General Safe Work

Practices
Program Manual

2021

General Safe Work Practices Program 1

 Table of Contents
Purpose 3

Accident and Injury Reporting 4

Aerial Lift Guidelines 5

Confined Space Entry 6-11

Electrical Safety 12-20

Fall Protection 21-25

Forklift Safety 26-28

Gantry Cranes and Hoists 29-34

Lock Out / Tag Out 35-37

Personal Protective Equipment 38-41

Scaffolding Guidelines 42

Slips, Trips, and Falls 43

Ergonomics 44

General Safe Work Practices Program 2

 University of Alabama at Birmingham
General Safe Work Practices Program Manual
General and Occupational Safety at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is governed
by federal, state, and local standards, including University Policies and University Standard
Operating Guidelines/Procedures. The office of Environmental Health and Safety (Campus Safety)
is responsible for the day-to-day accident prevention, inspection, and program oversight. However,
each and every individual, whether faculty, staff, student, or visitor on UAB’s campus shares a
role in overall occupational safety.

Program Requirements
The basis for the General and Occupational Safety program at UAB is provided for by University
Policies and Guidelines/Procedures.

Applicable Codes & Standards

The University of Alabama at Birmingham is governed by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration standards. It is important to note that these codes are not all-inclusive, and that
other codes and standards may also apply. Some of these include, but are not limited to:
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• National Fire Protection Administration (NFPA)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

General Safe Work Practices Program

The General Safe Work Practices Program at UAB involves numerous activities, programs, and
procedures to help ensure that our campus is a safe place to work, live, and play. These program
areas include accident prevention, training, education, and risk assessment to properly mitigate
hazards. The following information is provided as a general guideline for
activities associated with general safety. Additional information may be obtained by contacting
Environmental Health and Safety at 205-934-2487 or [Link] Links are
provided throughout this document.

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Accident and Injury Reporting

Procedures for Reporting

• Employees should report on-the-job accidents as soon as possible to their immediate
supervisor. This reporting should occur whether or not medical treatment is necessary.
• When an accident occurs, the employee’s supervisor or lead employee should investigate
the accident. The area where the accident occurred should be viewed and statements should
be obtained from any witnesses. Questions regarding the accident/incident report should
be directed to the Risk Management office.
• Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) shall review all Workers Compensation claims
and shall investigate those where a hazard is present, where appropriate safety procedures
were not followed or where personal protective equipment was not used or was defective.
• The Risk Management office may forward other claims (property loss, visitor accidents)
and incident reports to Campus EHS for review and investigation.
• If the incident resulted in, or had the potential to result in, a serious injury or property
loss, it should be reported to EHS.
• If any action is necessary resulting from the investigation conducted by EHS, the
findings will be forward to the appropriate supervisor and/or department head.
• EHS shall investigate chemical spills/releases and fires.

Supplemental Forms: Incident reporting form Risk Management

[Link]

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Aerial Lift Guidelines

Work activities that are performed with an aerial lift must be in conformance with the
manufacturer and General Industry standards.

Basic Requirements
The basic requirements for operating an aerial lift include, but are not limited to:
• Initial training is required to operate aerial lifts. A certified trainer will be responsible for
training employees in the correct use and safety precautions for the specific equipment
(i.e., a certified employee or equipment supplier / manufacturer.)
• Articulated and extensible boom platforms must have both platform (operator controls)
and lower controls (on the body of the lift.)
• The operator must test the controls each day to determine that the controls are in safe
working condition.
• The operator must stand firmly on the floor of the basket and must not sit or climb on the
railings or on the edge of the basket or use planks, ladders or other devices for a higher
work position.
• Body harnesses must be worn with a lanyard attached to the boom. The point of attachment
must be the designated loop on the aerial lift's boom or work platform. Personnel cannot
attach lanyards to adjacent poles, structures or equipment while they are working from the
aerial lift.
• An aerial lift may not be moved when the boom is elevated in a working position with the
operator in the basket, except for equipment which is specifically designed for this type of
operation.

Employees who use aerial lifts shall be knowledgeable of the following:

• The manufacturer's operating instructions
• Pre-start inspection of the aerial lift
• Inspection of the work area for dangerous conditions such as uneven surfaces,
overhead obstructions, such as power lines, or other hazards
• Load capacities of the equipment, including the employee and all tools and materials
• How to safely move the equipment
• Training on how to prevent falls and use appropriate fall protection personal
protective equipment
• Minimum safe approach distances to energized power lines

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Confined Space Entry

Purpose
To protect employees from the hazards of entry into confined spaces at UAB

Scope
To establish requirements, practices and procedures for confined space entry for all
UAB employees and contractors

Responsibilities
UAB employees and contractors will follow required confined space work procedures and use the
appropriate personal protective equipment. Departmental supervisors have the responsibility for
ensuring permits are properly issued and adhere to safe work practices. When assistance is needed
or procedures need assessment, EHS (Campus Safety) should be consulted prior to beginning any
work.

