FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUNELVELI

(An Autonomous Institution)

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2025-26/ODD BATCH: 2022-26 SEM: 07

Course Code / Name: 21EE7601 / RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

QUESTION BANK

Unit II – WIND ENERGY

Properties of wind, availability of wind energy in India, Power in the Wind –

Types of Wind Power Plants (WPPs)–Components of WPPs-Working of WPPs-
Siting of WPPs-Grid integration issues of WPPs

Course Outcome – CO2: Get adequate inputs on a variety of issues in harnessing

renewable Energy

Important Topics:

Topic 1 – Properties of wind, availability of wind energy in India

Topic 2 – Power in the Wind – Types of Wind Power Plants (WPPs)

Topic 3 – Components of WPPs-Working of WPPs

Topic 4 – Siting of WPPs, Grid integration issues of WPPs.

PART – A

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List the two important wind turbine generator installations
1. 2 T1 2 K1 C 1.3.1
in India.
You are a electrical engineering student working on a
2. project to design a small-scale wind turbine for a 2 T1 2 K4 C 5.3.1
community. You need to determine the optimal tip speed
ratio (TSR) for your turbine to ensure it operates efficiently.
List any two key properties of wind that influence wind
3. energy generation and mention two states in India with high 2 T1 2 K1 C 1.1.1
wind energy potential.
Differentiate between onshore and offshore wind power
4. 2 T2 2 K2 C 2.2.1
plants based on their location and typical wind availability.
5. write the equation for the maximum output power (Pm) of 2 T2 2 K1 F 5.3.1
 wind turbine
You are an environmental engineering student working on
a research project about renewable energy sources. Your
6. task is to analyze different types of wind power plants and 2 T2 2 K4 C 1.4.1
recommend the most suitable type for a coastal city that
aims to maximize its renewable energy output while
minimizing costs and environmental impact.
You are an engineering student tasked with presenting a
report on the design and functionality of a wind power plant
7. for a class project. Your report should cover the main 2 T3 2 K2 C 5.3.1
components and their roles in the operation of the wind
power plant.
you are tasked with explaining the production of local
winds to a group of middle school students during a field
8. 2 T3 2 K2 C 1.3.1
trip to a coastal area. The students are particularly
interested in understanding sea breezes and land breezes.
9. Deduce the grid integration issues of WPPs 2 T4 2 K5 P 2.2.4
You are a renewable energy consultant hired by a city
planning committee to recommend a suitable site for a
10. new wind farm. The committee is considering several 2 T4 2 K3 C 2.2.3
potential sites and needs a comprehensive analysis to
make an informed decision.

PART – B
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Given a wind turbine with a blade length of 40 meters,
rotating at 20 revolutions per minute (RPM), and an
1. i) average wind speed of 10 meters per second, calculate the
6 T1 2 K3 C 1.4.1
tip speed ratio (TSR). How does this TSR affect the
turbine's efficiency?
ii) How can the town transition to wind power, and what
steps should be taken to maximize the benefits and 7 T1 2 K2 C
1.3.1
address potential challenges?

Transition of a Town to Wind Power

1. Resource Assessment (1 mark)

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 Conduct wind surveys to measure average wind

speed, direction, and consistency.
 Identify suitable sites (open fields, coastal areas,
hilltops).

2. Planning & Infrastructure (1 mark)

 Decide on scale: utility-scale wind farms or

community/rooftop turbines.
 Upgrade grid infrastructure for variable power
integration.

3. Policy & Finance (1 mark)

 Secure government subsidies, tax incentives, and

loans.
 Form public–private partnerships to reduce cost
burden.

4. Technology & Installation (1 mark)

 Select modern, efficient wind turbines with optimal

Tip Speed Ratio (TSR).
 Ensure proper transportation, foundation, and grid
connection.

5. Environmental & Social Considerations (1

mark)

 Minimize impacts on wildlife, noise, and land use.

 Engage with local community to create awareness,
acceptance, and job opportunities.

