 x)
2 2 1
⇒ f(x) = P0(x) + P1(x) – P2(x) – P0(x)
1 3 3
(v) P4(x) = (35 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 3)
8
 1 2
1
(63 x 5 − 70 x 3 + 15 x) ⇒ f (x) = 1 −  P0(x) + P1(x) – P2(x)
(vi) P5(x) =  3  3
8
2 2
Q28. Evaluate 4P3(x) + 6P2(x) + 3P1(x) as a polynomial ⇒ f (x) = P (x) + P1(x) – P2(x)
of x. 3 0 3

Answer : Dec.-17, Q6 1
Given expression is,
∴ f ( x) =
3
[2 P0 ( x) − 3P1 ( x) − 2 P2 ( x)]
4P3(x) + 6P2(x) + 3P1(x) Q30. Express f(x) = 5x3 + 6x2 + 4 in terms of Legendre
From Legendre’s polynomials, polynomials.

1 5x3 – 3x Answer : May/June-17, Q6

P1(x) = x, P2(x) = ^3x 2 – 1h , P3(x) =
2 2 Given function is,
⇒ 4P3(x) + 6P2(x) + 3P1(x)
RS 3 V RS 2 VW f (x) = 5x3 + 6x2 + 4 ... (1)
5x – 3x WW
= 4 SS W + 6 SS
3x – 1W
W + 3 ] xg From Legendre’s polynomials,
S 2 W S 2 W
T X T X
= 2 ^5x – 3xh + 3 ^3x – 1h + 3x
3 2 P0(x) = 1, P1(x) = x
1
= 10x3 – 6x + 9x 2 – 3 + 3x P2(x) = ^3x 2 – 1h
2
= 10x3 + 9x 2 – 3x – 3 2 1
Þ x2 = P2 ] xg – P0 ] xg
3 3
\ 4P3(x) + 6P2(x) + 3P1(x) = 10x3 + 9x 2 – 3x – 3 .
1
Q29. Express 1 + x – x 2 in terms of Legendre’s P3(x) = ^5x3 – 3xh
2
polynomials Pn(x).
2 3
Answer : Dec.-13, Q5 Þ x3 = P ] xg + P1 ] xg
5 3 5
Given function is,
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
f (x) = 1 + x – x2 ... (1) RS 2 VW RS 2 VW
3 1
f (x) = 5 SSS P3 ] xg + P1] xgWWW + 6 SSS P2 ] xg – P0 ] xgWWW + 4P0 ] xg
From Rodrigue’s formula, 5 5 3 3
T X T X
P0(x) = 1 ... (2) = 10P3 ] xg + 3P1 ] xg + 4P2 ] xg + 2P0 ] xg + 4P0 ] xg
P1(x) = x ... (3) = 10P3] xg + 4P2 ] xg + 3P1] xg + 6P0 ] xg
1
And P2(x)= (3x2 – 1) \ f (x) = 10P3] xg + 4P2 ] xg + 3P1] xg + 6P0 ] xg
2
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
4.12 MatheMatics-ii

Part-b
eSSaY QueStionS with SolutionS
4.1 gamma functionS, beta functionS, relation between beta and gamma
function

Q31. Define Gamma function. What is its reduction formula?

Answer :
Gamma Function
For answer refer Unit-4, [Link]. 1, Topic: Gamma Function.
Reduction or Recurrence Formula
∞

Γ(n) = ∫ e − x .x n −[Link]
0

Substituting n = n + 1 in above equation,

∞

Γ(n + 1) = ∫ e − x .x n +1−[Link]
0
∞

= ∫ e .x .dx
−x n

∞ ∞ ∞ 
= x n ∫ e − x .dx – ∫  (n.x n −1 ) ∫ e − x .dx dx [Using integration by parts]
0 0 0 
∞ ∞
e−x  e−x 
∫
− n x n −1. dx
n
= x . −1  −1 
0 0  

∞
∞
= − x .e 0 + n ∫ x (e )dx
n −x n −1 − x

∞
 n −x x
n 

 x→∞
Lim x .e = Lim =0 
= 0 + n ∫ e .x .dx
− x n −1
x→∞ e x
0  n 
 Lim x = 0 = 0 
∞  x→ 0 e x 1 
= n ∫ e .x dx
− x n −1

= nΓ(n)
\ Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

This is known as recurrence or reduction formula of Gamma function.

1 1
Q32. Express ∫ x m (1− x n )p dx in terms of Gamma function and evaluate ∫x
5
(1− x 3 )8 dx.
0 0
Answer :
Given integral is,
1

∫x (1 − x n ) p .dx
m

Let, xn = t ⇒ x = t1/n
1
1 n −1
dx = t dt
n
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Unit-4 Special Function 4.13

Q33. Show that 2nG d n + 2 n = 1.3.5...(2n – 1) π

1 1 1
1 −1 1
∫ ∫
1
\ x m (1 − x n ) p .dx = (t 2 ) m (1 − t ) p . t n .dt
0 0
n
Where n is a positive integer.
1 m +1
1 −1
=
n0
t ∫ n (1 − t ) p .dt Answer : Model Paper-1, Q14(a)

Given that,
1 m +1
1 −1
=
n0
t ∫ n (1 − t ) ( p +1) −[Link]  1
2 n.Γ n +  = 1.3.5......(2n − 1) π
 2
... (1)

1   m +1  Gamma function in terms of ‘n’ is given by,

= β , p + 1
n   n  Γ(n) = (n – 1)Γ(n – 1) ... (2)
1
 1 m −1  Substituting n = n + in equation (2),
 x (1 − x) n −1 dx = β(m, n) 

 0
∫ 
  1  1   1 
2

Γ  n +  =  n + − 1 Γ  n + − 1 
 2  2   2 
 m +1
Γ Γ( p + 1)  1  1
1  n  =  n − 2 Γ n − 2 
= .    
n  m +1 
Γ + p + 1
 n   1  1   1 
=  n − 2   n − 2 − 1 Γ n − 2 − 1
 Γ ( m )Γ ( n )      
 β(m, n) = 
 Γ(m + n) 
[ From equation (2)]
 m +1
1 Γ Γ( p + 1)  1  3  3
1  n  ... (1) =  n −  n − Γ n − 
∫
∴ x (1 − x ) dx = .
m n p
 2  2  2
n  m +1 
0 Γ + p + 1
 n  [ From equation (2)]
1
 1  3  5  5
∫ x (1 − x ) dx
5 3 8
=  n − 2  n − 2  n − 2 Γ n − 2  ....
0
     

Here, m = 5, n = 3, p = 8 [ From equation (2)]

 1  3  5
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), =  n −  n −  n −  ... 5 . 3 . 1 .Γ 1 
 2  2  2 2 2 2 2
 5 +1
1 Γ Γ(8 + 1)  2n − 1  2n − 3  2n − 5  5 3 1
1  3  =   ... . . . π
∫ x (1 − x ) dx = .
5 3 8
3  5 +1   2  2  2  2 2 2
0 Γ + 8 + 1
 3 
 1 
 Γ  = π 
6  2 
Γ Γ(9)
1 3
= . (2n − 1)(2n − 3)(2n − 5)...5.3.1
3 Γ(11)  1
Γ n +  = . π
 2  2n
1 Γ(2)Γ(9)
= .  1
3 Γ(11) ⇒ 2n Γ n +  = (2n – 1) (2n – 3) (2n – 5) ... 5.3.1 π
 2
1 1! 8! [ Γ(n) = (n − 1)!]
= 3 . 10!  1
∴ 2 n Γ  n +  = 1.3.5...(2n − 1) π
 2
1 1× 8! 3
= 3 . 10 × 9 × 8!
Q34. Evaluate y x e –x
3

1 e
= Answer :
270
Given integral is,
1 1 ∞
\
∫ ∫
3
x 5 (1 − x 3 )8 dx = 270 x .e − x dx
0 0

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

4.14 MatheMatics-ii
Let, β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1)
3
x =a 1 1

⇒ x = a1/3
= ∫
0
∫
x m +1−1 (1 − x) n −1 dx + x m −1 (1 − x) n +1−1 dx
0

Differentiating above equation with respect to a, 1 1

1 3 −1
1 = ∫
0
∫
x m (1 − x) n −1 dx + x m −1 (1 − x) n dx
0
dx = a da
3 1

= ∫ [ x (1 − x) + x (1 − x) ]dx
m n −1 m −1 n
−2
1
dx = a 3 da 0
3
1

∫x
m −1
Limits = (1 − x) n −1[ x + (1 − x)]dx
0
For x = 0, a = 0
1

∫x
m −1
For x = ∞, a = ∞ = (1 − x) n −1 dx = β(m, n)
0

\ Limits of a are from 0 to ∞ ∴ β(m, n) = β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1)

∞ ∞
1/ 3 1/ 2 −a  1  ∞
x m −1
∫ ∫ (a e  a −2 / 3da 
3
\ x .e − x .dx = )
0 0
3  Q36. Show that β(m, n) = ∫0
(1 + x)m + n
dx.