Definitions
Authorized Entrant (Entrant):
• An employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit-required confined space
• Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information of the signs
or symptoms and consequences of the exposure
• Communicates with the attendant, as necessary, to enable the attendant to monitor
entrant status and to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space

Attendant:
• An individual stationed outside one or more permit-required confined spaces who
monitors the authorized entrants and performs all assigned attendant’s duties
• Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information of the signs
or symptoms and consequences of the exposure
• Continuously maintains an accurate count of entrants in the permit space
• Communicates with entrants, as necessary, to monitor entrant status and alert
entrants of the need to evacuate the space if necessary
• Summons rescue and other emergency services as soon as the attendant determines that
authorized entrants may need assistance to escape the confined space hazards
• Warns the unauthorized persons that they must stay away from the permitted confined
space

Bump Test: A method of verifying instrument accuracy. A bump test verifies calibration by exposing
the instrument to a known concentration of test gas. The instrument reading is compared to the actual
quantity of gas present (as indicated on the cylinder). If the instrument’s response is within an
acceptable tolerance range of the actual concentration, then its calibration is verified.
Note: It is recommended that users check with the detection equipment manufacturer for the
acceptable tolerance ranges. Instruments should be “zeroed” before the bump test in order to give

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a more accurate picture of the bump test results. When performing a bump test, the test gas
concentration should be high enough to trigger the instrument alarm.

Calibration: A method designed to adjust of the instrument’s reading to coincide with a known
concentration (generally a certified standard) of test gas. In most cases, a full calibration is only
necessary when an instrument fails a bump test or after it has been serviced. The full calibration
and bump test should be conducted in a clean fresh air environment.

Confined Space:
• A space that is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter
and perform assigned work, yet has limited or restricted means for entry or exit
• A confined or enclosed space includes, but is not limited to tanks, vessels, storage bins,
boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults, and tunnels.
• Such space is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

Entry Permit: A form that authorizes entry to a permit-required confined space

Entry Supervisor:
• The person (such as the employer, supervisor) responsible for determining whether
acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is planned, as well as
authorizing entry, overseeing entry operations, and terminating entry, as required
• Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information of the signs or
symptoms and consequences of the exposure
• Verifies (by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit) that all
tests specified by the permit have been conducted and that all procedures and equipment
specified by the permit are in place, before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to
begin
• Terminates the entry and cancels the permit
• Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are
operable
• Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to enter the permit space
during entry operations

Hazardous Atmosphere:
An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risks of death, incapacitation, impairment of
ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:
• Flammable gas, vapor or mist equal to or higher than 10 percent of its lower
explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL)
• Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LEL/LFL
• Atmospheric oxygen concentration equal to or below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent
• Presence of toxic gases (for example, equal to or more than 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
measured as an 8-hour time-weighted average.) If the presence of other toxic contaminants
is suspected, specific monitoring programs will be developed.

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 • Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure
limit (PEL) is published in 29 CFR 1910 Subpart G or in Subpart Z, which could result in
employee exposure in excess of its dose or PEL
• Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH): Any condition that poses an immediate or
delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere
with an individual’s ability to escape unaided from a confined space

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) or Lower Flammable Limit (LFL): The minimum vapor
concentration of flammable liquid in air, below which flame propagation does not occur on contact
with an ignition source

Permit-Required Confined Space (Permit Space) has one or more of the following characteristics:
• Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant
• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller
cross-section
• Contains any additional recognized serious safety or health hazard

Retrieval System: The equipment (including a retrieval line, full -body harness, lifting device or
anchor) used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces

Testing: The process by which hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are identified
and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in the permit space.

Confined Space Entry Procedures

Space Evaluation: All permit-required confined spaces are to be evaluated by an entry

supervisor prior to authorizing an entry.