6. Operation & Maintenance (1 mark)

 Establish regular monitoring, predictive

maintenance, and skilled workforce training.
 Integrate smart grid and storage systems for
reliability.

7. Maximizing Benefits & Addressing

Challenges (1 mark)

 Benefits: Clean energy, reduced fossil fuel

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dependence, lower emissions, local employment.

 Challenges: Intermittency, visual/noise concerns, land
use conflicts → solved by hybrid systems, storage
(batteries/pumped hydro), and community
engagement.

✅ Final Note:
A town can successfully transition to wind power through
careful planning, supportive policies, modern
technology, and active community participation,
ensuring both sustainability and reliability.

2. i) What methods can the town use to measure wind speed, 6 T1 2 K2 C 2.2.4
and how do these methods ensure accurate and reliable
data for the wind farm project?

Methods to Measure Wind Speed & Their Importance

1. Anemometers (2 marks)

Cup anemometer – most common, measures wind speed

based on cup rotation.

Propeller / vane anemometer – measures both speed and

direction.

Provides continuous, real-time data for long-term

monitoring.
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2. LIDAR & SODAR Systems (2 marks)

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Uses laser beams

to measure wind speed at different heights.

SODAR (Sonic Detection and Ranging): Uses sound

waves to estimate wind profile.

These give high-altitude wind data (up to several hundred

meters), which is crucial for large turbines.

3. Meteorological (Met) Masts (2 marks)

Tall towers equipped with anemometers, wind vanes, and

data loggers.

Collects long-term wind data (1–2 years) at hub height,

ensuring realistic energy yield predictions.

4. Accuracy & Reliability (1 mark)

Using a combination of methods reduces error.

Long-term monitoring helps account for seasonal

variations.

Calibrated instruments and data validation ensure

trustworthy results for investment and design.
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✅ Final Answer (Summary):

The town can measure wind speed using cup/propeller
anemometers, tall meteorological masts, and advanced
remote sensing methods like LIDAR and SODAR. These
methods ensure accurate and reliable data by capturing
both surface and hub-height wind profiles, validating
long-term patterns, and minimizing measurement errors
—thus supporting a successful wind farm project.

ii) Analyze the benefits and potential drawbacks of offshore 7 T1 2 K4 C 2.2.4

wind farms compared to onshore installations.

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ii) Benefits and Drawbacks of Offshore vs Onshore Wind

Farms

Benefits of Offshore Wind Farms:

Offshore locations experience higher and steadier wind

speeds, leading to greater power output and efficiency.

Large-scale turbines can be installed without land-use

conflicts, saving agricultural and residential land.

Offshore farms reduce visual and noise pollution for

communities, improving public acceptance.
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They contribute significantly to renewable energy targets

and carbon reduction.

Potential Drawbacks:

Offshore wind farms involve higher installation and

maintenance costs due to challenging marine conditions.

Technical difficulties in foundation construction,

transmission cabling, and accessibility increase complexity.

Harsh sea environment can cause faster wear, corrosion, and

higher maintenance needs.

Potential ecological impacts on marine life, navigation, and

fishing activities must be carefully assessed.

Conclusion: Offshore wind farms provide higher energy

potential and reduced land conflict compared to onshore
sites, but they face greater technical, environmental, and
economic challenges. A balanced approach considering both
options is vital for sustainable energy planning.

3. A renewable energy company is planning to install wind

turbines in a hilly region with varying wind speeds 13 T2 2 K3 F 3.2.2
throughout the year. They need to estimate the potential
power output of the wind turbines to determine the
feasibility of the project.
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Estimating Potential Power Output of Wind Turbines in a
Hilly Region

1. Wind Resource Assessment

Install meteorological masts or use LIDAR/SODAR to

measure wind speed, direction, and turbulence at hub
height.

Collect data for at least 12–24 months to capture seasonal

variations in hilly terrain.

2. Statistical Analysis of Wind Data

Apply Weibull distribution to model wind speed

frequency over the year.

Use wind shear laws to extrapolate wind speed at

different heights.

This helps to predict wind availability at turbine hub

height accurately.

