📘 CRIMINAL LAW & JURISPRUDENCE REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW

 Definition: Criminal law defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for
their punishment.
 Sources:
1. Revised Penal Code (RPC) – Act No. 3815 (1932, as amended).
2. Special Penal Laws – e.g., Dangerous Drugs Act (RA 9165), Anti-
Violence Against Women and Children (RA 9262).
3. Jurisprudence – Supreme Court rulings that interpret laws.
 Basic Principles (RPC, Art. 3–10):
o Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege – No crime, no penalty without a
law.
o Mala in se vs. Mala prohibita
 Mala in se: Acts inherently wrong (e.g., murder, rape). Intent must
be proven.
 Mala prohibita: Acts prohibited by law (e.g., illegal possession of
firearms). Intent is immaterial.

II. ELEMENTS OF CRIME

1. Act or Omission – Must be voluntary.
2. Punishable by law – Defined under RPC or special law.
3. Presence of dolo (intent) or culpa (negligence) – Except in mala prohibita.
Mnemonic: A-P-I (Act, Punishable, Intent).

III. CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES (RPC, Art. 3)

 By Deed (Manner of Commission):
o Intentional (dolo) – with malice, intent.
o Culpable (culpa) – by negligence, imprudence.
 By Stage (Art. 6):
1. Consummated – all elements present.
2. Frustrated – offender performs all acts but does not produce the crime.
3. Attempted – begins execution but does not perform all acts of execution.
 By Gravity (Art. 9):
1. Grave (capital punishment or afflictive).
2. Less grave (correctional penalty).
3. Light (arresto menor, fine not over ₱40,000).

IV. STAGES OF EXECUTION (Art. 6)

 Attempted – Start execution but fail to complete.
 Frustrated – Completed acts but crime not produced.
 Consummated – All elements realized.
Example (Homicide):
 Attempted – stabbing motion interrupted.
 Frustrated – stabbed victim, wounds fatal but saved.
 Consummated – victim dies.
V. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY
 Justifying Circumstances (Art. 11):
o Self-defense
o Defense of relatives/strangers
o Fulfillment of duty
o Obedience to lawful order
o State of necessity
 Exempting Circumstances (Art. 12):
o Insanity or imbecility
o Minority (15 years and below; or above 15 but below 18 without
discernment – R.A. 9344)
o Accident without fault
o Compulsion of irresistible force
o Uncontrollable fear
o Insuperable cause
 Mitigating Circumstances (Art. 13):
o Voluntary surrender
o Plea of guilty
o Incomplete justifying circumstances
o Passion or obfuscation
 Aggravating Circumstances (Art. 14):
o Abuse of superior strength
o Nighttime/uninhabited place
o Treachery (alevosia)
o Evident premeditation
Mnemonic: JEMA (Justifying, Exempting, Mitigating, Aggravating).

VI. CRIMINAL PARTICIPATION

 Principal (Art. 17) – Directly participates, induces, or cooperates in the crime.
 Accomplice (Art. 18) – Cooperates in execution with knowledge.
 Accessory (Art. 19) – Benefits from the crime, conceals evidence, harbors
offender.

VII. PENALTIES (Art. 25, RPC)

 Capital – Death (abolished under RA 9346).
 Afflictive – Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor.
 Correctional – Prision correccional, arresto mayor.
 Light – Arresto menor, public censure, fine.
Important: Reclusion perpetua = 20 years and 1 day to 40 years.

VIII. SPECIAL PENAL LAWS (examples)

 R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act.
 R.A. 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act.
 R.A. 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act.
 R.A. 8484 – Access Devices Regulation Act.
  R.A. 7610 – Special Protection of Children Against Abuse.

