RQ.

To what extent does the concentration of Camellia sinensis (ranging from 2

milligrams/ml to 10 milligrams/ml) in tea affect the reaction time performance of
adolescents (16-18 years) measured by the ruler-drop test?

Introduction:
Reaction time is a measure of the time taken for an organism to respond to different stimuli. It is
calculated as the difference between the time of initiation of the stimuli and the time of voluntary
response to it.1 Reaction time can be affected by multiple stimuli ranging from age and physical
fitness to alcohol consumption.2 Therefore, research suggests that it can also be affected by
caffeine intake.3 Caffeine is attributed to changes in the metabolic rate, increasing it, whilst
simultaneously decreasing cerebral blood flow. Caffeine stimulates the local release of
dopamine by affecting noradrenaline neurons.4 Therefore, consumption of caffeine can change
the way a person responds to external stimuli, and specifically change reaction time.
As a student of the IB I need to work longer hours and hence I am susceptible to feeling tired. I
too am fond of tea to help keep me awake for longer and rid me of the lethargy that inevitably
takes over towards the end of a long day. My friends and classmates often rely on tea or coffee
to keep them energised and alert too. Upon observation I realised that caffeine consumption
amongst adolescents and rising adults has increased exponentially with increasing work-load
and hours of work. I wanted to focus on the positive impacts and check whether it aids in
increased alertness and decreased reaction times, which is why I focused on my age group i.e.
adolescents. It is defined by the WHO as 10-19 year olds, but for the purpose of my
investigation I chose 16-18 year olds.
Camellia sinensis (tea leaves) contain caffeine. According to Landolt (2015) caffeine affects the
circadian rhythm by blocking receptors for cerebral adenosine and A2A which triggers cAMP
signalling.5 This in turn builds up homeostatic sleep propensity, suggesting that a person can be
awake for prolonged hours. In reality, people rely on caffeinated drinks for performance
enhancement. Caffeine is known to counter fatigue and reduce reaction time amongst its many
advantages.6 In India, tea (chai) is an extremely widely consumed form of caffeine, with over
64% of the Indian population enjoying tea on a daily basis7. The investigative which highlights
reaction time disparities as a consequence of differences in Camellia sinensis. Ultimately, this
study aims to find what concentration of tea suits the purpose of being beneficial for tasks that
require simulation of the brain, essentially which one makes the reaction time fastest.
HYPOTHESIS 1- Intake of Camellia sinensis tea will reduce the reaction time of adolescents in
comparison to no consumption of tea. Camellia sinensis contains caffeine and this will stimulate
a quick response to stimuli due to increased cognitive performance. 8

1 (DUKE-ELDER)
2 (Baayen and Milin)
3 (Lorist and Snel)
4 (Nehlig et al. 139)
5 (Landolt 1289)
6 (Scharre and Fish 8)
7 (The Indian Express)
8(Gramza-Michałowska 145)
Null - The control and consumption group have no variation in the reaction times.
ALTERNATIVE- The control group and consumption have variation in the reaction time due to
caffeine intake,
Hypothesis 2- The reaction time will be fastest with a higher concentration of Camellia sinensis
tea-leaves. This will happen because higher concentration of Camellia sinensis will inevitably
include a higher concentration of caffeine, this will impact cognitive performance and therefore
reduce reaction time.9
Null -There will be no correlation between concentration of caffeine and reaction time.
ALTERNATIVE - There will be a correlation which will show the following trend. The higher the
concentration the more it impacts the reaction time, mostly probably by reducing it. be seen via
the R2 value.

Variables: Table 1- Independent Variable: Camelia sinensis Concentration

Independent Justification based on pre – experiment.

Variable
(CONCENTRATION)

0 milligrams/ml Baseline to measure the resting reaction time of the subjects

without providing any stimuli.

2 milligrams/ml A low concentration was chosen to show a mild and more normal
infusion, reflecting a realistic scenario of light consumption.

4 milligrams/ml A more normal moderate concentration of tea that is more

commonly used in everyday consumption of tea in India.

6 milligrams/ml This is equivalent to 2 teaspoons and is an accurate

representation of the typical tea-leaves infusion in Indian tea.

8 milligrams/ml This concentration is higher and was chosen to explore the

potential impact of a slightly higher dosage of caffeine from
Camellia sinensis.

10 milligrams/ml A potential saturation point, this concentration was chosen to

weigh the degree to which caffeine affects reaction time. This is
equivalent to 4+ cups of tea a day.
Table 2- Dependent Variable:
Dependent Variable Measurement Justification

Reaction Time Measured in milliseconds using a Affected by consumption of

ruler drop test. caffeine within the Camellia
sinensis in Tea.