3. Power Output Estimation

Use the turbine power curve (supplied by manufacturer)

to calculate output at different wind speeds.

Annual Energy Production (AEP) is estimated by

combining power curve with wind distribution:

\text{AEP} = 8760 \int_0^\infty P(V)f(V)\,dV

4. Adjustment for Losses

Consider wake losses, electrical losses, maintenance

downtime, and grid curtailment.
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Subtracting these gives the net AEP, which reflects

realistic output.

Calculate capacity factor by comparing actual energy

production with maximum possible output.

5. Economic Feasibility

Convert AEP into revenue estimates using energy tariffs.

Evaluate project using Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE),

payback period, and IRR.

In hilly regions, also assess construction costs, foundation

stability, and accessibility.

6. Conclusion

By combining long-term measurements, statistical

modeling, turbine power curves, and loss analysis, the
company can accurately estimate power output. This
ensures a clear understanding of both technical feasibility
and economic viability of wind power in the hilly region.

4. A government agency is deciding between constructing a 13 T2 2 K3 P 2.2.4

wind power plant and a fossil fuel power plant to meet
increasing energy demands in a region with diverse
environmental

Decision Between Wind Power Plant and Fossil Fuel

Power Plant
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1. Energy Demand and Resource Availability

Wind Power Plant: Utilizes renewable wind resources;

depends on local wind potential, which may vary
seasonally.

Fossil Fuel Plant: Provides stable and continuous output

but requires reliable supply of coal, oil, or natural gas.

2. Environmental Impact

Wind: Clean energy, no greenhouse gas emissions during

operation, minimal water usage.

Fossil Fuels: High CO₂ emissions, air pollution (SO₂,

NOx, particulate matter), and water contamination;
contributes to climate change.

3. Economic Considerations

Wind: Higher initial capital cost but lower operating

costs; fuel is free. Over time, Levelized Cost of Energy
(LCOE) decreases.

Fossil Fuels: Lower installation cost but high recurring

fuel cost; subject to price fluctuations in global markets.

4. Reliability and Grid Integration

Wind: Intermittent supply, requires storage or backup

sources to ensure continuous power. Smart grids and
hybrid systems can mitigate variability.

Fossil Fuels: Provides consistent base-load power, easier

for grid stability.
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5. Social and Policy Factors

Wind: Creates green jobs, aligns with government

renewable energy targets, and gains public support due to
eco-friendly image.

Fossil Fuels: Faster deployment in some cases, but faces

opposition due to pollution and land degradation.

6. Long-Term Sustainability

Wind: Sustainable and reduces dependence on finite

resources.

Fossil Fuels: Unsustainable in the long run due to

resource depletion and environmental costs.

7. Conclusion

While fossil fuel plants can provide immediate and

reliable energy, their long-term environmental and
economic drawbacks are significant. Wind power, though
variable, offers a cleaner, more sustainable solution and is
better aligned with future energy security and climate
goals. A balanced strategy may involve wind power as
the primary source, supported by storage systems or
hybrid solutions to address intermittency.

5. Analyze the role of the gearbox in increasing the rotational 13 T3 2 K4 F 3.2.3

speed for efficient electricity generation in components

Role of Gearbox in Wind Turbines

1. Purpose of the Gearbox

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The wind turbine rotor turns slowly (10–30 rpm for large
blades).

The generator requires a much higher speed (typically

1000–1800 rpm) to generate electricity efficiently.

The gearbox bridges this gap by increasing the low-speed

shaft rotation to high-speed rotation suitable for the
generator.

2. Working Principle

The rotor is connected to the low-speed shaft.

Through a set of gears (planetary and helical stages), the

gearbox steps up the rpm.

Output is transferred to the high-speed shaft, which drives

the generator.

3. Efficiency in Electricity Generation

By raising rotational speed, the generator can operate

closer to its optimal design point, maximizing power
conversion.

Maintains a balance between torque and speed so that

energy from the wind is effectively transmitted.
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4. Components of the Gearbox

Low-speed shaft gear (connected to rotor).

Intermediate gear stages (to gradually increase rpm).