∞ 1 −2 Answer :
1 6 −a 3
=
30 ∫
a e a da Given that,
∞
x m −1
1
∞ 1 2
−
β(m, n) = ∫ (1 + x) m+n
dx
=
3 ∫ a 6 3 e − a da 0

0 The general expression for β-function is given by,

∞ −1 1
1
=
3 ∫
0
a 2 e − a da β(m, n) = ∫ x m −1 (1 − x) n −[Link]
0

∞ 1
1 −1 1
=
30 ∫ a 2 e −a da = ∫x
n −1
(1 − x) m −[Link] ... (1)
0

1 1  ∞  [ β(m, n) = β(n, m)]

= Γ  
∫ x n −1e − x dx = Γ (n) 1
3 2  
 0  Let, x = ... (2)
1+ y
1  1  1
= × π = 3
p  Γ  = π  ⇒ 1–x=1–
3   
2  1+ y
∞
π 1+ y −1
∫
3
∴ x e − x dx = =
3 1+ y
0
y
\ 1–x = ... (3)
Q35. Prove that β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1) = β(m, n). 1+ y
or Differentiating equation (2), with respect to x,
Prove that β(m, n) = β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1).
1
or dx = – .(1).dy
(1 + y ) 2
Show that β(m, n + 1) + β(m + 1, n) = β(m, n).
−1
Answer : (Jan.-12, Q16(a) | June-10, Q16(b)) ⇒ dx = .dy ... (4)
Given that, (1 + y ) 2

β(m, n) = β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1) Limits

For x = 0, equation (2) becomes,
Consider,
1
β(m + 1, n) + β(m, n + 1) 0=
1+ y
From the definition of beta function, 1
1 ⇒ =1+y ⇒ ∞=1+y
0
∫x
m −1 n −1
β(m, n) = (1 − x) dx
0 ∴y=∞

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.15
For x = 1, equation (2) becomes, Substituting n = m in equation (1),
π/ 2
1
1=
1+ y β(m, m) = 2 ∫ sin 2m–1
θ cos2m–1θ dθ
1 0
⇒ =1+y ⇒ 1= 1 + y π/ 2
1
∴y=0 =2 ∫ (sinθ cosθ) 2m–1
dθ
0
\ Limits are from ∞ to 0. π/ 2
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
n −1 m −1
= ∫ 2(sinθ cosθ)2m–1 dθ ... (3)
0
 1   y   1  0
β(m, n) = ∫      − . dy 
1 + y 
π/ 2
1+ y  + 2
∞  
(1 y ) 1
=
2 2m−2
∫ (2 2m–2
) (2) (sinθ cosθ)2m–1 dθ
0
(1) n −1 ( y ) m −1  − dy  0
= ∫ (1 + y) n −1
(1 + y ) m −1

 (1 + y ) 2



 1 π/ 2

∫2
2 m − 2 +1
∞
= 2m−2 (sin θ cos θ) 2 m −1.dθ
2
1 × y m −1 (− dy)
0 0
=∫ π/ 2
(1 + y ) n −1+ m −1+ 2 1
∫
∞
= 2m−2 22m–1 (sinθ cosθ)2m–1 dθ
2
− y m −[Link]
0
0
=∫
(1 + y ) m + n − 2+ 2 π/ 2
∞ 1
∞ m −1
=
2 2m−2 ∫ (2 sinθ cosθ)2m–1 dθ
y .dy 0
β(m, n) = ∫ ... (5)
(1 + y ) m + n 1 π/ 2

∫
0
⇒ β(m, m) = (sin2θ)2m–1 dθ ... (4)
Equation (5) can be expressed in terms of ‘x’ as, 2 2m−2
0
∞
x m −1 Let, 2θ = φ
β(m, n) = ∫ (1 + x)
0
m+n
. dx
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘θ’,
3
x m–1 2.dθ = dφ
\ β(m, n) = y ( 1 + x) m + n dx ⇒ dθ =
dφ
0 2
Limits:: For θ = 0, 2(0) = φ ⇒ φ = 0
Q37. Show that β d m, 2 n = 22m–1β(m, n)
1 π  π
For θ = , 2  = φ ⇒ φ = π
Answer : April-16, Q14(a) 2  2
Given that, \ Limits are from 0 to π.
 1 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4),
β m,  = 2 2 m −1 β (m, n)
 2 1 π  dφ 
(sinφ)2m–1  
The general expression for ‘β’ in terms of ‘θ’ is given by,
β(m, m) =
2 2m−2 ∫  2 
0
π/ 2 π
1
β(m, n) = 2 ∫ sin 2m–1
θ cos 2n–1
θ dθ ... (1) =
2.2 2 m − 2 ∫ sin 2m–1
φ dφ
0 0
1 π
1
Substituting n =
2
in equation (1), =
2 2 m − 2+1 ∫ sin 2m–1
φ dφ
 1  0
π/ 2
 1  2  −1 π
β m,  = 2
 2 ∫
sin2m–1θ . cos     dθ
2
=
1
2 2 m −1 ∫ sin 2m–1
φ dφ
0 0
π/ 2 π/ 2
1
= 2 sin ∫
2 m −1
θ.dθ β(m, m) =
2 2 m −1
2 ∫ sin 2m–1
φ dφ
0 0
π/ 2  π π/ 2 
 1
\
 2 ∫
β m,  = 2 sin 2 m −1 .θ.dθ ... (2)
 ∫
 sin θ dθ = 2 sin θ dθ
 ∫
0 0 0

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4.16 MatheMatics-ii
π/ 2 ∞ ∞ ∞
Γ(m)
⇒2 2m–1
β(m, m) = 2 ∫ sin 2m–1
φ dφ ym ∫0
e − y . y m + n −1dy =
∫ ∫
e − yx .x m −1dx (e − y . y m + n −1 )dy
0 0
0
∞ ∞∞
Replacing φ with θ,
∫ ∫∫ e
− y (1+ x )
⇒ Γ(m) e − y . y n −1dy = . y m + n −1.x m −[Link]
π/ 2 0 0 0

22m–1
β(m, m) = 2 ∫ sin 2m–1
θ dθ ∞ ∞
 
∫ ∫ e
− y (1+ x )
0 Γ ( m )Γ ( n ) = . y m + n −1dy  x m −[Link]
0 0 
 1
⇒ 22m–1 β(m, m) = β m,  [ a From equation (2)] ∞
Γ ( m + n)
 2 = ∫ (1 + x)
0
m+n
.x m −[Link]

 1
∴ β m,  = 2 2 m −1 β(m, n)
 2 [ From equation (3)]
∞
x m −1
G (m) G (n)
Q38. Prove that β(m, n) = G (m + n) . = Γ( m + n) ∫ dx
0
(1 + x) m + n

or = Γ(m + n).β(m, n)
 ∞ 
G (m) G (n) x m −1
Show that β(m, n) = G (m + n) .  β(m, n) = 

 0
(1 + x ∫
) m+n
dx


or ⇒ Γ(m).Γ(n) = Γ(m + n).β(m, n)
Derive a relation between Beta and Gamma Γ (m).Γ (n)
function. \ β(m, n) == Γ (m + n)
Answer : [Model Paper-3, Q14(a) | June-14, Q14(a)]
The general expression for ‘Γ’ function is given by, Q39. Show that G d 2 n =
1
π.
∞
April-16, Q14(b)
Γ(m) = ∫ e .x .dx Answer :
− x m −1
... (1)
0 Given function is,
Let, x = yt
Gd 2 n
1
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘x’,
The relation between ‘β’ and ‘Γ’ function is,
dx = [Link]
Γ (m).Γ (n)
Limits β(m, n) = ... (1)
Γ ( m + n)
For x = 0, yt = 0 ⇒ y = 0
1
For x = ∞, yt = ∞ ⇒ y = ∞ Substituting m = n = in equation (1),
2
\ Limits are from 0 to ∞. 2
 1  1   1
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), Γ  Γ   Γ   2
 1 1  
∞ β ,  =  2   2  =  2  =  Γ  1   ... (2)
 2 2  1 1 Γ (1)   2
Γ(m) = ∫ e − yt . y m −1.t m −1. [Link] Γ + 
0  2 2
∞ The general expression for β-function is,
Γ(m) = ∫ e − yt . y m .t m −[Link] ... (2) 1
0
∫
β(m, n) = x m −1 (1 − x) n −1 dx ... (3)
Equation (2) can also be expressed in terms of ‘x’as, 0

∞ 1 1
Substituting m = and n = in equation (3),
Γ(m) = ∫ e . y .x .dx
− yx m m −1
2 2
0 1 1 1
1 1 −1 −1
∫
∞
Γ(m) β ,  = x 2 (1 − x) 2 dx
= ∫e
− yx m −1
⇒ .x .dx ... (3) 2 2 0
ym 0
1 −1 −1
∞
1 1
Multiplying on both sides by ∫ e . y
0
−y m + n −1
.dy , ⇒
2 2 0 ∫
β ,  = x 2 (1 − x) 2 dx ... (4)