IX. JURISPRUDENCE (Selected Doctrines)

 People vs. Oanis (G.R. No. 47722, 1943) – Self-defense cannot be invoked
when there is opportunity to retreat or overpower without killing.
 People vs. Genosa (G.R. No. 135981, 2004) – Recognized Battered Woman
Syndrome as a valid defense.
 U.S. vs. Ah Chong (G.R. No. L-5272, 1910) – Mistake of fact exempts from
liability.
 People vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 96028, 1991) – Treachery requires
conscious adoption of method ensuring execution without risk.

X. MEMORY AIDS (Quick Recall)

 Stages of Crime: CAF (Consummated, Attempted, Frustrated).
 Circumstances: JEMA.
 Participants: PAA (Principal, Accomplice, Accessory).
 Penalties: CAP-COL (Capital, Afflictive, Correctional, Light).
CRIMINAL LAW & JURISPRUDENCE REVIEWER (Expanded)

XI. IMPOSSIBLE CRIMES (Art. 4, par. 2, RPC)

 Definition: When a person performs an act that would be a crime against
persons or property but:
1. The act is inherently impossible of accomplishment; OR
2. The means employed is inadequate or ineffectual.
Example: Shooting someone with an empty gun, not knowing it is empty.
 Penalty: Arresto mayor or fine (light penalty).

XII. COMPLEX CRIMES (Art. 48)

1. Compound Crime – Single act results in two or more grave or less grave
felonies.
o Example: Throwing a grenade killing multiple victims.
2. Complex Crime Proper – Offender commits an offense as a necessary means
to commit another.
o Example: Falsification used to commit estafa.
Rule: Penalty for the most serious crime, in its maximum period, shall be imposed.

XIII. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL (Art. 8)

 Conspiracy: Exists when two or more persons agree and decide to commit a
felony.
 Proposal: Exists when a person who has decided to commit a felony proposes
its execution to another.
General Rule: Conspiracy and proposal are not punishable unless expressly stated by
law (e.g., treason, rebellion, coup d’etat).

XIV. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

  Treason (Art. 114, RPC) – Levying war or adhering to enemies, giving them
aid/comfort.
 Espionage (Art. 117) – Gathering, collecting, or disclosing classified defense
information to enemy.
 Rebellion (Art. 134) – Rising publicly and taking arms against the government.
 Coup d’etat (Art. 134-A) – Swift attack by military/police or armed men to seize
government control.

XV. CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

 Parricide (Art. 246) – Killing a parent, child, spouse, or ascendant/descendant.
 Murder (Art. 248) – Killing with qualifying circumstances (treachery, evident
premeditation).
 Homicide (Art. 249) – Killing without qualifying circumstances.
 Infanticide (Art. 255) – Killing a child less than 3 days old.
 Abortion (Arts. 256–259) – Intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy.
 Physical Injuries (Arts. 262–266) – Serious, less serious, slight.
 Rape (Art. 266-A, amended by R.A. 8353) – By force/intimidation or when
victim is unconscious.

XVI. CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

 Theft (Art. 308) – Taking personal property without consent and with intent to
gain.
 Robbery (Art. 293) – Taking personal property with violence/intimidation or force
upon things.
 Estafa (Art. 315) – Fraud or deceit causing damage.
 Arson (Art. 321–326) – Destruction by fire.
 Malicious Mischief (Art. 327) – Willful damage to another’s property.

XVII. CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY

 Adultery (Art. 333) – Married woman having sexual intercourse with a man not
her husband.
 Concubinage (Art. 334) – Married man having sexual relations under certain
acts (cohabiting with mistress, etc.).
 Acts of Lasciviousness (Art. 336) – Lewd acts short of rape.
 Seduction, Corruption of Minors, White Slave Trade (Arts. 337–341).

XVIII. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

 Counterfeiting coins, currency
 Falsification of documents (Arts. 171–172)
 Perjury (Art. 183) – Making a false statement under oath.
 Usurpation of authority (Art. 177) – Pretending to be a government official.

XIX. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

 Direct Assault (Art. 148) – Attacking person in authority while in performance of
duties.
  Indirect Assault (Art. 149) – Use of force against agents coming to the aid of
authorities.
 Resistance and Disobedience (Arts. 150–151).
 Public Disorders – Tumults, alarms, scandal.