High-speed shaft gear (connected to generator).

Lubrication and cooling systems for smooth operation.

5. Advantages

Enables use of smaller, cost-effective generators.

Provides stable generator operation even with varying

rotor speeds.

6. Challenges

Gearboxes are subject to mechanical stress, vibration, and

wear, leading to high maintenance costs.

Failures can cause significant turbine downtime.

Modern designs sometimes adopt direct-drive (gearless)

generators to avoid gearbox issues, though these are more
expensive and larger.

7. Conclusion
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The gearbox plays a critical role in matching rotor speed to
generator requirements, ensuring efficient electricity
generation in wind turbines. However, maintenance and
reliability challenges have encouraged research into
gearless alternatives.

6. Explain how a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 13 T3 2 K4 P 1.3.

can be utilized in the community’s wind farm project, 1
addressing both technical and environmental
considerations

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Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) in a Community

Wind Farm Project

1. Introduction

A Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) converts the

kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy through
turbine blades and then into electrical energy using a
generator. In a community wind farm project, WECS serves
as the core technology to harness renewable power
sustainably.

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2. Technical Considerations

Site Selection & Wind Assessment: Install WECS in areas

with reliable wind speeds (measured using anemometers,
LIDAR, or met masts).

Turbine Components: Includes rotor blades, gearbox (or

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direct-drive system), generator, controller, and tower.

Grid Integration: Power electronics (inverters, converters)

ensure frequency and voltage compatibility with the local
grid.

Energy Storage: Batteries or hybrid systems may be added

to balance intermittency and provide reliable supply.

Operation & Maintenance: Regular inspection of blades,

gearbox, lubrication, and electrical systems ensures
efficiency and longevity.

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3. Environmental Considerations

Positive Impacts:

Reduces greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels.

Conserves water compared to thermal power plants.

Provides clean, renewable energy for the community.

Challenges:

Noise pollution and visual impact on landscapes.

Potential risk to birds and bats if not properly sited.

Land use concerns in sensitive ecosystems.

Mitigation Measures: Careful site selection, environmental

impact assessments (EIA), proper turbine spacing, and
wildlife monitoring minimize negative effects.
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4. Community Benefits

Provides local, sustainable power supply and reduces

dependence on imported fuels.

Creates employment opportunities in installation,

operation, and maintenance.

Encourages community participation and ownership,

leading to social acceptance.

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5. Conclusion

By integrating WECS in the community’s wind farm project,

the town can achieve clean energy production, reduced
carbon footprint, and economic benefits. Addressing
technical requirements such as grid integration and
maintenance, along with environmental safeguards,
ensures that the system is both efficient and sustainable.

7. Compare and contrast the implications of urban versus

rural site selection for wind power plants, considering 2
13 T4 K4 P 1.3.2
factors like land use, infrastructure, and community
engagement.

Comparison of Urban vs Rural Site Selection for Wind

Power Plants

1. Land Use

Urban Sites: Limited space, high population density, and

competing land demands (residential, commercial).
Difficult to set up large turbines. Suitable mainly for small
rooftop or distributed wind systems.
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Rural Sites: Abundant open land with fewer obstructions;

ideal for large-scale wind farms. Land leasing provides
income to farmers without displacing agriculture.

2. Infrastructure

Urban Sites: Well-developed grid and transport

infrastructure for electricity distribution, but turbine
transport and installation are challenging due to narrow
roads and congested spaces.

Rural Sites: Easier turbine installation and land availability,

but may require new transmission lines, substations, and
roads, increasing initial costs.

3. Wind Resource Availability

Urban Sites: Tall buildings create turbulence and reduce

effective wind speeds; generally less efficient for large
turbines.

Rural Sites: Open landscapes and higher elevations (hills,

plains, coastal areas) allow higher and steadier wind
speeds, improving energy output.

4. Community Engagement

Urban Sites: Residents may oppose projects due to noise,

aesthetics, and safety concerns. Engagement requires
strong awareness programs and demonstration of benefits
like green energy or reduced bills.
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Rural Sites: Communities are more accepting if economic
benefits (land rent, jobs, local development) are shared.
However, concerns about wildlife impact or land rights
must be addressed.

