CBSE Class 10 Science Notes
Light: Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of Light
• Laws: (i) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection, (ii) Incident ray, reflected ray and normal lie in
same plane.
• Spherical Mirrors: Concave (converging), Convex (diverging).
• Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• Magnification: M = hi/ho = v/u
• Uses: Concave → shaving mirror, headlights; Convex → rear-view mirror.
Refraction of Light
• Definition: Bending of light when it travels obliquely from one medium to another.
• Laws: (i) Incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane, (ii) Snell’s Law: sin i / sin r =
constant.
• Refractive Index: n = c/v
• Glass slab: Emergent ray parallel to incident ray but laterally displaced.
Lenses
• Convex Lens (converging), Concave Lens (diverging).
• Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
• Magnification: M = hi/ho = v/u
• Power of Lens: P = 100/f(cm) = 1/f(m), unit = Dioptre (D).
• Uses: Convex → spectacles for hypermetropia, microscope. Concave → spectacles for myopia.
Sign Convention
• Distances measured in direction of incident light are positive.
• Distances measured opposite to incident light are negative.
• Heights above principal axis are positive, below are negative.
Quick Revision: Image Formation
Mirror/Lens Object Position Image Position Nature of Image
Concave Mirror At ∞ At F Real, inverted, point
Concave Mirror Beyond C Between F & C Real, inverted, diminished
Concave Mirror At C At C Real, inverted, same size
Concave Mirror Between C & F Beyond C Real, inverted, enlarged
Concave Mirror Between F & P Behind mirror Virtual, erect, enlarged
Convex Mirror Anywhere Between P & F (behind) Virtual, erect, diminished
Convex Lens At ∞ At F Real, inverted, point
Convex Lens Between F & 2F Beyond 2F Real, inverted, enlarged
Convex Lens Between F & O Same side Virtual, erect, enlarged
Concave Lens Anywhere Between F & O Virtual, erect, diminished