XX. JURISPRUDENCE EXPANSION

 People vs. Bernaldes (G.R. No. 123241, 1999) – Conspiracy must be proven by
positive and conclusive evidence.
 People vs. Gamboa (G.R. No. L-14288, 1960) – Parricide is committed even if
relationship is illegitimate.
 People vs. Madali (G.R. No. 167220, 2009) – Treachery requires conscious and
deliberate adoption of the means.
 People vs. Flora (G.R. No. 93373, 1990) – In frustrated murder, wounds must
be mortal but victim survives due to timely medical assistance.

XXI. SAMPLE MNEMONICS

 Stages of Felony: CAF (Consummated, Attempted, Frustrated).
 Circumstances: JEMA (Justifying, Exempting, Mitigating, Aggravating).
 Crimes Against Persons: PHMIRAP (Parricide, Homicide, Murder, Infanticide,
Rape, Abortion, Physical Injuries).
 Crimes Against Property: TREAM (Theft, Robbery, Estafa, Arson, Mischief).

XXII. QUICK STUDY TIPS

 Always differentiate mala in se vs. mala prohibita (very frequent in the CLE).
 Study the qualifying circumstances of Murder (treachery, evident
premeditation).
 Memorize penalty ranges (important in problem-solving questions).
 Review selected Supreme Court cases (SC often cited in exams).
 Focus on Special Penal Laws – at least 10–15 items always come from here.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

 Definition: Law enforcement is the organized activity of the State to maintain
peace, order, and public safety by preventing and controlling crimes.
 Primary Law Enforcement Agencies in the Philippines:
1. PNP (Philippine National Police) – civilian national police force (RA
6975, RA 8551).
2. NBI (National Bureau of Investigation) – investigative body for major
crimes.
3. PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) – anti-drug operations
(RA 9165).
4. BI (Bureau of Immigration) – border and immigration security.
5. BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) – city/municipal jails.
6. BuCor (Bureau of Corrections) – national penitentiaries.

II. PHILIPPINE LAW ENFORCEMENT HISTORY

 Pre-colonial – Barangay system with the Datu as leader and warriors (sandig).
 Spanish Period – Guardia Civil, Carabineros, Guardia de Honor.
 American Period – Philippine Constabulary (PC, 1901).
 Post-Independence – PC/INP integrated (1975).
 RA 6975 (1990) – Creation of the PNP, BJMP, and BFP.
 RA 8551 (1998) – PNP Reform and Reorganization Act.

III. ORGANIZATION OF THE PNP (RA 6975, RA 8551)

 PNP Chief – 4-star general, overall head.
 NAPOLCOM (National Police Commission) – administrative control,
disciplinary authority.
 DILG Secretary – exercises authority over the PNP.
 Police Regional Offices → Provincial Offices → City/Municipal Police
Stations → Police Community Precincts.
PNP Motto: "To Serve and Protect."
PNP Vision 2030: Highly capable, effective, and credible police service.

IV. POLICE FUNCTIONS

1. Law Enforcement – enforcing laws and ordinances.
2. Order Maintenance – controlling riots, rallies, civil disturbances.
3. Crime Prevention – patrol, community relations, education.
4. Crime Investigation – arrest, search and seizure, gathering evidence.
5. Public Safety – disaster response, traffic management.

V. POLICE ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

 PNP Ethical Doctrine (PNP Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical
Standards):
o Service to others
o Respect for human rights
 o Integrity and honesty
o Discipline and professionalism
 RA 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees.
Important Traits: Integrity, loyalty, valor, and self-sacrifice.

VI. LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

 Patrol Operations – backbone of policing; types include foot, mobile, aerial, and
water patrol.
 Intelligence Operations – systematic gathering of information to prevent crime.
 Traffic Management – flow regulation, accident investigation.
 Anti-Crime Campaigns – e.g., anti-drugs, anti-terrorism.
 Community Policing (COPPS) – emphasizes partnership with the community.