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.17
Substituting m = n in equation (1),
Let, x = sin2 θ ⇒ sin θ = x ⇒ θ = sin–1 x
π
⇒ dx = 2 sin θ cos θ 2

∫
2 n −1
β(n, n) = 2 (sin x)(cos 2 n −1 x)dx
Limits For x = 0, θ = sin ( 0 ) –1
0
π
⇒ θ = sin 0 ⇒ θ = sin (sin0) ⇒ θ = 0
–1 –1
2
= 2∫ [sin x cos x]2n −1 dx
For x = 1, θ = sin–1( 1 ) ⇒ θ = sin–1(1)
0
π
 π π 
2
(2 sin x cos x) 
2 n −1
⇒ θ = sin–1  sin  ⇒θ= = 2∫   dx
 2 2  0
2 

π π
\ Limits are from 0 to . 2
2

∫ (sin 2 x)
2 n −1
2 = dx ... (2)
2 2 n −1
Substituting the corresponding values in (4), 0

π2 Let, 2x = θ
1 1
∫ (sin
−1 2 −1 2
β ,  =
2
θ) (1 − sin θ) 2
2 sin θ cos θ dθ Differentiating on both sides with respect to ‘x’,
2 2 0 dθ
π2
dx = 2

∫ (sin θ)
−1
= .(cos2 θ) −1 2 2 sin θ cos θ dθ Limits
0 For x = 0, θ = 0
π2 π
1 1 For x = , θ=π
= 2 ∫
0
.
sin θ cos θ
. sin θ cos θ dθ
\
2
Limits are from 0 to π.
π2 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),
∫
= 2 dθ = 2[θ] 0π 2
2
π
dθ
∫ (sin θ)
2 n −1
0 β(n, n) = 2 n −1
2 2
0
π  π π
= 2  − 0 = 2. = π
2 
2
2  2 2 1
∫ (sin θ)
2 n −1
⇒ β(n, n) = × dθ
2 2 n −1 2
0
1 1
\ β ,  = π
π
... (5)
2 2
2
2 2
∫
2 n −1
⇒ β(n, n) = 2n −1 × (sin θ) (cos θ) dθ
0
2 2
Comparing equations (2) and (5), 0
 2a a 
2
 f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
  ∫ ∫
  1  1  0 0 
Γ 2   = π ⇒ Γ  = π
 2n − 1 + 1   0 + 1 
   2 Γ Γ 

2 2   2 
⇒ β(n, n) = 2n −1 .
 1 2  2n − 1 + 0 + 2 
∴ Γ  = π 2Γ 
 2  2 

 p + 1  q + 1
π
r C (n) Γ  Γ 
Q40. Prove that β(n, n) =
2
.  2   2 
2 C bn + 1 l
2n–1
 sin p cos q xdx = ∫ p + q + 2
2 0 2Γ  
 2 
1
Answer : Γ ( n ) Γ 
1 2
⇒ β(n, n) = 2n −1 .
Given that, 2 
Γ n + 
1
 2
πΓ ( n)
β(n, n) =
 1 Γ ( n) π
2 2 n −1.Γ n +  ⇒ β(n, n) =  1 
 Γ  = π 
 2 
2 n −1 1
2 Γ n +    2  
 2
The general expression for β-function is given by,
π Γ ( n) π
2 ∴ β(n, n) =
β(m, n) = 2∫ (sin x) 2 m −1 2 n −1
... (1) 
2 n −1 1
(cos x) dx 2 Γ n + 
0  2

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4.18 MatheMatics-ii

 1 1 π π 1 π
Q41. Prove that β(m, m) β  m + ,m +  = . = . . . Γ ( 2m)
 2 2  m2 −1 4m m2 2 m Γ( m) Γ(m) 2 2 m −1
Answer : Model Paper-2, Q14(a)
 
 Γm Γ m + 1  = π Γ(2m) 
Given that,   2 2 2 m −1 
 
 1 1 π
β(m, m).β m + , m +  = ... (1) π Γ ( 2 m)
 2 2 m.2 4 m −1 = .
m 2 4 m −1 Γ(m) Γ(m)
The relation between ‘β’ and ‘Γ’ function is,
π 1  Γ ( m) Γ ( m) 
= 4 m −1
.  β(m, m) = 
Γ ( m )Γ ( n ) m2 β(m, m)  Γ ( 2 m) 
β(m, n) = ... (2)
Γ ( m + n)
 1 1 π 1
⇒ βm + , m +  = 4 m −1
.
1  2 2 m2 β(m, m)
Substituting m = n = m + in equation (2),
2
 1 1 π
 1  1 \ β(m, m) β  m + 2 , m + 2  =
Γ m +  Γ m +    m 2 4 m −1
 1 1
βm + , m +  =   
2 2
 2 2   1 1
Γm + + m +  Q42. Show that β(m, n) = 2
 2 2
π 2
 1  1
∫ sin
2m −1
Γ m +  Γ m +  θ .cos2n−1θ dθ a n d d e d u c e t h a t ,
 2  2
=
Γ(2m + 1)
0

 n + 1
π Γ
 2 
π 2 π 2
 1  1
∫ sin θ dθ = ∫ cosnθ dθ =
n
Γ m +  Γ m +  .
 2  2  n + 2
= 2Γ 
 2 
0 0
2m Γ ( 2m)

[ Γ(m +1) = m Γ(m)] Answer :

 1  1 Given that,
Γ ( m) Γ  m +  Γ  m + 
 2  2 π/ 2
=
Γ ( m) 2m Γ ( 2m) β(m, n) = 2 ∫ sin 2m −1 .θ. cos 2n −1 θ.dθ
0
 1
Γ ( m ) Γ m +  The general expression for β-function is given by,
1  2  1
= . .Γ m +  1

∫x
m −1
2mΓ(m) Γ ( 2m)  2 (1 − x) n −1 dx = β(m, n) ... (1)
0

 1 Let, x = sin 2 θ
π Γ ( 2 m ) Γ m + 
1  2 dx = 2 sin θ cos θ.dθ
= .
2mΓ(m) 2 2 m −1 Γ(2m) Limits
  1 π  For x = 0, 0 = sin2 θ ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ = sin0 ⇒ θ = 0
 Γ(m)Γ m +  = 2 m −1 Γ(2m)
  2  2  π π
For x = 1, 1= sin2 θ ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ = sin ⇒θ=
2 2
π
1 π  1 \ Limits are from 0 to
= × 2 m −1 Γ m +  2
2mΓ(m) 2  2 Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
π2
π  1
∫ (sin θ) m −1 (1 − sin 2 θ) n −1 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = β(m, n)
2
= Γ m + 
m.2 2 m Γ(m)  2 0
π2

Multiplying and dividing with Γ(m),

⇒ ∫
2 sin 2 m − 2 θ (cos 2 θ) n −1 sin θ cos θ dθ = β(m, n)
0

[ 1 – sin2θ = cos2θ]
 1
Γ ( m ) . Γ m +  π2
π  2
=
m.2 2 m Γ(m)
.
Γ( m )
⇒ ∫
2 sin 2 m − 2 θ sin θ(cos 2 n − 2 θ) cos θ dθ = β(m, n)
0

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.19
π2
 sin 2 m −1 θ   cos 2 n −1 θ 
⇒ 2 ∫ 
0
sin θ 
 sin θ



 cos θ  cos θ dθ = β(m, n)

π2

2 ∫ sin
2 m −1
⇒ θ cos 2 n −1 θ. dθ = β(m, n)
0
π2

β(m, n) = 2 ∫ sin
2 m −1
\ θ cos 2 n −1 θ. dθ ... (2)
0

Deduction
Let, 2m – 1 = n and 2n – 1 = 0
⇒ 2m = n + 1 and 2n = 1
n +1 1
⇒ m= and n =
2 2
π2
1
∫ sin θ cos 0 θ.dθ =
n
\ β(m, n)
0
2
π2
1
∫ sin θ.1.dθ =
n
⇒ β(m, n)
0
2

π2 RS V
1 Γ ( m)Γ ( n ) SS Γ (m) Γ (n) WW
⇒ ∫ sin n θ dθ = .
2 Γ( m + n) SSa β ( m, n) =
Γ (m + n) WW
W
0
T X
 n +1  1 
Γ Γ 
1  2  2
=2
 n +1 1 
Γ + 
 2 2

 n + 1
π2
π Γ 
1  2   1 
\ ∫ sin n θ dθ =  Γ  = π  ... (3)
2 n + 2   
2 
0 Γ 
 2 
Similarly,
Let, 2m – 1 = 0 and 2n – 1 = n
1 n +1
⇒ m= and n =
2 2
π2 π2
1
\ ∫
β(m, n) = sin 0 θ cos n θ dθ = ∫ cos θ dθ
n
2 0
0
π2
1
⇒
2
β(m, n) = cos n θ dθ
0
∫
π2
1 Γ ( m)Γ ( n )
⇒ ∫ cos θ dθ
n
=
2 Γ( m + n) 0