9 Ibid., 145
 Table 3- Controlled Variables:
Controlled Reasons to control How to control?
Variables

No. of Brews in The concentration of tea (and hence caffeine) in Take and monitor a stationary
the Tea the solution increases proportionally with the number of brews for each tea
number of brews, thereby causing there to be a round. (2 brews)
higher concentration with each brew.

Volume of Water In order to maintain the integrity of the test, the Measurement of water will be
in tea ie. 150 mL volume of water should be a controlled variable in uniform across tea rounds.
the tea. If the water is too much or too little it can (150 mL)
impact the concentration of Camellia sinensis by
diluting or concentrating them respectively.

Volume of Milk in Milk has a similar effect, it can alter the viscosity The volume and type of milk
tea ie. 100 mL of the tea and dilute the concentration of Camellia will be kept uniform across tea
sinensis. Hence, milk should remain a controlled rounds. (100 mL)
variable across teas.

Mass of Sugar in Sugar on its own can influence cognitive function The quantity of sugar will be
tea ie. 2 tsp and reaction time. It may lead to an increase in kept uniform across tea rounds.
blood glucose levels which affect reaction time (2 tsp)
and hence affect the impact of caffeine in the tea
if in excess or variable.

Temperature at Temperature can impact the tea prepared by 100°C boiling point of water
which the tea is turning it to a higher concentration quicker than was measured by keeping a
brewed expected due to the number of collisions between thermometer around in the tea
water and Camellia sinensis. making process.

Brand of tea Different tea brands have different compositions To ensure the same
leaves of tea leaves, which can include differences in the concentration of Camellia
amount of caffeine concentrated in each tea sinensis, and hence caffeine,
brand. the same tea brand was used
for all of the cups of tea.

Time between tea It was 7 minutes because by this time caffeine To ensure same level of
consumption and rises in the blood after consumption. coordination which do not
reaction time impact the result.
measurement.

Table 4- Uncontrolled Variable:

Uncontrolled Justification
Variable

Gender of Research indicates that biological females and males exhibit significant differences
Participants in cognitive and physical abilities due to the innate biological variances in sexual
 dimorphism. Moreover, the diversity between hormonal and neurological factors in
females and males is often held accountable for the genders’ distinctive
performances in reaction time and motor function.10
However, this does not impact my results since 4 out of the 5 people who
participated in this experiment were females. Person 1, 2, 3, and 5. Hence, a
predominantly female sample space ensures minimal changes in the reaction time.

MATERIAL LIST:
- Up to 7 x (15 cm) plastic rulers
- 5 x cups
- 1 x Stop-watch on phone
- 1 x Bunsen Burner
- 50-60g x sugar
- 1L x milk
- 1.5L x water
- 4 packs x Red Label tea
- 10 x spoons
- 7 x sieves
- 5 x saucepans

Pre-Experiment:
The preliminary experiment was done in order to determine the range of concentrations that
would have a significant difference and impact on reaction times.2 milligrams/ml was the
Camellia sinensis to Liquid ratio for the concentration, and it was tested in tea. This is below the
average consumption for a typical Indian household. (average is 3-4 milligrams/ml). It was
tested by giving the tea to a volunteer who was not informed of what exactly the experiment was
beforehand. The reaction time was recorded before the caffeine intake, and it was 570
milliseconds. After caffeine intake it was 520 milliseconds, which is not a significant change but
is a change that we can begin with. This test was repeated for 2 more tries with different people
and the concentration had similar differences, very slight. Next, the decision was to go for the
more generalised concentration of tea which is 4 and the effect was greater. From 570 ms as
our baseline, it went to 480 ms. Next, a relatively very high concentration of Camellia sinensis
was checked, 10 mg/ml, which showed a higher difference in reaction time. From 570 ms it went
to 320 ms. Further, to check whether this was anomalous or not, the test was repeated twice
with 2 other subjects before deciding on this as a final concentration and range.