VII. POLICE POWER & LEGAL FRAMEWORK

 Police Power – the inherent power of the State to promote public welfare by
restraining property and liberty.
 Limitations: Must be lawful, reasonable, for public welfare, not oppressive.
 Legal Sources:
o 1987 Philippine Constitution (Bill of Rights).
o Revised Penal Code.
o Special Laws (RA 6975, RA 8551, RA 9165, etc.).

VIII. LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

 Planning – setting goals and objectives.
 Organizing – structuring personnel and resources.
 Staffing – recruitment, training, deployment.
 Directing – leading and motivating personnel.
 Controlling – ensuring compliance with policies and standards.
(Mnemonic: POSDC – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling).

IX. POLICE DISCIPLINE & INTERNAL AFFAIRS

 IAS (Internal Affairs Service) – investigates PNP anomalies.
 NPSC (National Police Standards and Conduct) – sets rules for professional
behavior.
 Disciplinary Measures: reprimand, suspension, demotion, dismissal.

X. INTERNATIONAL POLICING & COOPERATION

 INTERPOL – international police cooperation.
 ASEANAPOL – cooperation among ASEAN member police forces.
 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) – aid in cross-border
investigations.

XI. SELECTED JURISPRUDENCE ON LAW ENFORCEMENT

 People vs. Doria (G.R. No. 125299, 1999) – Entrapment vs. instigation:
entrapment is legal, instigation is not.
  Stonehill vs. Diokno (G.R. No. L-19550, 1967) – Warrantless searches are
invalid without specific probable cause.
 People vs. Marti (G.R. No. 81561, 1991) – Search by private individuals not
covered by the exclusionary rule.
 People vs. Damaso (G.R. No. 214934, 2017) – Chain of custody rule in drugs
cases is mandatory.

XII. QUICK MEMORY AIDS

 Police Functions: LOCPP (Law enforcement, Order maintenance, Crime
prevention, Crime investigation, Public safety).
 PNP Ethical Doctrine: SIDR (Service, Integrity, Discipline, Respect).
 Management Functions: POSDC.
CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 Definition: The collection of facts to identify the guilty party, locate them, and
provide evidence of guilt.
 Goals:
1. Determine if a crime has been committed.
2. Identify the victim and the suspect.
3. Locate and apprehend the suspect.
4. Gather evidence for prosecution.
5. Recover stolen property.
Mnemonic: DILGR (Determine, Identify, Locate, Gather, Recover).

II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION

1. Thoroughness – no loose ends.
2. Accuracy – facts must be correct.
3. Objectivity – free from bias.
4. Legality – all actions must comply with law.
5. Timeliness – immediate action to preserve evidence.

III. INVESTIGATOR’S QUALITIES

 Keen observation
 Patience and persistence
 Good memory
 Logical reasoning
 Knowledge of law and police science
 Communication skills

IV. PHASES OF INVESTIGATION

1. Initial Phase – responding to scene, protecting life and property.
2. Preliminary Phase – securing crime scene, collecting evidence.
3. Follow-up Phase – interviews, surveillance, pursuit of leads.
4. Final Phase – case filing, court testimony.

V. ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE

 Arrest: taking a person into custody to answer for a crime.
 Arrest Without Warrant (Rule 113, Sec. 5, Rules of Court):
o In flagrante delicto (caught in act).
o Hot pursuit (crime just committed, probable cause).
o Escapee from penal institution.
 Search Warrant Requirements:
o Based on probable cause.
o Personally determined by judge.
o Specific description of place and items.

VI. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CSI)

 Objectives: preserve, document, collect evidence.
Golden Rule: Do not touch, move, or alter anything until properly documented.
Steps:
1. Securing the scene.
2. Documentation (notes, photography, sketching).
3. Collection and preservation of evidence.
4. Chain of custody.
Mnemonic: SDCC (Secure, Document, Collect, Chain).