 1   n + 1
Γ Γ  π2
1 2  2 
= cos θ dθ ∫
n
2  1 n + 1
Γ +  0
2 2 

 n + 1
π Γ  π2
1  2 
⇒ = cos n θ dθ ∫
2 n + 2
Γ  0
 2 

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4.20 MatheMatics-ii
From equations (3) and (4),
 n + 1
π2 π2 π Γ 
1  2 
∫ sin n θ dθ = cos θ dθ =∫
n
2 n + 2
0 0 Γ 
 2 
 n + 1
π2 π2 π Γ 
1  2 
\ ∫ ∫
sin n θ dθ = cos θ dθ =
n
2 n + 2
0 0 Γ 
 2 

π 2
1  p + 1 q + 1
Q43. Show that ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ = 2 β 
p q
, 
0
2 2 
or

Show that

Answer :
Given that,
π/ 2
1  p +1 q +1
∫ sin β 
p
θ. cos q θ.dθ = ,
2  2 2 
0
π
π
2 2

∫ [sin θ]
p −1
Consider, ∫ sin
p
θ cos q θ dθ = [cos θ]q −1 (sin θ cos θ dθ)
0 0
π
2 p −1 q −1

∫ [sin θ] 2 [cos 2 θ] 2 (sin θ cos θ dθ)

2
=
0
π
2 p −1 q −1
1
=
20 ∫
[sin 2 θ] 2 [1 − sin 2 θ] 2 ( 2 sin θ cos θ dθ) ... (1)

Let, sin2 θ = v
Differentiating with respect to ‘θ’,
2 sin θ cos θ dθ = dv
Limits
For θ = 0 ⇒ sin20 = v ⇒ v = 0
π π
For θ = ⇒ sin2 = v ⇒ (1)2 = v ⇒ v = 1
2 2
\ Limits are from 0 to 1.
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
π
2 1 p −1 q −1
1
∫ sin p θ cos q θ dθ =
20 ∫
v 2 (1 − v) 2 dv

0
p +1 q +1
1 KJ p + 1 q + 1 NO
1
1 −1 −1
=
20 ∫
v 2 (1 − v) 2 dv = βK
2 K 2 , 2 O
O
L P
π  1 
 β(m, n) = x m −1 (1 − x) n −1 dx 
2
1  p + 1 q + 1  ∫ 
\ ∫ sin θ cos q θ dθ = β
p
,   0 
2  2 2 
0  Where, m = p + 1 , n = q + 1 
 2 2 

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.21
The relation between beta and gamma function is, 1
Γ  π
Γ (m) Γ (n) =
4
β(m, n) = ... (2) 3
Γ (m + n) 4Γ 
4
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),
1
Γ  π
 p + 1  q + 1 1
=  
π dx 4
Γ Γ 
2
 2   2 
∴ ∫ 1− x 4 3
∫ sin θ cos θ dθ = 4Γ 
p q
0
 p + 1 q + 1 4
0 2Γ + 
 2 2  1
dx
π
2
 p +1  q +1
Γ Γ  
Q45. Evaluate ∫ (1 – x
0
n
)
1
n

∴ sin p θ cos q θ dθ = 
2   2 
∫  p+q+2
Answer : May/June-12, Q16(a)
0 2Γ   Given integral is,
 2 
1
dx
1
dx ∫ (1 − x n 1n
Q44. Express the integral ∫ 1− x 4
in terms of Gamma 0
)
0 Let, xn = sin2 θ ⇒ x = sin2/n θ
functions.
2
Answer : June-11, Q16(a) 2 −1
dx = sin n θ .cos θ dθ
Given integral is, n
1 Limits
dx
∫
0 1− x4
For x = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
1
π
Let, x4 = v ⇒ x = v
4
For x = 1 ⇒ θ = 2
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x, π
\ Limits are from 0 to
1
1
−1 2
v4 π
dx = dv 1
4 dx 2
1 2 −1
2

1
−3 \ ∫ (1 − x n )1/ n
= ∫ (1 − sin 2
θ)1/ n
. sin n θ. cos θ dθ
n
⇒ dx = v 4 dv 0 0
4 π/ 2 2
1 2 −1
Limits
For x = 0, v = (0)4 = 0
= ∫
0
2
(cos θ)1n
. sin n θ. cos θ dθ
n

For x = 1, v = (1) = 1 4 1
dx 2
π2 2
−1 1−
2

\ Limits are from 0 to 1. ∫ n 1/ n = n

(1 − x )
∫
0
sin n θ. cos n θ dθ
0
1
dx
1
1  1 −3  From the definition of gamma function,
 v 4 dv 
∫ 1− x
= ∫ 1 − v  4 
Γd nΓd
4

n
0 0
π2
p+1 q+1
2 2
∫ sin
1 p
1 θ cos θ dθ =q
=
40 ∫
(1 − v) −1 2 v −3 4 dv
0 2Γ d
p+q+2
n
2
1 1 1
1 4 −1 −1 2 2
= ∫
v (1 − v) 2 dv Here, p = − 1 , q = 1−
40 n n

Γf n 2
–1 1 p f 1 – n + 1 p
 1  2 + 2
1 1 1  x m −1 (1 − x) n −1 dx = β(m, n) 
= β ,   ∫ 
1
dx Γ 2
4 4 2  0  \ ∫ (1 − x n 1/ n = 2n ×
2Γ f n
–1 + 1– n + 2 p
0
) 2 2
1  1
Γ  Γ  2
1 4  2  Γ ( m )Γ ( n ) 
 β(m, n) = 
Γ d 2n n Γ d
= . n– 2+n n
4 1 1  Γ( m + n)  2
Γ +  2 2n
4 2 = n×
2Γ d 2 n
2
1
Γ  π
f a Γ d 12 n = π p Γ d n n Γ d 2n n
1 4  1 2n – 2
= . 1 + 2 
4    2
Γ  = n×
 4  2Γ (1)

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4.22 MatheMatics-ii
Substituting equation (5) in equation (4),
Γd n nΓd n n
1
1 n –1
dx ∞
1 Γ ( m)
∫
0
(1 − x n 1/ n = n ×
) 1 [ a Γ (1) = 1]
∫e
− ax
(cosbx − i sin bx) x m −1dx =
r (cos mθ + i sin mθ)
m
0
1 π Γ ( m)
= n× π = (cos mθ + i sin mθ) −1
sin rm
n
Γ ( m)
(cos mθ − i sin mθ)
>a Γ d n n Γ d 1– n n = H
1 1 π =
rm
π
sin n Equating real and imaginary parts,
∞
π π Γ ( m)
∫e
− ax m −1
= cosec   x cosbx dx = cos mθ and
n n 0
rm
∞
1
π π Γ ( m)
∫e
dx − ax m −1
sin mθ
∴ ∫ (1 − x
0
n 1n
)
=
n
cosec 
n 0
x sin bx dx =
rm
∞
3
Γ ( m)
Q46. Evaluate # e –ax xm – 1 sin bx dx interms of Gamma ∫
∴ e − ax x m −1 sin bx dx =
0
rm
sin mθ
0
function. Where,
Jan.-12, Q15(b)
b
Answer : r2 = a2 + b2 and θ = tan–1  
a
Given integral is,
r
∞
2

∫
0
e − ax x m −1 sin bx dx Q47. evaluate # sin 5
icos 7 idi using Beta and
0

From the property of gamma function, Gamma functions.

∞
Γ(m) June-15, Q14(a)
∫e Answer :
− ax m −1
x dx = ... (1)
0 am Given integral is,
Substituting a = a + ib in equation (1),
π
2

∫ sin
5
θ cos7 θ dθ
∞
Γ ( m)
∫e − ( a + ib ) m −1 0
x dx =
0
(a + ib ) m From the property of beta function,
Consider, ... (2) π
2 
1  m + 1 n + 1 
e–(a+ib)x = e–ax.e–ibx
 ∫ sin m θ cos n θ dθ = β
2  2
,
2 

0 
⇒ e–(a+ib)x = e–ax(cosbx – isinbx) ... (3) Here, m = 5, n = 7
Substituting the corresponding values in above integral,
Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), π
2
1  5 +1 7 +1
∫ sin β 
5
∞ θ cos7 θ dθ = ,
Γ ( m) 2  2 2 
∫e
− ax m −1
(cosbx − i sin bx) x dx = ... (4) 0
(a + ib ) m
0 1 6 8 1
= β ,  = β(3,4)
Let, 2 2 2 2
R V
1 Γ(3)Γ(4) S Γ (m) Γ (n) WW
a = r cosθ ; b = r sinθ = 2 Γ(3 + 4) SSSa β (m, n) = W
S Γ (m + n) WW
⇒ a2 + b2 = r2 cos2θ + r2 sin2θ T X
1 Γ(3)Γ(4) 1 (3 – 1) ! (4 – 1) !
⇒ a2 + b2 = r2(cos2θ + sin2θ) =
2 Γ (7 )
=
2 ( 7 – 1) !
⇒ a2 + b2 = r2 [ Γ(n) = (n – 1)!]
1 JK 2!3! NO 1 JK 2 # 6 NO
−1 b = KK O = KK O
And θ = tan   2 6! O 2 720 O
a L P L P
1
(a + ib)m = (r cosθ + ir sinθ)m =
120
= rm(cosθ + i sinθ)m π
2
1
∴ ∫ sin
5
θ cos7 θ dθ =
\ (a + ib) = r (cosmθ + i sinmθ)
m m
... (5) 0
120