METHOD:
Tea Prep:
- 5 identical cups labelled according to the concentration of the Camellia sinensis ranging
from 2 to 10 mg/ml. Process was repeated for each person, i.e. 5 participants and 5
cups each
- Concentration measured using weighing scale and measuring spoon for milligrams

10 (Cahill 577)
 - The number of brews, quantity of sugar, water, and milk were all kept constant.
Tea making process:
- Using a conical flask of 250 mL, 150 mL of water was measured and poured into a
boiling pot to a boil, the temperature of 100°C was measured with a thermometer.
- The required amount of tea, 2 mg/ml at first, was put into the boiling water and was left
to brew once.
- After the first brew, 100 mL of milk was measured via a conical flask of 250 mL and
poured into the boiling pot.
- 2 tsp of sugar added, with precise and levelled measuring and it was left to brew the
second time.
- After this, the stove was turned off and the pot was set aside with a lid to conserve heat.
Tea drinking + Testing:
- Participants 1 through 5 were given the cups of tea at 2 mg/ml concentration of tea, one
by one in identical cups.
- They were not made aware of the concentrations, so as to blind the participants and
prevent a bias that could arise.
- Person 1 was given the cup first, and after 7 minutes of drinking the tea, their reaction
time was tested via the ruler drop test, which will be described further.
- After 5 trials, the next person was brought in and given this concentration of the tea, and
this process was repeated till person 5 with same time interval.
- On a different day, their reaction time at a higher concentration of tea was measured.
- This process was repeated till the concentration reached 10 mg/ml of tea.

RULER DROP TEST:

- Person 1 is made to sit up straight on a chair.
- Ruler is dropped by the same person by the highest height their hand can reach in each
trial and with each person.
- The stopwatch on the phone is controlled by the same person each time to account for
and eliminate any differences in stopping the time.
- There are 5 trials performed for measuring the reaction time of the person without
consuming the tea. This is labelled as control and base group of reaction times.
- Next the reaction time is measured after consumption of tea at different concentrations,
with sufficient rest periods in the middle between trials.
- The rest period is a day, so that the test can be done afresh each time without any prior
caffeine consumption.
- The 2nd person is called and asked to perform the base group reaction time test. This
process was repeated for all 5 people at the 5 different concentrations.

Safety and Ethical concerns:

A risk that was associated at first was the fact that a steel or metal ruler could be a potential
hazard. So, the ruler was replaced by a plastic ruler with softened edges. Another concern was
that consumption of tea may alter the blood pressure of the participants. Regular caffeine intake
is associated with statistically significant changes in both systolic and diastolic blood
pressures.11 Therefore, the blood pressure of the participants was monitored throughout the
experiment, in case they needed any assistance.
As the participants had signed consent forms for being in the experiment, there were no
unethical activities in this experiment. The highest concentration of tea tested was 10 mg/ml,
which is known to be well under the safety limit prescribed. The participants were also asked for
consent and any allergies, for example if they were lactose intolerant or not, before the tea-
drinking experiment. Their medical conditions and receptivity to caffeine was also recorded.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:

Figure a- 2 mg/ml which shows a light brown colour

Figure b- 10 mg/ml which has a dark brown colour
Figure c- ruler drop test

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS - Reaction Time (ms) with different Concentrations of

Camellia sinensis tea leaves (mg/ml):

PERSON 1

Concentrations Reaction Time (ms,± 50ms)

of Camellia
sinensis tea Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
leaves (mg/ml)
Control 580 585 587 580 583
2 523 525 526 529 525
4 469 473 475 475 471
6 420 419 417 421 419
8 402 407 410 404 405
10 381 385 389 387 382
. PERSON 2
Concentrations Reaction Time (ms, ,± 50ms)
of Camellia
sinensis tea Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
leaves (mg/ml)
Control 690 697 695 692 693

11 (Noordzij et al. 927)

 2 635 633 632 635 639
4 579 573 575 574 575
6 523 520 519 521 519
8 503 506 507 510 504
10 491 488 490 493 489
PERSON 3
Concentrations Reaction Time (ms, ,± 50ms)
of Camellia
sinensis tea Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
leaves (mg/ml)
Control 345 347 345 344 343
2 325 323 322 324 322
4 307 302 302 305 304
6 284 285 289 291 285
8 256 257 255 256 249
10 220 222 220 224 221
PERSON 4
Concentrations Reaction Time (ms,± 50ms)
of Camellia
sinensis tea Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
leaves (mg/ml)
Control 635 636 637 636 633
2 619 624 622 621 620
4 597 599 601 598 596
6 575 574 578 576 573
8 556 555 551 559 554
10 219 221 222 221 224
PERSON 5
Concentrations Reaction Time (ms, ± 50ms)
of Camellia
sinensis tea Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
leaves (mg/ml)
Control 533 535 534 537 535
2 512 514 515 511 515
4 493 492 498 495 494
6 470 469 466 467 468
8 445 444 450 448 449
10 423 420 424 429 425
 These results show the same trend as Table 1 for person 1.

AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION TABLE

FOR Reaction time for each participant at
different Concentrations of Camellia sinensis tea
leaves (mg/ml):

AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

PERSON 1 PERSON 2 PERSON 3 PERSON 4 PERSON 5

Concentration AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD

Control 583 3.1 694 2.7 345 1.5 635 1.5 535 1.5
2 526 2.2 635 2.7 323 1.3 621 1.9 513 1.8
4 473 2.6 575 2.3 304 2.1 598 1.9 494 2.3
6 419 1.5 520 1.7 287 3.0 575 1.9 468 1.6
8 406 3.0 507 2.7 255 3.2 555 2.9 447 2.6
10 385 3.3 490 1.9 221 1.7 221 1.7 424 3.3
*SD rounded to 1 d.p (decimal place), and AVG rounded to nearest whole no.*

The final standard deviation and mean table also showcases the same trend as before: reaction
time decreases as concentration of Camellia sinensis increases. The aforementioned statement
can be seen by the means decreasing at each concentration for each person. The standard
deviation being relatively low suggests that the means are reliable.

Graphs 1-5 respectively: Showing the effect of Tea concentration of Camellia sinensis
mg/ml on the Reaction times (ms) for person 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
The graphs show a decreasing trend in the reaction time per concentration of tea. The R2 values
are shown along with the line of best fit equation and they show a strong correlation, except in
graph 4.

Statistical analysis:
Anova was performed to show the variation in the reaction time between different
concentrations of tea.p Value for person 1 to person 5 was calculated at the p value of 0.05 with
confidence interval 95%.
P values calculated were - 9.34E-13 for person 1, 1.27E-14 for person 2, 2.26E-13 for person 3,
5.00E-07 for person 4, 1.59E-20 for person 5 all values are less than 0.05 which indicates that
the results are significant which supports alternative hypothesis.

DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION:

This experiment was conducted to test the impact of caffeine in Camellia sinensis consumption
on the reaction times of adolescents. Caffeine is known to decrease reaction time performance,
whilst increasing social awareness and cognition, which is what was set out to be tested via the
caffeine in tea. The results of the experiments show that the alternative hypotheses are
supported by showing strong negative correlation via the R2 value, and negative slope for the
trend line. The 5 people’s experiments show the general trend of decreasing reaction times with
increasing Camellia sinensis concentrations. Hypothesis 1 suggests that there will be a
significant difference between intake of Camellia sinensis tea in comparison to no consumption
of tea in terms of reducing the reaction time of adolescents. This is supported by the results of
this exploration which show a statistically significant difference, with a confidence level of 95%
and supports alternative hypothesis 1. All the p-values calculated, 9.34E-13 for person 1, 1.27E-
14 for person 2, 2.26E-13 for person 3, 5.00E-07 for person 4, 1.59E-20 for person 5, are less
than the p-value at the chosen significance level of 0.05. This indicates that there are
differences in reaction times across different tea concentrations and even a statistically
significant difference with no tea consumption and tea consumption. A study that supports this
finding was conducted by P. Nawrot et al. (2003) which studied the effects of caffeine on human
health.12 Their findings for the effects on children stated that the children who were given high or
low doses of caffeine showed a statistically significant difference when compared to the control
group.13 They also showed a reduction in reaction time in a “vigilance test”, which further proves
this hypothesis.14 The studies showcased that reaction time is reduced after consumption of
caffeine. However, a study by Bartrim (2020) does not align with this exploration’s results and
states that there is no significant difference with the consumption of caffeine on reaction time.
The study aimed to test if caffeine counteracted the impact of sleep-loss and the participants
were given a set amount of caffeine. Ultimately, study indicated that there were no significant
changes in Choice Reaction Time (CRT).15
Additionally, hypothesis 2 suggests that increasing the concentration of Camellia sinensis will
cause a greater reduction in reaction time of adolescents. This hypothesis is supported by the
results of the study with a strong negative correlation and the calculated p-values being
significantly less than the 0.05 level. The strongest correlation is seen by person 5’s results
whose R2 value is 0.999 (to 3 s.f.). This is followed by person 3 at 0.981, then person 1 at 0.948,
then person 2 at 0.936, and finally person 4 at 0.615, all corrected to 3.s.f. The average data are
represented through bar charts for all of the participants. The error bars on the bar charts are
represented by the standard deviation, and in all of the trials the standard deviation is low. Data
recorded therefore shows less dispersion due to a low standard deviation. The data for person 4
seems to be anomalous because of inconsistency with other results. The R2 value being 0.615,
as opposed to the others all above 0.9, and the average reaction time of the trials for
concentration 8mg/ml was greater than the trend line and suddenly dropped very low at
concentration 10 mg/ml. This anomalous data can be caused by an error in measuring the
reaction time, which will be a human error in stopping the stopwatch. Alternatively, it can also be
caused by a sudden peak in blood pressure or a greater responsiveness to higher caffeine
concentration. A study that supports this is Kamimori (2015), which suggests that reaction time
reduces with caffeine consumption. It was also supported by a study by Calvo (2021) which
tested the reaction time of athletes with an increasing concentration and amounts of caffeine.
This study also concluded that increasing the concentration of caffeine improved reaction time
significantly. 16 However, the study done by Gendle (2009) which measured attention and
reaction time of university students with an energy drink, states that there is no significant
difference between the caffeine consumption and reaction times.17