VII. TYPES OF EVIDENCE

1. Physical Evidence – tangible objects.
2. Testimonial Evidence – witness statements.
3. Documentary Evidence – written records.
4. Demonstrative Evidence – models, simulations.
 Admissibility Requirements: relevance + competence.

VIII. INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION

 Interview: Questioning a person for information (friendly).
 Interrogation: Formal questioning of a suspect (adversarial).
Interrogation Techniques:
 Direct questioning
 Repetition
 Silence
 Good cop/bad cop
Rights of Suspects (Art. III, Sec. 12, 1987 Constitution):
 Right to remain silent.
 Right to counsel.
 Right to be informed of rights.
 Exclusionary rule: evidence obtained in violation of rights inadmissible.

IX. SURVEILLANCE AND ENTRAPMENT

 Surveillance: secret observation of persons or places.
 Entrapment: apprehension of a criminal by trickery but intent originates from
suspect (valid).
 Instigation: law enforcer induces a person to commit a crime (invalid, not
punishable).

X. MODUS OPERANDI STUDIES

 Definition: Criminals have characteristic patterns of committing crime.
 Uses: Linking cases, identifying suspects, predicting behavior.

XI. SPECIFIC CRIME INVESTIGATIONS

1. Homicide/Murder – look for motive, weapon, witness accounts.
2. Robbery/Theft – check entry points, fingerprints, stolen items.
3. Sexual Offenses – collect medical evidence (rape kit), victim statements.
4. Arson – accelerants, burn patterns, witnesses.
 5. Fraud/Estafa – documents, digital evidence, financial records.

XII. FORENSIC COOPERATION

 Coordination with Forensic Science:
o Ballistics (firearms evidence).
o Questioned documents (forgeries, handwriting).
o Forensic chemistry (drugs, toxicology).
o Forensic medicine (autopsy).

XIII. CASE FILING AND COURT TESTIMONY

 Inquest proceedings – filing of charges without preliminary investigation (if
warrantless arrest).
 Preliminary investigation – conducted by prosecutors (probable cause).
 Court testimony – investigator must be credible, consistent, confident.
Mnemonic for Testimony Traits: 4C (Clear, Complete, Concise, Convincing).

XIV. JURISPRUDENCE HIGHLIGHTS

 People vs. Malmstedt (G.R. No. 91107, 1990) – Validity of warrantless
searches in moving vehicles.
 People vs. Cogaed (G.R. No. 200334, 2014) – Consent to search must be
unequivocal, voluntary.
 People vs. Aruta (G.R. No. 120915, 1998) – Invalid search when not incidental
to lawful arrest.
 People vs. Doria (1999) – Entrapment is valid; instigation is not.

XV. MEMORY AIDS

 Investigation Goals: DILGR.
 Crime Scene Steps: SDCC.
 Types of Evidence: PTDD (Physical, Testimonial, Documentary,
Demonstrative).
 Testimony Traits: 4C.
FORENSIC SCIENCE (CRIMINALISTICS) REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE

 Definition: Application of science to law in criminal investigation.
 Criminalistics: Branch of forensic science dealing with recognition, collection,
identification, and interpretation of physical evidence.
 Objectives:
1. Identify the offender.
2. Link suspect, victim, and crime scene.
3. Provide expert testimony in court.

II. BRANCHES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

1. Forensic Photography – crime scene documentation.
2. Forensic Ballistics – firearms, ammunition, trajectory analysis.
3. Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology – analysis of drugs, explosives, poisons.
4. Forensic Medicine – autopsies, cause of death.
5. Forensic Anthropology – skeletal remains identification.
6. Forensic Odontology – teeth for identification.
7. Questioned Documents – handwriting, signatures, counterfeit.
8. Polygraph Examination – lie detection.
9. Forensic DNA – genetic fingerprinting.

III. FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

 Purpose: Permanently record the crime scene, evidence, and victim.
 Types of Shots:
o Overview/establishing shots.
o Medium-range shots (spatial relationship of objects).
o Close-up shots (details of evidence).
 Rules: Photos must be clear, accurate, relevant, and properly marked.
Golden Rule: Photography before touching or moving evidence.

IV. FORENSIC BALLISTICS

 Firearm Identification: Determining if a bullet or cartridge was fired from a
specific weapon.
 Internal Ballistics: Inside the firearm barrel.
 External Ballistics: Flight of projectile.
 Terminal Ballistics: Effect of bullet on target.
Key Evidence:
 Bullet striations (unique barrel markings).
 Cartridge case marks (firing pin, breech face).
 Gunshot residue (GSR) – distance determination.
Case: People vs. Valdez (G.R. 119075, 1999) – Ballistics evidence admissible in linking
bullet to firearm.

V. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY

 Functions: Analysis of chemical substances (drugs, alcohol, poisons).
  Common Examinations:
o Marijuana and shabu testing.
o Blood alcohol test.
o Explosives residue analysis.
 Toxicology: Science of poisons – studies harmful effects of chemicals.
Tests for Alcohol:
 Field sobriety test.
 Breathalyzer.
 Blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

VI. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION (QDE)

 Definition: Scientific study of documents to determine authenticity and
authorship.
 Examinations:
o Handwriting analysis.
o Signature verification.
o Alterations, erasures, obliterations.
o Counterfeit money and checks.
o Typewriting/printing analysis.
Legal Basis: Rule 132, Sec. 22, Rules of Court – authenticity of handwriting can be
proved by comparison.

VII. FORENSIC MEDICINE

 Autopsy Types:
o Medico-legal (crime-related).
o Clinical/hospital (disease-related).
 Causes of Death: Natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, undetermined.
 Manner of Death Indicators:
o Wounds (stab, gunshot, blunt force).
o Ligature marks (strangulation).
o Rigor mortis (stiffening).
o Livor mortis (discoloration).
o Algor mortis (cooling).
Postmortem Interval (PMI) – estimated time of death using decomposition changes.

VIII. FORENSIC DNA

 DNA Profiling: Identification of individuals based on genetic makeup.
 Sources of DNA: Blood, saliva, hair, semen, skin cells.
 Reliability: DNA is highly individual, except identical twins.
 Philippine Case: People vs. Vallejo (G.R. 144656, 2002) – Court recognized
DNA as admissible evidence.

IX. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY

 Odontology: Teeth for age, sex, and identity. Used in mass disasters.
 Anthropology: Analysis of bones for age, sex, stature, ancestry.
 Key Bones for Sex Identification: Pelvis (most reliable), skull, femur.
X. POLYGRAPH (LIE DETECTOR)
 Measures: Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, skin conductivity.
 Purpose: Detect deception through physiological responses.
 Limitations: Not 100% reliable; admissibility in court depends on jurisdiction.

XI. RULES ON EVIDENCE & ADMISSIBILITY

 Requisites:
1. Relevant.
2. Competent.
3. Presented properly with chain of custody.
Chain of Custody (Sec. 21, RA 9165): Unbroken transfer of evidence from seizure to
court to avoid tampering.

XII. JURISPRUDENCE IN FORENSICS

 People vs. Malmstedt (1990) – Validity of warrantless search leading to drug
seizure.
 People vs. Aruta (1998) – Invalid search if not incidental to arrest.
 People vs. Doria (1999) – Entrapment valid, instigation not.
 People vs. Vallejo (2002) – DNA evidence is admissible.

XIII. MEMORY AIDS

 Ballistics: IET (Internal, External, Terminal).
 Crime Scene Photography: OMC (Overview, Medium, Close-up).
 Postmortem Signs: RLA (Rigor, Livor, Algor).
 Forensic Branches: BPMCOD (Ballistics, Photography, Medicine, Chemistry,
Odontology, Documents).
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS
 Corrections: Branch of Criminal Justice System that deals with the custody,
treatment, and rehabilitation of offenders.
 Goal: Protect society by reforming offenders and preparing them for
reintegration.
 Components:
1. Institutional Corrections – jails, prisons, penal colonies.
2. Non-Institutional Corrections – probation, parole, community-based
programs.

II. INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

A. Philippine Jail System
 BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology): Manages city, municipal,
and district jails.
 Provincial Jails: Managed by provincial government.
 Purpose: Custody of detainees (awaiting trial) and short-term prisoners (≤ 3
years).
B. Philippine Prison System
 BuCor (Bureau of Corrections): Manages national prisons and penal farms.
 National Bilibid Prison (NBP) – Muntinlupa City.
 Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) – Mandaluyong City.
 Penal Farms: Iwahig (Palawan), Davao, San Ramon (Zamboanga), Sablayan
(Mindoro).
 Sentence Served: > 3 years imprisonment.
C. Security Classifications
1. Maximum Security – most dangerous offenders.
2. Medium Security – less dangerous, under rehabilitation.
3. Minimum Security – trustees, nearing release.

III. NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS

A. Probation
 RA 10707 (Probation Law of 1976, amended).
 Definition: Suspension of sentence allowing offender to live in community under
supervision.
 Not Eligible: Offenders with sentence > 6 years, already convicted of a crime
punished by imprisonment of ≥ 1 month and 1 day and/or ₱200 fine.
 Administered by: Probation Administration under DOJ.
B. Parole
 Conditional release of prisoner after serving minimum sentence.
 Supervised by Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP).
C. Pardon
 Absolute: Completely erases penalty.
 Conditional: With conditions imposed by President.
D. Suspension of Sentence (Juveniles)
  Under RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006).
 Child in conflict with the law may have sentence suspended for rehabilitation.

IV. THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN CORRECTIONS

 Rehabilitation Programs: Aim to reform inmates and prepare them for society.
1. Educational Programs – literacy classes, vocational training.
2. Work Programs – carpentry, farming, livelihood.
3. Religious/Spiritual Programs – moral reformation.
4. Behavior Modification – counseling, therapy.
5. Recreation Programs – sports, arts.
6. Aftercare Programs – support after release.
Treatment Theories:
 Medical Model: Crime as sickness, offender needs treatment.
 Reintegration Model: Focus on community reentry.
 Justice Model: Offender pays debt to society.

V. LEGAL BASES OF CORRECTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 RA 10575 (The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013) – modernizes BuCor.
 RA 6975 – created BJMP.
 RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act.
 RA 10707 – Probation Law amendments.

VI. PHILIPPINE RETIREMENT AUTHORITY (PRA) – Context in Corrections

 While not directly part of criminology corrections, PRA is sometimes included in
licensure exam under Philippine government agencies.
 PRA: Agency under DOT (Department of Tourism) that manages retirement
visas and foreign retirees.
 Relevance: Corrections officers and criminologists must be aware of inter-
agency coordination, including PRA when dealing with foreign nationals under
custody or retirement programs.

VII. MODERN ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS

 Overcrowding: BJMP jails are congested up to 400%.
 Human Rights Concerns: Compliance with UN Standard Minimum Rules for
Treatment of Prisoners (Mandela Rules).
 Drug Rehabilitation: Integration of therapeutic communities inside jails/prisons.
 Restorative Justice: Focus on repairing harm to victims and community.

VIII. MEMORIZATION TIPS

 Prison Types: NBP, CIW, Iwahig, Davao, San Ramon, Sablayan.
 Correctional Goals: PPRR (Protection, Punishment, Rehabilitation,
Reintegration).
 Forms of Executive Clemency: PPP (Probation, Parole, Pardon).
 Security Classifications: Max-Med-Min.
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEWER

I. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
 Definition: Scientific study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system.
 Father of Modern Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (positivist school).
 Philippines: Criminology is both academic discipline and professional practice,
covered under RA 11131 (Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018).
Scope of Criminology
1. Criminal Etiology – study of causes of crime.
2. Sociology of Law – lawmaking, lawbreaking, law enforcement.
3. Penology – study of punishment and corrections.

II. THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

A. Classical School
 Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham.
 Man has free will; crime committed due to choice.
 Deterrence through swift and certain punishment.
B. Positivist School
 Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo.
 Crime caused by factors beyond control (biology, psychology, social).
 Lombroso’s “born criminal” theory – physical stigmata.
C. Sociological Theories
1. Strain Theory (Merton) – crime results when goals ≠ means.
2. Social Learning Theory (Sutherland) – differential association, crime is
learned.
3. Control Theory (Hirschi) – weak social bonds → crime.
4. Labeling Theory – being labeled “criminal” leads to continued deviance.
D. Psychological Theories
 Freud: imbalance in id, ego, superego.
 Personality disorders, antisocial personality.

III. HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

A. Human Behavior
 Motivation: Needs (Maslow’s hierarchy).
 Aggression: Can be biological, psychological, or social.
B. Victimology
 Definition: Study of victims of crime and their role.
 Types of Victims:
o Primary (direct).
o Secondary (indirect).
 Victim Precipitation Theory: Some victims contribute to their victimization.
 Victim Rights (RA 9344, RA 7610, RA 9262, RA 8505): Protection, restitution,
participation in justice process.

IV. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY & JUVENILE JUSTICE

A. Juvenile Delinquency
  Definition: Participation of minors in unlawful acts.
 Causes: Peer influence, poor family ties, poverty, media.
B. Juvenile Justice in the Philippines
 RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006).
 Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility (MACR): 15 years old.
o 15 & below: exempt from liability.
o Above 15 but below 18: exempt unless acted with discernment.
 Diversion Programs: Restorative justice, community service, rehabilitation.

V. PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS

 RA 11131 requires criminologists to follow a Code of Ethics.
 Core Values of Criminology Profession:
1. Integrity.
2. Professional competence.
3. Respect for human rights.
4. Confidentiality.
5. Social responsibility.
 Common Ethical Issues:
o Abuse of authority.
o Conflict of interest.
o Bias/discrimination.

VI. DISPUTE RESOLUTION & CRISIS/INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

A. Dispute Resolution
 ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution): Mediation, arbitration, conciliation.
 Barangay Justice System (Katarungang Pambarangay, RA 7160): Localized
settlement of disputes.
B. Crisis Management
 Definition: Coordinated response to sudden emergency.
 Phases:
1. Prevention/Preparedness.
2. Response.
3. Recovery.
 Examples of Incidents: Hostage-taking, natural disasters, terrorist attacks.
 Negotiation Techniques: Establish rapport, active listening, de-escalation.

VII. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH

A. Research 1 (Qualitative)
 Focus: Understanding human behavior, lived experiences.
 Methods: Case studies, interviews, ethnography.
 Output: Descriptive, exploratory, theory-building.
B. Research 2 (Quantitative)
 Focus: Measuring variables, statistical analysis.
 Methods: Surveys, experiments, correlation studies.
 Output: Predictive, generalizable, measurable.
Research Ethics: Informed consent, confidentiality, integrity of data.
VIII. CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 RA 6506 (1972): Created the Board of Criminology.
 RA 11131 (2018): Strengthened regulation of criminology practice.
 Scope of Practice: Law enforcement, criminal investigation, scientific crime
detection, correctional administration, criminological research.

IX. MEMORY CUES

 3 Major Schools: Classical – Positivist – Neo-classical.
 Theories of Crime: SCaLe (Strain, Control, Learning, Labeling).
 Victim Rights: PPR (Protection, Participation, Restitution).
 Juvenile Justice: 15 MACR, 18 discernment rule.
 Crisis Management Phases: PRR (Prevention, Response, Recovery).
 Research Types: Qualitative – descriptive, Quantitative – measurable.