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.23
4.2 error functionS
Q48. Show that erf(x) + erfc(x) = 1
Answer :
The error function is defined as,
x
2
π∫
−t 2
erf(x) = e dt ... (1)
0

The complementary error function is defined as,

∞
2
π∫
−t 2
erfc(x) = e dt ... (2)
x

Adding equations (1) and (2),

∞
2  −t 2 
x

∫ ∫
2

erf(x) + erfc(x) =  e dt + e −t dt 
π  0 x 

=
RS 3 VW
SS π WW
=
2
×
π 2
π
y
SS
–t2
SSa e dt =
2 WW
W
0 W
=1 T X

∴ erf ( x) + erfc( x) = 1

d
Q49. Evaluate dx [erf (ax)] .
Answer : [Model Paper-1, Q14(b) | April-16, Q7]

The error function is given as,

x
2
erf(x) =
π
ye –t 2
dt
0
Substituting x = ax in above equation,
ax
2
erf(ax) =
π
y 2
e –t dt
0
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘x’,
ax
d d 2
dx
(erf (ax)) =
dx π
y 2
e –t dt
0
ax
d 2 d
⇒
dx
(erf (ax)) =
π dx
y 2
e –t dt
0

Applying rule of differentiation under integral sign,

RS ax VW
2 SS WW
d
dx
(erf (ax)) =
π SS
SS
2
2 –t2
x
(e ) dt + y
d
dx
(ax) e –a 2 x2
–
d
dx
(0) .1WW
WW
0
T X
–a 2 x2
2 2 2 2 ae
= [0 + ae –a x – 0] =
π π
2 x2
d 2ae –a
\ (erf (ax)) =
dx π

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4.24 MatheMatics-ii
t

Q50. Show that # erf]αxgdx = t erf]αtg + α 1π RSSTe –α 2 t 2

V
– 1WW .
X
0
Answer : [Model Paper-3, Q14(b) | May/June-17, Q14(a)]

Given integral is,

t t

I= # erf]αxgdx = # 1 erf]αxgdx
0 0
t t
J N
= erf ]αxg # 1dx – # KKK dxd ^erf]αxgh # 1dxOOOdx
0 0 L P
t
R V
= 6x erf ]αxg@0 # xSSSS dxd ^erf]αxghWWWWdx
t
–
0 T X
t RS d 2α – α2 x2VWW
= t erf ]αt g – # x 2απ e – α2 x2
dx SSa
SS dx ^erf ]αx gh = e WW
π W
0 T X
t RS t VW
t
SS W
# erf ]αxg dx = t erf ]αt g –
2α
π
# xe –α 2 x 2
dx SSa erf ]αxg =
SS
2
π
# –t 2 W
xe dtWW
WW
... (1)
0 0 0
T X
Consider,
t

# xe – α2 x2
dx
0
Let,
y = α2x2
dy = α22xdx
dy
Þ xdx =
2α 2
L.L : x = 0 Þ y = 0,

U.L : x = t Þ y = α2t2
t α2 t2
dy
\ # xe – α2 x2
dx = # e –y
2α 2
0 0

α2 t2
1
=
2α 2
# e –y dy
0

6 –y@
1 α2 t2
= 2 –e 0
2α
– 1 SR –α2 t2 V
= 2 Se – e0WW
2α T X
– 1 SR –α2 t2 WV
= Se – 1W
2α 2 T X
t
– 1 SR –α2 t2 WV
\ # xe – α2 x2
dx = Se
2α 2 T
– 1W
X
... (2)
0

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.25
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),
t RS V
# erf]αxgdx = t erf]αtg – 2απ SSS 2–α1 RSSTe – WWVWWW
–α 2 t 2
1
2
XW
0 T X
1 SR –α2 t2 VW
= t erf ]αt g + Se – 1W
α πT X
t

\ # erf]αxgdx = t erf]αtg + α 1 π RSSTe –α2 t2

V
– 1WW .
X
0

"erf ]α xg, =
d 2α – α 2 x 2
Q51. Show that e .
dx π
Answer : [Model Paper-2, Q14(b) | Dec.-17, Q14(a)]

From the definition of error function,

x
2
erf(x) =
π
#e –t2
dt
0
αx
2
Þ erf(αx) =
π
# 2
e –t dt
0
αx
JK t 2 t 4 t6 NO
=
2
# KK1 – + – + .....OO dt
π
0 L 1! 2! 3! P
2 SRS 1 t 3 1 t5 1 t 7 WVWαx
= SSt – + – + .....WW
π 1! 3 2! 5 3! 7 0
T X
2 S tR
S 3 5 7 V
Wαx
St – +
t t W
= + + ......WW
πS 3 10 42 0
T X
RSSR 3 5 WVW RS VWVW
2 SS ]αxg ]αxg ]αxg7 0 0 0 W
= S Sαx – + – + ....WW – SS0 – 3 + 10 – 42 + ....WWWWWW
S
π SSS 3 10 42
TT X T XX
R WVW VWW
2 SSSRS α 3 x 3 α5 x5 α 7 x 7
= SSαx – + – + .....WW – 0WWW
π SSS 3 10 42
TT X X
2 RSS α 3 x 3 α5 x5 α 7 x 7
VW
W
= Sαx – + – + .....WW
πS 3 10 42
T X
2α RSS α 2 x 3 α 4 x5 α6 x 7
VW
W
= Sx – + – + .....WW
πS 3 10 42
T X
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x.
R NOVWW
2α SS d JKK
^erf ]αxgh =
d α 2 x 3 α 4 x5 α6 x 7
SS K x – + – + .....OOWWW
dx π S dx L 3 10 42 PX
T
2α S α R
S 2 4 6 V
W
S1 –
α α W
= 3x 2 + 5x 4 – 7x6 + .....WW
πS 3 10 42
T X
2α RSS α 4 4
x α 6 6
x
VW
W
= S1 – α 2 x 2 + – + ....WW
πS 2 6
T X
^ ^
R VW
2α SS α 2 2h2
x α 2 2h3
x W
= SS1 – α 2 x 2 + – + ....WW
π 2! 3!
T X
2α –α2 x2
= e
π

^erf ]αxgh =
d 2 α –α 2 x 2
\ e .
dx π
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4.26 MatheMatics-ii

4.3 power SerieS method

Q52. Write about power series solution of a differential equation.
Answer :
If the equation u0(x)y'' + u1(x)y' + u2(x)y = 0 has an ordinary or regular point x = x0, then all the solutions of the equation
are said to be analytic and have a power series expansion at x = x0 of the form,
y(x) = c0 + c1(x – x0) + c2(x – x0)2 + c3(x – x0)3 + …
or
∞
⇒ y(x) = ∑c
m =0
m (x − x0 ) m

Where,
c0, c1, c2 .... = Coefficients
x0 = Centre of expansion of power series.
∴ The radius of convergence of the power series is,
cm
R = Lt
m→∞ cm +1
or
1
R=
Lt m cm
m→∞

Note
The series converges if the following conditions are satisfied,
(i) | x – x0 | < R

(ii)

(iii) The value of R is infinity.

Q53. Write the steps involved in finding the series solutions to differential equations around zero.
Answer :
Let the differential equation be,
d2y dy
P0 2
+ P1 + P2 y = 0 ... (1)
dx dx
Where,
P0, P1, P2 - Polynomials in x.
And P0 ≠ 0 at x = 0
The sequence of steps involved in finding the series solutions at x = 0 are,
Step 1
Write the solution of equation (1) as,
y = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + .... + cn xn .... (2)
Step 2
dy d2y
Obtain the expressions for and from equation (2).
dx dx 2
Step 3
dy d2y
The values of ‘y’, and are substituted in equation (1).
dx dx 2
Step 4
Obtain the values of c2, c3, c4 ... in terms of c0 and c1 by equating the coefficients of powers of x to zero.
Step 5
The required series solution is obtained by substituting the values of c2, c3, c4 ... in equation (2).
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Unit-4 Special Function 4.27
d2 y dy
Q54. Solve by series solution method of the equation x + + xy = 0 , about x = 0
dx 2 dx
Answer : [Model Paper-2, Q17(a) | May/June-12, Q13]
Given differential equation is,
d 2 y dy
x + + xy = 0
dx 2 dx ... (1)
d2y
At x = 0, the coefficient of ≠0
dx 2
Let the solution of equation (1) be,
y = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 +… ... (2)
Differentiating equation (2), with respect to ‘x’
dy
= 0 + c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 +… ... (3)
dx
Differentiating equation (3), with respect to ‘x’
d2y
= 2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 +… ... (4)
dx 2
Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in equation (1),
x (2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 +…) + (c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 +…) + x (c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 +…) = 0
2c2x+ 12c3x2 + 12c4x3 + c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + + c0x +c1x2 + c2x3 + c3x4 + c4x5 + … = 0
Equating the coefficients of constant terms to zero,
c1 = 0 ... (5)
Equating the coefficients of x terms to zero,
2c2 + 2c2 + c0 = 0 Þ 4c2 + c0 = 0
− c0
⇒ c2 = ... (6)
4
Equating the coefficients of x2 term to zero,
12c3 + 3c3 + c1 = 0 Þ 15c3 = – c1
− c1
⇒ c3 = .... (7)
15
⇒ c3 = 0 (From equation (5))
Equating the coefficients of x3 term to zero,
12c4 + 4c4 + c2 = 0 Þ 16c4 + c2 = 0
− c2
⇒ c4 = ... (8)
16
Substituting equation (6) in equation (8),
c0
c4 = ... (9)
64
Substituting equations (5), (6) and (9) in equation (2),
 −c0  2  c 
y = c0 + 0( x) +   x + 0( x3 ) +  0  x 4 + ..............
 4   64 
c0 2 c0 4
= c0 − x + x + ...............
4 64
 1 2 1 4 
= c0 1 − x + x + ...............
 4 64 
 1 2 1 4 
∴ y = c0 1 − x + x + ............... is the required power series solution.
 4 64 