EVALUATION:
STRENGTHS:
The experiment follows a design and pattern where the independent variable as the
concentration of Camellia sinensis is systematically varied and the dependent variable reaction
12 (Nawrot et al. 1)
13 Ibid., 8
14 Ibid., 8
15 (Bartrim et al. 131)
16 (Calvo 868)
17 (Gendle et al. 9)
time is measured. Numerous factors have been controlled like all the components of tea, the
number of brews in the tea to stop it from becoming too concentrated. The controlled approach
helps in minimising the effect of confounding variables and allows for a more reliable
experiment. The repeated measures for the data, 5 trials per participant, cause the data to be
reliable and well evaluated. The intra-subject variability is eliminated by a high number of
repetitions. Especially when the standard deviation is low, that showcases that the data is
effective and reduces potential sources of error.

Limitation Impact Improvement

Small Sample Due to a restriction of time, the More willing volunteers, this
Size experiment was conducted with only experiment could be conducted
5 participants which may not with an increased number of
represent the larger population. This participants. This will in turn aid in
is too little to go off of when we are increasing the reliability of the
generalising a hypothesis. statistical analysis.

Caffeine This exploration wasn't able to Gathering data about the

consumption account for the degree of tea or participants' patterns of tea or
tolerance of the coffee consumption of the coffee consumption will help keep
participants participants. There will be this a controlled variable. There
discrepancies in reactions of people could have also been a specific
who regularly consume caffeine in threshold of caffeine that is okay
some form and the people who rarely for the participants in the
do. Regular consumption may mean experiment so that it would not
that they have developed a tolerance hamper the reaction time
for it and therefore their responses performance recorded.
may differ.

Sleep patterns of The quality and quantity of sleep the Monitoring the sleep patterns of the
participants participants are getting already may participants whilst advising them to
interfere with their cognitive get the recommended 8-10 hours
performance and hence reaction of sleep a night, but set a fixed limit
times. Sleep deprivation and irregular for everyone.18 This will minimise
sleep patterns can affect cognitive the impact of sleep patterns on the
performance. This will ultimately study and keep it a controlled
impact their reaction times. variable which is the same for all of
the participants.

18 (UCLA Health)
 Ruler test The ruler drop test relies on A more advanced computer based
subjective subjective human reaction times. test could have been used to
measurements Even the reaction time of the person maximise reliability and objectivity
holding the stopwatch in stopping it within the analysis of the test. More
plays a role in the recorded results. objective equipment makes the test
Factors like attention and anticipation reliable.
can also differ between participants
and impact the results.

Overall health Health conditions such as the A survey should be conducted to

status physiological and mental statuses of gather the health status and
the participants also impact the medication use of the participants
results of the experiment because and gather in detail their lifestyle
they impact the cognitive functions factors. On this basis the
and hence the reaction times. If any participants with certain health
prior medication has effects that conditions can be excluded from
counteract or further caffeine effects the study so that there is no risk for
then that will be an obstacle too. it to be hampered.

Future Scope:
Future scope of this experiment spans the areas of health and nutritional awareness specifically
targeted at the adolescents. If done on a larger scale with improved equipment and ways of
measuring the reaction time, such a study can provide insights into the impact of caffeine
consumption on the cognitive function of adolescents. This information can thereby be used to
raise awareness about the intake of caffeine and the potential risks and benefits associated with
it. Likewise, a study like this can inform pharmacological research as it reveals the usefulness of
caffeine within tea in moderation as well to improve alertness and cognition. Lastly, this study
can be utilised to formulate dietary guidelines for students of the IB or other rigorous educational
settings where adolescents require enhanced performance and concentration. This could also
potentially help individuals with attention related issues and those seeking improved reaction
times.

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