5. Environmental and Social Impact

Urban Sites: Minimal impact on natural habitats, but may

cause disturbance in densely populated neighborhoods.

Rural Sites: Potential effects on birds, bats, and ecosystems;

requires environmental impact assessment and mitigation.

6. Conclusion

Urban wind projects are best suited for small-scale

distributed generation, leveraging existing grid
infrastructure but facing space and social acceptance
challenges. Rural sites, by contrast, are better for large-
scale wind farms with higher resource potential, though
they demand more investment in transmission and careful
environmental management. A balanced approach—using
rural areas for large farms and urban areas for community-
scale projects—can maximize benefits.

8. A coastal city is planning to install a large offshore wind

power plant to meet its renewable energy targets. They 2
13 T4 K4 C 3.2.3
are concerned about the challenges of integrating this
new source of energy into the existing electrical grid.
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Offshore Wind Power Plant Integration into Electrical

Grid

1. Introduction

A coastal city installing a large offshore wind farm can

significantly advance renewable energy targets. However,
integrating offshore wind into the existing grid poses
technical and operational challenges that must be
carefully addressed.

2. Technical Challenges

Transmission Distance: Offshore turbines are located far

from shore, requiring submarine cables (AC or HVDC) to
deliver power to the grid.

Grid Stability: Offshore wind is intermittent and variable,

which may cause frequency and voltage fluctuations.

Reactive Power and Power Quality: Long transmission

lines affect voltage regulation, demanding reactive power
compensation.

Infrastructure Upgrades: Existing grid capacity may be

insufficient to handle large offshore generation, requiring
reinforcement of substations and distribution networks.

3. Solutions and Integration Strategies

Use of HVDC Transmission: High Voltage Direct

Current (HVDC) links minimize losses over long
distances and improve stability.
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Smart Grid & Energy Storage: Batteries, pumped hydro,
or other storage systems can smooth variability and
ensure reliable supply.

Grid Code Compliance: Offshore plants must follow

standards for fault ride-through, voltage control, and
frequency response.

Hybrid Systems: Combining offshore wind with other

renewables or flexible generation reduces intermittency.

Forecasting Systems: Accurate short-term and long-term

wind forecasting helps grid operators plan power
dispatch.

4. Environmental and Social Considerations

Offshore integration reduces dependence on fossil fuels

and lowers emissions.

Local communities benefit from clean energy and job

creation, but care must be taken to address marine
ecosystem impacts and ensure public acceptance of new
transmission lines.

5. Conclusion

While integrating offshore wind power into the grid

presents challenges such as transmission losses,
variability, and infrastructure requirements, these can be
overcome with advanced transmission technology
(HVDC), smart grid systems, storage solutions, and
robust planning. This ensures that the coastal city
achieves its renewable energy targets in a sustainable and
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reliable manner.

PART – C
Max.
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1 A small coastal town is considering investing in wind 15 T2 2 K4 C 1.4.1
energy to supplement its electricity supply. The town is
evaluating two different types of wind turbines: Vertical
Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) and Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines (HAWT). The town's council needs to
understand the differences between these two types of
turbines to make an informed decision.

Comparison of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) and

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

1. Introduction

A coastal town evaluating wind energy must compare

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) and Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines (HAWT), as both designs differ in structure,
performance, cost, and suitability to site conditions.

2. Design and Orientation

VAWT: Rotor shaft is vertical; blades rotate around a

vertical axis (e.g., Darrieus and Savonius types).

HAWT: Rotor shaft is horizontal; blades rotate around a

horizontal axis facing the wind (like a traditional windmill).
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3. Wind Direction and Placement

VAWT: Can capture wind from any direction, eliminating

the need for yaw mechanisms. Performs better in turbulent
winds, common in urban/coastal areas.

HAWT: Requires wind to hit blades head-on; uses yaw

systems to align with wind. Performs best in open, steady
wind conditions.

