SOLID WASTE
A solid waste is defined as
“The unwanted or useless
solid materials generated
from human activities in
residential, industrial or
commercial areas”.
EXAMPLES
GARBAGE SCRAP WASTE
PAPER WASTE E-WASTE
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential, and commercial
activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways.
The solid waste is also generated from construction works and
Demolition work by-products, effluent wastes and from
manufacturing plants like bricks, blocks tiles, aggregates, cement,
lime etc.
E-waste is generated from our day to day use of electronic equipment
in home, offices, commercial sectors, hospitals. These include tv,
tape recorder, computers, tv cable, keyboards etc.
The biomedical wastes are generated from hospitals
Solid wastes are also generated from manufacturing
industries, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants
and oil & petroleum refineries
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
Based on source
Based on type
i. Based on contents
ii. Based on decomposability
BASED ON SOURCES OF SOLID
WASTE
1. Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)
2. Industrial Solid Waste
(ISW)
Industrial AGRICULTURAL
3. Biomedical waste or WASTE
hospital waste Solid
Waste
4. Agricultural waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
It consists of household
waste, construction and
demolition debris,
sanitation residue, and
waste from streets
generated mainly from
residential and
commercial complexes.
Industrial Solid Waste (ISW):
In a majority of cases, it
is termed as hazardous
waste as they may
contain toxic substances
and are corrosive, highly
inflammable, or react
when exposed to certain
things e.g., gases.
Biomedical Waste
or Hospital Waste:
It is usually infectious waste that
may include waste like sharps,
soiled waste, anatomical waste,
discarded medicines, chemical
wastes, etc.,
usually in the form of disposable
syringes, bandages, body fluids,
human excreta, etc.
These can be a serious threat to
human health if not managed in a
scientific manner.
Agricultural Waste:
It include by-products
of harvesting process,
chemicals, pesticides and
insecticides etc.
BASED ON TYPES OF SOLID
WASTES
Based on the contents of the waste
Rubbish : Glass, Paper, Clothes etc..
Food waste
Ashes
Dead animals
Treatment plant waste
Industrial waste
Mining waste.
Based on decomposability
Non-decomposable
Decomposable waste: Biogas generation
Based on combustibility
Combustible waste: useful from energy point of view
Non-combustible waste: cement waste, certain type of
glass, bricks etc..
ELECTRONIC WASTE
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products
nearing the end of their useful life.
Electronic waste, mostly referred as e- waste refers to electrical
and electronic equipment (EEE) that has been disposed of by the
owner as waste and has no intention of re-using it. E-waste
contains both hazardous and valuable elements
"E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of
some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous,
depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content
of these materials pose a threat to human health and
environment.
Discarded computers, televisions. VCRs. stereos, copiers, fax
machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and
batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other
substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products
can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally
sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF E-WASTE
MANAGEMENT
India is the fifth biggest
producer of e-waste in the
world; discarding 1.7
million tonnes (Mt) of
electronic and electrical
equipment in 2014.
In India E-waste
collection, transportation,
segregation, dismantling,
recycling and disposal is
done manually by
untrained labors in
informal sector.
State E-Waste (MTA)
Maharashtra 20270.59
Tamil Nadu 13486.24
Andhra Pradesh 12780.33
Uttar Pradesh 10381.11
West Bengal 10059.36
Delhi 9729.15
Karnataka 9118.74
Gujarat 8994.33
Madhya Pradesh 7800.62
Punjab 6958.46
Issues Related to E-Waste in India
1. Volume of E-waste generated - India stands fifth in e-waste
generation producing around 1.7 lakhs metric tonnes per annum.
2. Involvement of Child Labor- In India, about 4.5 lakh child
laborers in the age group of 10- 14 are observed to be engaged
in various E-waste activities and that too without adequate
protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling
workshops. So, there is a urgent need to bring out effective
legislation to prevent entry of child labor into E-waste market-
its collection, segregation and distribution.
3. Ineffective Legislation- There is absence of any public
information on most SPCBs/PCC (State Pollution Control
Boards) websites. 15 of the 35 PCBs/PCC do not have any
information related to E-waste on their websites, their key
public interface point. Even the basic E-waste Rules and
guidelines have not been uploaded. So, there is failure in
successful implementation of E-waste management and
handling rules, 2012.
4. Lack of infrastructure- There is huge gap between present
recycling and collection facilities and quantum of E-waste that
is being generated. No collection and take back mechanisms are
in place. There is lack of recycling facilities.
5. Lack of infrastructure- There is huge gap between present
recycling and collection facilities and quantum of E-waste that
is being generated. No collection and take back mechanisms are
in place. There is lack of recycling facilities.
6. High cost of setting up recycling facility- In addition, the
study also states that the advanced technology recycling
projects (including metallurgy and refining of non ferrous
metals) are at further economic disadvantage compared to
basic process activities and are in general not economically
viable.
FOR SELF STUDY:
“Global Scenario of E-waste”
Effects of e-waste on environment and
Electronic waste (e-waste) harms the environment by contaminating
air, water, and soil. It also contributes to climate change.
How e-waste harms the environment
1. Toxic chemicals: E-waste contains toxic materials like lead,
mercury, and cadmium. These chemicals can leach into soil and
groundwater, and contaminate drinking water supplies.
2. Air pollution: Burning e-waste releases toxic fumes like dioxins
and furans into the air. These fumes can cause respiratory problems
and other health issues.
3. Climate change: The decomposition of e-waste in landfills
produces greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide.
4. Soil contamination: E-waste can contaminate soil, making it
unsuitable for agriculture.
5. Biodiversity: Toxic substances from e-waste can affect local
wildlife and biodiversity.