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4.28 MatheMatics-ii
Q55. Find the series solution about x = 0 of the differential equation (1 – x )y'' – xy' + 2y = 02

Answer : June-13, Q14

Given differential equation is,

(1 – x2)y'' – xy' + 2y = 0 ... (1)
At x = 0 the coefficient of y'' ≠ 0
Let the solution of equation (1) be,
∞
y = Σ cm xm
m =0

⇒ y = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + . . . . . . ... (2)

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
∞
y’ = Σ m cm xm–1
m =1

⇒ y’ = 1 c1 + 2 c2x + 3 c3x2 + . . . . . . ... (3)

Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,
∞
y” = Σ m (m – 1)cm xm–2
m=2

⇒ y” = 2 c2 + 6 c3x + 12 c4x2 + . . . . . . ... (4)

Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in equation (1),
(1 – x2)(2 c2 + 6 c3x + 12 c4x2) – x(c1 + 2c2x + 3 c3x2) + 2(c0 + c1x + c2x2) = 0

⇒ 2 c2 + 6 c3x + 12 c4x2 – 2 c2x2 – 6 c3x3 – 12 c4x4 – c1x – 2 c2x2 – 3 c3x3 + 2 c0 + 2 c1x + 2 c2x2 = 0

⇒ 2 c2 + 2 c0 + 6 c3x c1x + 12 c4x2 – 2 c2x2 – 9 c3x3 – 12 c4x4 = 0

⇒ 2(c2 + c0) + (6 c3+ c1) x + (12 c4 – 2 c2)x2 – (9 c3)x3 – (12 c4)x4 = 0 ... (5)
Equating constants, coefficient of x, x2, x3, x4, on both sides,

Constants Coefficient of x Coefficient of x2 Coefficient of x3 Coefficient of x4

2(c2 + c0) = 0 6c3 +c1 = 0 12c4 – 2c2 = 0 – 9c3 = 0 – 12c4 = 0

c2 + c0 = 0 6c3 = –c1 12c4 = 2c2 c3 = 0 c4 = 0

c c
c2 = – c0 c3 = –6 1 c4 = 62

c
Þ c4 = – 60
Substituting the values of c2, c3 and c4 in equation (2),
y = c0 + c1x + (– c0)x2 + . . . . .
⇒ y = c0 – c0x2 + c1x
⇒ y = c0 ` 1 – x 2 j + c1 x
∴ y = c0 ` 1 – x 2 j + c1 x is the required power series.
Q56. Find the series solution about x = 0 of the equation (1 – x2)y'' – 2xy' + 6y = 0.
Answer : Jan.-12, Q14

Given differential equation is,

(1 – x2)y'' – 2xy' + 6y = 0 ... (1)

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.29
Equation (1) can be written as,

d2y dy
(1 − x 2 ) 2
− 2x + 6y = 0 ... (2)
dx dx
d2y
At, x = 0, the coefficients of ≠0
dx 2
Let the solution of equation (1) be,
y = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 + c5x5 +… ... (3)
Differentiating equation (3), with respect to ‘x’
dy
= c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 + 5c5x4 +… ... (4)
dx
Differentiating equation (4), with respect to ‘x’

d2y
= 2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 +… ... (5)
dx 2
Substituting equations (5), (4) and (3) in equation (2),
(1 – x2)(2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 +…) – 2x(c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 + 5c5x4 +…) + 6(c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 + c5x5 +…) = 0
⇒ [2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 – 2c2x2 – 6c3x3 – 12c4x4 + 20c5x5 +…] + [– 2c1 x – 4c2x2 – 6c3x3 – 8c4x4 – 10c5x5 +…]
+ [6c0 + 6c1x + 6c2x2 + 6c3x3 + 6c4x4 + 6c5x5 +…] = 0
Equating the constant term to zero,
−6c0
2c2 + 6c0 = 0 Þ c2 = = 3c0
2
∴ c2 = –3c0 .... (6)

Equating the coefficients of x term to zero,

6c3 – 2c1 + 6c1 = 0 Þ 6c3 + 4c1 = 0
−4 2
⇒ c3 = c = c1
6 1 3
−2
\ c3 = c .... (7)
3 1
Equating the coefficients of x2 term to zero,

12c4 – 4c2 –2c2 + 6c2 = 0 Þ 12c4 = 0

\ c4 = 0 ... (8)
Equating the coefficients of x3 term to zero,

20c5 – 6c3 – 6c3 + 6c3 = 0 Þ 20c5 = 6c3

6c 3
⇒ c5 = 203 = 10 c3

3c3
\ c5 = ... (9)
10
Substituting equation (7) in equation (9),

3  −2  1
c5 =  c1  = c1
10  3  5
−1
∴ c5 = c1 ... (10)
5
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4.30 MatheMatics-ii
Substituting equations (6), (7), (8) and (10) in equation (3),
2  1
y = c0 + c1x – (3c0) x2 –  c1  x3 + 0 – c1 x5 + ....
 3  5

 2 3 1 5 
= c0 1 − 3 x + ..... + c1  x − x − x + .....
2
 3 5 
 2 3 1 5 
y = c0 1 − 3 x + ..... + c1  x − x − x + ..... is the required power series solution.
2
∴
 3 5 
Q57. Obtain the series solution of the equation.
d2 y dy
x(1– x) 2
– (1+ 3x) – y = 0 about x = 0
dx dx
Answer : Dec.-13, Q13

Given differential equation is,

d2y dy
x(1 − x) 2
− (1 + 3 x) −y=0
dx dx ... (1)
2
d y
At x = 0, The coefficients of ≠0
dx 2
Let the solution of equation (1) be,
y = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 + c5x5 +… ... (2)
Differentiating equation (2), with respect to ‘x’,
dy
= c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 + 5c5x4 +… ... (3)
dx
Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,
d2y
= 2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 +… ... (4)
dx 2
Substituting equations (4), (3) and (2) in equation (1),
⇒ x(1 – x)(2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 +…) – (1 + 3x)(c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 + 5c5x4 +…) – (c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3
+c4x4 + c5x5 +…) = 0
⇒ (x – x2)(2c2 + 6c3x + 12c4x2 + 20c5x3 +…) – (1 + 3x)(c1 + 2c2x + 3c3x2 + 4c4x3 + 5c5x4 +…) – c0 – c1x – c2x2 – c3x3
– c4x4 – c5x5 –… = 0
⇒ 2c2x + 6c3x2 + 12c4x3 + 20c5x4 – 2c2x2 – 6c3x3 – 12c4x4 – 20c5x5 – c1 – 2c2x –3 c3x2 – 4c4x3 – 5c5x4 – 3c1x – 6c2 x2
– 9c3x3 – 12c4x4 – 15c5x5 – c0 – c1x – c2x2 – c3x3 – c4x4 – c5x5 ..... = 0
Equating the constant term to zero,
– c1 – c0 = 0
Þ c0 = – c1 .... (5)
Equating the coefficients of x term to zero,
2c2 – 2c2 – 3c1 – c1= 0 Þ – 4c1= 0
⇒ c1 = 0 ... (6)
Equating the coefficients of x term to zero,
2

6c3 – 2c2 –3c3 – 6c2 – c2= 0 Þ 3c3 – 9c2 = 0

⇒ 3c3 = 9c2
1
Þ c2 = c3 ... (7)
3

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.31
Equating the coefficients of x terms to zero,
3

12c4 – 6c3 – 20c3 – 4c4 – 9c3 – c3= 0

Þ 8c4 – 36c3 =0
36
Þ c4 = c3
8
Þ c4 = 4c3 ... (8)
Equating the coefficients of x4 term to zero,
20c5 – 12c4 – 5c5 – 12c4 – c4= 0 Þ 15c5 – 25c4 = 0
25 5
c5 = c4 = 3 c4
15
5
\ c5 = c4 ... (9)
3
Substituting equation (6) in equation (5),
c0 = 0 ... (10)
Substituting equation (9) in equation (8),
5
c5 = # 4c3
3
20
Þ c5 = c3 ... (11)
3
Substituting equations (5), (6), (7), (10), (11) in equation (2),
1 2 3 20 4
y = 0 + 0( x ) + c3 x + 4c3 x + c3 x + ...
3 3
1 20 4 
= c3  x 2 + 4 x 3 + x + ...
3 3 
1 2 3 20 4 
∴ y = c3  x + 4 x + x + ... is the required power series solution.
 3 3 

4.4 legender’S differential equationS and legender’S polynomial pn(x), rodrigue’S

formula (without proof)

Q58. What is Legendre’s differential equation? Write its general solutions.