4. Efficiency and Power Output

VAWT: Generally less efficient (30–40%) because part of

the blade always moves against the wind. Suitable for small-
scale power generation.

HAWT: More efficient (40–50%), producing higher power

output. Preferred for large-scale wind farms.

5. Installation and Maintenance

VAWT: Generator and gearbox can be placed at ground

level → easier maintenance. Structure is shorter, less
visually intrusive.

HAWT: Generator is mounted on top of tall towers →

maintenance is more complex. Requires cranes and higher
costs.

6. Cost Considerations

VAWT: Lower installation costs; suitable for small

community projects.
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HAWT: Higher capital costs but provides better long-term
returns due to higher efficiency and larger scale.

7. Environmental and Social Impact

VAWT: Lower noise, less bird collision risk, visually less

obtrusive.

HAWT: Higher noise levels, larger visual impact, but widely

adopted due to proven reliability.

8. Conclusion

VAWT is more suitable for small-scale, community-based

projects in turbulent or space-limited areas.

HAWT is the better option for large-scale, high-efficiency

electricity generation in open coastal areas with steady
winds.
The town’s choice should depend on whether they want a
community-scale project (VAWT) or a grid-scale project
(HAWT).

2 Explain the potential environmental impacts associated 15 T4 2 K2 C 2.2.4

with the installation of the wind power plant in the coastal
community, and propose measures to mitigate these
impacts..

Environmental Impacts of Installing a Wind Power

Plant in a Coastal Community

1. Introduction
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While wind power is a clean and renewable energy
source, installing a coastal wind power plant can have
certain environmental impacts that must be addressed
for sustainable development.

2. Potential Environmental Impacts

1. Marine Ecosystem Disturbance

Offshore and near-shore foundations may disturb fish

habitats, seabed ecosystems, and marine biodiversity.

2. Bird and Bat Collisions

Turbines can pose risks to migratory birds and bats

common along coastal flight paths.

3. Noise Pollution

Low-frequency noise and vibrations may affect nearby

residents and marine animals.

4. Visual and Aesthetic Impact

Tall turbines may alter the coastal landscape, affecting

tourism and community acceptance.

5. Construction Impacts

Installation activities, such as pile driving and cable

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laying, can cause temporary water pollution and
disrupt marine life.

6. Electromagnetic Interference

Submarine cables may generate electromagnetic fields

that affect certain marine species’ navigation.

3. Mitigation Measures

1. Careful Site Selection

Avoid key migratory bird paths, marine breeding

zones, and sensitive ecosystems.

2. Wildlife Monitoring and Technology

Use radar systems, bird-detecting cameras, and blade-

painting techniques to reduce bird collisions.

3. Noise Control

Employ low-noise turbine designs and limit

construction during sensitive breeding/migration
seasons.

4. Eco-friendly Construction Methods

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Use vibration-reduced pile driving and protective

barriers to minimize underwater noise during
installation.

5. Marine Cable Management

Proper shielding and burial of submarine cables

reduce electromagnetic impacts on marine species.

6. Community Engagement

Involve local residents in planning, provide

transparent communication, and offer economic
benefits to offset visual concerns.

4. Conclusion

Wind power plants in coastal areas bring significant

renewable energy benefits but can affect ecosystems,
wildlife, and community aesthetics. By adopting
responsible site selection, wildlife protection
measures, noise reduction strategies, and community
participation, these impacts can be effectively
mitigated, ensuring both sustainability and public
acceptance.
 Part A Part B Part C
Topic No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total
Questions Marks Questions Marks Questions Marks
Topic 1 –
Properties of
wind,
availability of 3 6 2 26
wind energy
in India

Topic 2 –
Power in the
Wind – Types
of Wind 3 6 2 26 1 15
Power Plants
(WPPs)

Topic 3 –
Components
of WPPs-
2 4 2 26 1
Working of
WPPs-,

Topic 4 –
Siting of
WPPs, Grid
integration 2 4 2 26 1 15
issues of
WPPs.

TOTAL 10 20 8 104 3 30