SOLID WASTE
A solid waste is defined as
“The unwanted or useless
solid materials generated
from human activities in
residential, industrial or
commercial areas”.
EXAMPLES
GARBAGE SCRAP WASTE
PAPER WASTE E-WASTE
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential, and commercial
activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways.
The solid waste is also generated from construction works and
Demolition work by-products, effluent wastes and from
manufacturing plants like bricks, blocks tiles, aggregates, cement,
lime etc.
E-waste is generated from our day to day use of electronic equipment
in home, offices, commercial sectors, hospitals. These include tv,
tape recorder, computers, tv cable, keyboards etc.
The biomedical wastes are generated from hospitals
Solid wastes are also generated from manufacturing
industries, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants
and oil & petroleum refineries
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
Based on source
Based on type
i. Based on contents
ii. Based on decomposability
BASED ON SOURCES OF SOLID
WASTE
1. Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW)
2. Industrial Solid Waste
(ISW)
Industrial AGRICULTURAL
3. Biomedical waste or WASTE
hospital waste Solid
Waste
4. Agricultural waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
It consists of household
waste, construction and
demolition debris,
sanitation residue, and
waste from streets
generated mainly from
residential and
commercial complexes.
Industrial Solid Waste (ISW):
In a majority of cases, it
is termed as hazardous
waste as they may
contain toxic substances
and are corrosive, highly
inflammable, or react
when exposed to certain
things e.g., gases.
Biomedical Waste
or Hospital Waste:
It is usually infectious waste that
may include waste like sharps,
soiled waste, anatomical waste,
discarded medicines, chemical
wastes, etc.,
usually in the form of disposable
syringes, bandages, body fluids,
human excreta, etc.
These can be a serious threat to
human health if not managed in a
scientific manner.
Agricultural Waste:
It include by-products
of harvesting process,
chemicals, pesticides and
insecticides etc.
BASED ON TYPES OF SOLID
WASTES
Based on the contents of the waste
Rubbish : Glass, Paper, Clothes etc..
Food waste
Ashes
Dead animals
Treatment plant waste
Industrial waste
Mining waste.
Based on decomposability
Non-decomposable
Decomposable waste: Biogas generation
Based on combustibility
Combustible waste: useful from energy point of view
Non-combustible waste: cement waste, certain type of
glass, bricks etc..
SOLID WASTE
MANAGMENT
Solid-Waste Management
Solid-waste management
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and
disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has
served its purpose or is no longer useful.
Functional Elements of Solid Waste
Management
Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System
comprises of six basic elements including:
1. Waste Generation:
Wastes are generated at the start of any process, and
thereafter, at every stage as raw materials are converted
into goods for consumption.
The source of waste generation, determines quantity,
composition and waste characteristics.
For example, wastes are generated from households,
commercial areas, industries, institutions, street cleaning
and other municipal services.
The most important aspect of this part of the SWM
system is the identification of waste.
WASTE GENERATION
2. Waste Storage:
Storage is a key functional element because collection of
wastes never takes place at the source or at the time of
their generation.
The heterogeneous wastes generated in residential areas
must be removed within 8 days due to shortage of storage
space and presence of biodegradable material.
Onsite storage is of primary importance due to aesthetic
consideration, public health and economics involved.
Some of the options for storage are plastic containers,
conventional dustbins (of households), used oil drums,
large storage bins (for institutions and commercial areas or
servicing depots), etc.
WASTE STORAGE
3. Waste Collection:
This includes gathering of wastes and hauling them to the
location, where the collection vehicle is emptied, which
may be a transfer station (i.e., intermediate station where
wastes from smaller vehicles are transferred to larger ones
and also segregated), a processing plant or a disposal site.
Collection depends on the number of containers,
frequency of collection, types of collection services and
routes.
WASTE COLLECTION
4. Transfer and Transport:
This functional element involves:
The transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles,
where necessary to overcome the problem of narrow
access lanes, to larger ones at transfer stations;
The subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distances, to disposal sites. The factors that contribute to
the designing of a transfer station include the type of
transfer operation, capacity, equipment, accessories and
environmental requirements.
WASTE TRANSPORT
5. Processing
Processing is required to alter the physical and chemical
characteristics of wastes for energy and resource recovery
and recycling.