Answer :
The Legendre’s differential equation is given as,
(1 – x2)y” – 2xy’ + n (n + 1) y = 0 ... (1)
Where,
n – Real number.
Equation (1) can also be expressed as,
d  2 dy 
(1 − x )  + n(n + 1) y = 0
dx  dx 
General Solutions of Legendre’s Differential Equation
The Legendre’s differential equation has two general solutions
i.e., For m = n and m = – n
Case (i)
The general solution of Legendre’s equation for m = n is,
 n n(n − 1) n − 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) n − 4 
y = a0  x − x + x .....
 (2n − 1)2 (2n − 1)(2n − 3)2.4 
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4.32 MatheMatics-ii
Case (ii)
The general solution of Legendre’s equation for m = – n is,
 − n −1 (n + 1)(n + 2) − n −3 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) − n −5 
x + x + x + .....
y = a0  2(2n + 3) 2.4(2n + 3)(2n + 5)
 
Q59. Write about the following,
(i) Legendre’s function of the first kind (Pn(x))
(ii) Legendre’s function of the second kind (Qn(x)).
Answer :
(i) Legendre’s Function of the First Kind (Pn(x))
The Legendre’s differential equation is given as,
d2y dy
(1 – x2) – 2x + n(n + 1) y = 0 ... (1)
dx 2 dx
One of the solution of equation (1) is,
 n(n − 1) n − 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) n − 4 
y = Pn(x)= a0  x n − x + x ...... ... (2)
 (2n − 1)2 (2n − 1)(2n − 3)2.4 
Where,
a0 - Arbitrary constant.
Moreover, when n is a positive integer,
1.3.5...(2n − 1)
a0 = ... (3)
n!
Substituting equation (3) in equation (2)

1.3.5...(2n − 1)  x n − n(n − 1) x n − 2 + ....

Pn(x) =  
n!  (2n − 1)2 
This function Pn(x) is known as the Legendre’s function of the first kind.
(ii) Legendre’s Function of the Second Kind (Qn(x))
The Legendre’s differential equation is given as,

d2y dy
(1 − x 2 ) 2
− 2x + n(n + 1) y = 0
dx dx

Another solution of equation (1) is,

 (n + 1)(n + 2) − n −3 
Qn(x) = y = a0  x − n −1 + x + .... ... (4)
 2( 2 n + 3) 
Where,
n!
a0 = ... (5)
1.3.5...(2n + 1)
Substituting equation (5) in equation (4),
n!  − n −1 (n + 1)(n + 2) − n −3 
Qn(x) = y =  x + x + ....
1.3.5...(2n + 1)  2(2n + 3) 
Note
Pn(x) is a terminating series and Qn(x) is a non-terminating series.

Q60. Express the following in terms of Legendre polynomials 4x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 8.

Answer :
Given function is,
f (x) = 4x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 8 ... (1)

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.33
From Rodrigue’s formula,
1 dn
Pn(x) = . ( x 2 − 1) n
2 n n! dx n

1
P3(x) = (5 x 3 − 3 x) ... (2)
2
1
P2(x) = (3 x 2 − 1) ... (3)
2
P1(x) = x ... (4)
and P0(x) = 1 ... (5)
From equation (2),

5x3 – 3x = 2P3(x)
2 3
⇒ x3 = P3 ( x) + ( x)
5 5
2 3
⇒ x3 = P3 ( x) + P1 ( x) [ From equation (4)] ... (6)
5 5
From equation (3),

3x2 – 1 = 2P2(x)
2 1
⇒ x2 = P2 ( x) + (1)
3 3
2 1
⇒ x2 = P2 ( x) + P0 ( x) [ From equation (5)] ... (7)
3 3
Substituting equations (4), (5) (6) and (7) in equation (1),
2 3  2 1 
f(x) = 4  P3 ( x) + P1 ( x) − 2  P2 ( x) + P0 ( x) − 3P1 ( x) + 8
5 5  3 3 
8 12 4 2
⇒ f(x) = P3 ( x) + P1 ( x) − P2 ( x) − P0 ( x) − 3P1 ( x) + 8 P0 ( x) [ P0(x) = 1]
5 5 3 3
8 4 12   2
= P3 ( x) − P2 ( x) +  − 3 P1 ( x) + 8 −  P0 ( x)
5 3 5   3

8 4 3 22
∴ f ( x) = P3 ( x) − P2 ( x) − P1 ( x) + P0 ( x)
5 3 5 3
Q61. Using Rodrigue’s formula obtain the values of P0(x), P1(x), P2(x), P3(x), P4(x) respectively.
Answer : Model Paper-3, Q17(a)

From Rodrigue’s formula,

1 dn
Pn(x) = ( x 2 − 1) n ... (1)
2 n! dx n
n
P0(x)
Substituting n = 0, in equation (1),
1 d0
P0(x) = ( x 2 − 1) 0 = 1
2 0 0! dx 0
∴ P0 ( x) = 1

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4.34 MatheMatics-ii
P1(x) P4(x)
Substituting n = 1, in equation (1), Substituting n = 4, in equation (1),
1 d4
d 2
1
( x − 1)1 P4(x) = . ( x 2 − 1) 4
P1(x) = 1 2 4.4! dx 4
2 1! dx
1 d4
2x = . 4 [( x 2 − 1) 2 ]2
⇒ P1(x) = =x 16 × 24 dx
2
1 d4 4
∴ P1 ( x) = x = . (x + 1 − 2x 2 )2
384 dx 4
P2(x)
1 d4 8
= . (x + 1 + 2x 4 + 4x4 − 4x2 − 4x6 )
Substituting n = 2 in equation (1), 384 dx 4

1 d2 1 d4 8
P2(x) = . ( x 2 − 1) 2 = . ( x − 4 x 6 + 6 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 1)
2 2.2! dx 2 384 dx 4
1 d3
1 d2 2 = 134 3 ` 8x7 – 24x5 + 24x3 – 8x j
= . ( x − 1) 2 dx
4.2 dx 2
1 d2
1 d2 4 = (56 x 6 − 120 x 4 + 72 x 2 − 8)
= . 2 (x + 1 − 2x )
2
384 dx 2
8 dx
1 d
1 d d 4 d d  = . (336 x 5 − 480 x 3 + 144 x)
( x ) + (1) − 2 ( x 2 ) 384 dx
8 dx  dx
=
dx dx 
1 d 1
= . (4 x 3 + 0 − 4 x) = 384 ` 1680x 4 – 1440x 2 + 144 j
8 dx
1 d 3 1 d 48
= .4 ( x − x ) = . ( x 3 − x ) = [35x 4 – 30x 2 + 3]
8 dx 2 dx 384
1
= (3x2 – 1) =
1
35 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 3
8
2

1 1
∴ P2 ( x) = (3 x 2 − 1) ∴ P4 ( x) = (35 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 3)
2 8
P3(x) Q62. U s i n g R o d r i g u e ’s f o r m u l a p r o v e t h a t
Substituting n = 3 in equation (1), 1

∫x
m
Pn (x)dx = 0 if m < n.
1 d3
P3(x) = ( x − 1)
2 3 −1
2 33! dx3 Answer :
1 d3 6 Given that,
= [ x − 3 x 4 + 3 x 2 − 1]
48 dx3 1

∫x
m
1 d 2 Pn (x) dx = 0 for m < n
= (6 x 5 − 12 x 3 + 6 x)
48 dx 2 −1

Consider,
1 d
= (30 x 4 − 36 x 2 + 6) 1
48 dx
∫x
m
Pn ( x)dx
1
= (120 x 3 − 72 x) −1
48
1 From Rodrigue’s formula,
= (5 x 3 − 3 x)
2
1 1 dn
∴ P3 ( x) = (5 x 3 − 3 x) Pn (x) = n (x2 – 1)n
2 2 n! dxn
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Unit-4 Special Function 4.35
1 1
1 dn
∫ ∫
m
∴ x Pn ( x)dx = xm (x2 – 1)n dx
−1 −1
2 n n! dx n
1
1 dn
= n
2 n! ∫
−1
xm
dx n
( x 2 − 1) n dx

1
1 d  d n −1 2 
∫ xm  n −1 ( x − 1)  dx
n
= n
2 n! dx  dx 
−1

 n −1
1
n −1 
n
1
1 m d m −1 d
 x − − ∫ − 
2 2 n
= n ( x 1)  mx ( x 1) dx [Integration by parts]
2 n!   dxn −1  dx n −1