The important processing techniques include compaction,
thermal volume reduction, manual separation of waste
components, incineration and composting.
Recovery and Recycling:
This includes various techniques, equipment and facilities
used to improve both the efficiency of disposal system and
recovery of usable material and energy.
Recovery involves the separation of valuable resources
from the mixed solid wastes, delivered at transfer stations
or processing plants.
It also involves size reduction and density separation by air
classifier, magnetic device for iron and screens for glass.
The selection of any recovery process is a function of
economics, i.e., costs of separation versus the recovered-
material products.
Certain recovered materials like glass, plastics, paper, etc.,
can be recycled as they have economic value.
6. Waste Disposal
Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, be they
residential wastes, semi-solid wastes from municipal and
industrial treatment plants, incinerator residues, composts
or other substances that have no further use to the society.
Thus, land use planning becomes a primary determinant in
the selection, design and operation of landfill operations.
A modern sanitary landfill is a method of disposing solid
waste without creating a nuisance and hazard to public
health.
WASTE
DISPOSAL
Waste management and diligent planning becomes critical for regulation of solid
waste being generated every day.
With growing urbanization and rise of smart cities, the issue of
solid waste management becomes even more imperative. The
Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC) recently notified the new Solid Waste
Management Rules (SWM), 2016.
SWM Rules, 2016 SWM Rules, 2016 were notified on 08th April 2016 and these
rules replaced Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
Enactment of new rules of 2016 is part of the initiative of MOEFCC to update, consolidate and
amend all rules to relating to Waste management in India.
New rules have made various changes in Waste management in India including imposition of
responsibilities upon various stakeholders regarding minimization, recycling and management
of waste to preserve and protect the environment.
Applicability and Scope SWM Rules, 2016 have been made applicable to
Urban Local Bodies
Census Towns
Outgrowths in urban agglomerations
Ports, Harbours
Notified areas
Notified Industrial townships
Pilgrim places
Special Economic Zones
Defence Establishments
Notified religious and historical places
Central/State Governments
Waste generators including domestic waste generators
4R’s of SWM rules 2016
Reduce Reuse Recycle Recovery
(i) Reduce: We (ii) Reuse:
should reduce We reuse the (iii)Recycle:
the use of non- materials Non- (iv) Recovery: If the
biodegradable instead of biodegradable waste remains after
compounds that dumping materials
are harmful to them. should be it is reused and
us. subjected to recycled, we can use
Example: it to generate energy
Example: Plastic bags the recycling
process. at our waste-energy
Instead of using can be plant. This is known
polythene bags reused to Example: as Recovery.
we should give make Plastic
preference to decorative materials..
paper bags. things.
Biomedical Waste
Definition:
Bio-medical waste means “any solid and/or liquid waste
produced during diagnosis, treatment or vaccination of
human beings or animals. Biomedical waste creates hazard
due to two principal reasons: infectivity and toxicity”.
Some characteristics of biomedical waste include:
1. Disinfection should be done as close to the source as
possible
2. Mutilation should be done as early as possible
3. The waste should not affect the environment or individuals
4. The solution should not become a problem
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,
2016.
The draft Bio-Medical Waste Rules were published in June
2015 inviting suggestions from the public.
The suggestions/objections received were then examined by
the Working Group of Ministry of Environment, Forest &
Climate Change, and based on the recommendations of the
Working Group, the Ministry has published the Bio-Medical
Waste Management Rules, 2016.
Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) Management Rules, 2016 – Salient
Features
1. Bio-medical waste has been classified into 4 categories instead of 10 to
improve the segregation of waste at source.
2. Phase-out the use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, and blood bags within
two years.
3. The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps,
blood donation camps, surgical camps, or any other healthcare activity.
4. Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood
samples, and blood bags through disinfection or sterilization on-site in the
manner as prescribed by WHO or NACO.
5. State Government to provide land for setting up common bio-
medical waste treatment and disposal facilities.
6. No occupier shall establish an on-site treatment and disposal facility if a
service of `common bio-medical waste treatment facility is available at a
distance of seventy-five kilometer.
7. The new rules prescribe more stringent standards for an incinerator
to reduce the emission of pollutants in the environment;
8. Inclusion of emissions limits for Dioxin and furans;