 −1 −1 
d n −1
1
m
=0– n
2 n! −1 dx ∫
x m −1 n −1 ( x 2 − 1) n dx

d n −1 2
1 1
(−1)m
⇒ ∫ x m Pn ( x)dx =
2 n n! ∫
−1
x m −1
dxn −1
( x − 1) n dx
−1

Integrating above equation with respect to x,

1 1
(–1) 2 m (m – 1) d n–2
∫
m
x Pn ( x)dx =
2 n n!
yx m –2
dx n–2
(x 2 – 1) n dx
−1 –1

Integrating the above equation m times,

1 1
(–1) m m n–m

∫
m
x Pn (x) = n
2 n!
y dxd n–m (x 2 – 1) n dx
−1 –1
RS m n–m–1 VW1 SRS RS n–1 VW1 VW
WW
S (–1) m! d nW SSa SS d WW
= SS n ( x 2
– 1) WW 2
SS n–1 (x –1)WW = 0 WW
S 2 n! dx n–m–1 W–1 S dx –1
T X T T X X
=0
1

∫
∴ x m Pn ( x)dx = 0 for m < n
−1

1
Q63. Show that, x4 = [8P4 (x) + 20P2 (x) + 7P0 (x)].
35
or
8 4 1
Show that x4 = P4 (x) + P2 (x) + P0 (x) .
35 7 5
Answer :
Given that,
8 4 1
x4 = P4 ( x) + P2 ( x) + P0 ( x)
35 7 5
From Rodrigue’s formula,

8 35x 4 –30x 2 + 3 B
1
P4(x) = ... (1)
8
1
P2(x) = (3x2 – 1) ... (2)
2
P0(x) = 1 ... (3)

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4.36 MatheMatics-ii
From equation (1),
8P4(x) = 35x4 – 30x2 + 3
⇒ 35x4 = 8P4(x) + 30x2 – 3 ... (4)
From equation (2),
2P2(x) = 3x2 – 1
Þ 3x2 = 2P2(x) + 1
2P2 (x) + 1
Þ x2 =
3
2P2 (x) + P0 (x)
Þ x2 = [ a From equation (3)] ... (5)
3
Substituting equations (3) and (5) in equation (4),
30 [2P2 (x) + P0 (x)]
35x4 = 8P4(x) + – 3P0(x)
3
Þ 35x4 = 8P4(x) + 20P2(x) + 10P0(x) – 3P0(x)
Þ 35x4 = 8P4(x) + 20P2(x) + 7P0(x)
1
Þ x4 = [8P4(x) + 20P2(x) + 7P0(x)]
35
8 4 1
=P (x) + P (x) + P (x)
35 4 7 2 5 0
8 4 1
\ x4 = P (x) + P (x) + P (x)
35 4 7 2 5 0

∞
1
Q64. Prove that
1 − 2xt + t 2 =, ∑ P (x)t
n=0
n
n
t≠1
Answer : June-10, Q15(a)

Given that,
1
= P0(x) + P1(x)t + P2(x)t2 + ...
1 − 2 xt + t 2
1 1
=
1 − 2 xt + t 2
(1 − 2 xt + t 2 )1/ 2
= (1 – 2xt + t2)–1/2
= 81–t (2x–t) B –1/2 ... (1)
From Binomial theorem,
1 3 1 3 5
. . .
1 2 2
–1/2
(1 – x) = 1 + x + x + 2 2 2 x3 +...
2 2! 3!
2! 4! 6!
(1 – x)–1/2 = 1 + 2 2 x+ 2 4 x2 + x3 + ...
(1!) .2 (2!) .2 (3!) 2 .2 6
∴ Equation (1) becomes,

= 81–t (2x–t) B –1/2

1
1 − 2 xt + t 2
2! 4! (2n − 2r )!
=1+ 2 2 × t(2x – t) + 2 4
t2(2x – t)2 + ... tn – r(2x – t)n – r
(1!) .2 (2!) .2 ((n − r )!) 2 2 2 n − 2 r
(2n)!
+ tn (2x – t)n + ...
(n!) 2 2 2 n

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Unit-4 Special Function 4.37
(2n − 2r )!
From the above expansion, consider the term tn – r(2x – t)n – r
((n − r )!) 2 2 2 n − 2 r
(2n − 2r )!
= × tn – r × (n – r)Cr (–t)r (2x)n – r – r [(( x + y ) r = n C r y r ( x) n − r )]
((n − r )!) 2 2 2 n − 2 r

(2n − 2r )!
= tn – r ( n − r ) C r (2x)n – 2r
((n − r )!) 2 2 2 n − 2 r

(n − r )!  n n! 
(−1) r (2n − 2r )!  C r = 
= × tn – r+ r
r!(n − r − r )! (2x)
n–2r
 r! ( n − r )! 
((n − r )!) 2 2 2 n − 2 r

(−1) r (2n − 2r )! (n − r )!
= × tn 2n – 2r xn – 2r
((n − r )!) 2 2 2n−2r r!(n − 2r )!

(−1) r (2n − 2r )!
= × tn × 2n – 2r – (2n – 2r) × xn – 2r
(n − r )!r!(n − 2r )!

(−1) r (2n − 2r )!
= × tn × 2n – 2n × xn – 2r
r!(n − r )! (n − 2r )!

(−1) r (2n − 2r )!
= × tn × 2–n × xn – 2r
r!(n − r )! (n − 2r )!

(−1) r (2n − 2r )!
= × xn – 2r × tn
n
2 r! (n − r )!(n − 2r )!

Considering every term of tn,

∞
1 (−1) r (2n − 2r )!
1 − 2 xt + t 2
= ∑2 r =0
n
r!(n − r )!(n − 2r )!
× xn – 2r × tn

∞  
 Pn ( x) = (−1) (2n − 2r )! .x n − 2 r 
r

= ∑
n =0
Pn ( x).t n 

n
2 r!(n − r )! (n − 2r )! 


= P0(x).t0 + P1(x).t1 + P2(x).t2 + ...

1
∴ = P0 ( x) + P1 ( x).t + P2 ( x).t 2 + ....
1 + 2 xt + t 2

Q65. Show that Pn(–x) = (–1)n Pn(x).

Answer : Model Paper-1, Q17(a)
Given that,
Pn(–x) = (–1)n Pn(x)
From the generating function of Legendre’s polynomial,
∞

∑t
1 n
= Pn ( x) ... (1)
1 − 2 xt + t 2
n=0

Replacing x by –x in equation (1),

1 ∞

1 − 2(− x)t + t 2
=
∑t
n=0
n
Pn ( − x)

1 ∞
⇒
1 + 2 xt + t 2
= ∑t
n=0
n
Pn ( − x) ... (2)

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4.38 MatheMatics-ii
Replacing t by ‘–t’ in equation (1),
∞
1
1 − 2 x(−t ) + (−t 2 )
= ∑ ( −t
n=0
n
) Pn ( x)

⇒
1
1 + 2xt + t 2
= ∑ (−1) (t )
n=0
n n
Pn ( x) ... (3)

From equations (2) and (3),

∞ ∞

∑n=0
t n Pn ( − x) = ∑ (−1) (t ) n n
Pn ( x)
n=0
⇒ Pn(–x) = (–1)n Pn(x)

∴ Pn (− x) = (−1) n Pn ( x)

∞
1– z2
Q66. Prove =
(1– 2xz + z2 )3/2 n=0
∑
(2n +1)znPn (x)

Answer :
Given that,
∞
1 − z2
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ (2n + 1) z P ( x)
n=0
n
n ... (1)

From the generating function of Legendre’s polynomial,

∞
(1 – 2xz + z2)–1/2 = ∑ z P ( x)
n=0
n
n ... (2)

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘z’,

∞
−1
2
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 ) –3/2 ( −2 x + 2 z ) = ∑ n.z
n=0
n −1
.Pn ( x)

∞
x−z
⇒
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ n.z
n=0
n −1
.Pn ( x) ... (3)

Multiplying equation (3) with 2z on both sides,

∞
2 z( x − z)
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ 2 [Link]
n=0
n −1
.Pn ( x)

∞
2 xz − 2 z 2
⇒
(1 − 2 xz + z ) 2 3/2 = ∑ 2nz P ( x)
n=0
n
n ... (4)

Adding equations (2) and (4),

∞ ∞
2 xz − 2 z 2
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 ) −1/2 +
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑
n=0
z n Pn ( x) + ∑ 2nz P ( x)
n=0
n
n

−1 3
+ ∞
(1 − 2 xz + z ) 2 2 + 2 xz − 2 z 2
⇒
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ z P ( x)(2n + 1)
n=0
n
n

∞
1 − 2 xz + z 2 + 2 xz − 2 z 2
⇒
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ (2n + 1) z P ( x)
n=0
n
n

∞
1 − z2
∴
(1 − 2 xz + z 2 )3/2
= ∑ (2n + 1) z P ( x)
n=0
n
n

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