Permit Required Entry Procedures:

• As a minimum, an entry supervisor, entry attendant and entrant will be designated to
participate in each permit-required confined space entry. Special Note: The entry
supervisor may act as an entry attendant, as well.
• Acquire, inspect and setup all safety equipment required by the permit, including
blowers, full body harness, rescue tripod, and rope or cables.
• The entry supervisor will establish appropriate rescue procedures specific to the space
entry and will list these procedures on the Confined Space Entry Permit.
• All hazardous energy sources will be locked and tagged out. (Refer to the Lockout/Tagout
Procedure.)
• The confined space atmosphere will be tested to determine whether dangerous air
contamination exists and/or if oxygen levels are outside the required range. A direct reading

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 gas monitor will be used. Testing will be performed by the entry supervisor who has
successfully completed the gas detector training for the monitor that will be used. The
minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency or excess, LEL/LFL, H2S and
carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. A written record of the pre-entry test results will
be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees will be
able to review the testing results.
• The entry supervisor will complete and sign the Confined Space Entry Permit prior to space
entry. The permit conditions, entry precautions, and rescue procedures will be reviewed
with the attendant and entrant(s) prior to entry.
• Prior to entry, the attendant will verify that entry conditions are acceptable.
• The entrant must wear retrieval equipment during the entire entry operation.
• The attendant will continuously monitor the portable gas detector and record the
readings every hour, at minimum.
• The entry supervisor and attendants must be in constant communication with the
entrant at all times via radio and/or voice. This must be specified on the permit form.
• An immediate evacuation of the space will be ordered if the safety equipment fails or if
the space becomes, or has the potential to become, immediately hazardous.
• Upon completion of the job, the Entry Supervisor will cancel the permit and ensure that
the completed permit is retained in the department’s records. EHS will periodically
review the permits while auditing the Confined Space Program.

Hazard Control

Monitoring Confined Space Air Quality:

• Prepare the gas detector. A trained and authorized employee, prior to entering a confined
space, will prepare the gas detector by ensuring the device is in good working order, and
will follow the manufacturer instructions for calibration and maintenance requirements of
the equipment.
• Conduct a bump test. Breathe into the gas detector probe and look for a decrease in
oxygen concentration – the detector should alarm due to the lack of oxygen.
• Sample the air quality of the space. This is done by slightly moving the lid (horizontal
entry) or by testing the space through a hole in the lid (if available) before completely
opening the space (vertical entry.)
• Lower the probe slowly into the space, allowing time for the instrument to detect
atmospheric changes at different vertical heights within the space (vertical entry.)
• Measure in the following order and record the results on the Confined Space Entry Permit:
 Oxygen
 LEL/LFL
 H2S
 CO
• Lock and tag out all hazardous energy sources. (Refer to the Lockout/Tagout Procedure.)
• Test the confined space atmosphere. The confined space atmosphere will be tested to determine
whether dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen levels exists. A direct reading gas monitor will

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 be used. Testing will be performed by the entry supervisor who has successfully completed the gas
detector training for the monitor to be used. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen
deficiency or excess, LEL/LFL, H2S and CO concentrations. A written record of the pre-entry test
results will be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees will be
able to review the testing results.
• Complete and sign the Confined Space Entry Permit. This will be done by the entry
supervisor prior to space entry. The permit conditions, entry precautions, and rescue
procedures will be reviewed with the attendant and entrant(s) prior to entry.
• Verify that the entry conditions are acceptable. This will be done by the attendant.
• Wear retrieval equipment during the entire entry operation. This will be done by the
entrant.
• Continuously monitor the portable gas detector and record the readings every hour
(minimum). This will be done by the attendant.
• Ensure ongoing communication. The attendant must be in constant communication with
the entrants at all times via radio and/or voice. This must be specified on the permit form.
• Order an immediate evacuation, if needed. An immediate evacuation of the space will be
ordered if the safety equipment fails or if the space becomes, or has the potential to become,
immediately hazardous.
• Cancel the permit. Upon completion of the job, the entry supervisor will cancel the
permit and ensure that the completed permit is retained in the department’s records.
• The gas detector will remain on during the entire entry operation and will be regularly
inspected by the attendant. The attendant will also record the gas readings on the record
sheet at a minimum of one-hour intervals or after breaks (e.g., lunch, etc.) before re-
entering the space.
• Entry operations will cease, and entry personnel will be removed if the
following concentrations are exceeded any time:
 Oxygen readings less than 19.5% or greater than 23.5%
 Combustible gas reading equal to or greater than 10% LEL/LFL
 H2S reading equal to or greater than 10 ppm
 CO reading greater than 50 ppm

Ventilating a Confined Space

• Set up one or more blowers to provide adequate ventilation for the space. Ventilation
must be forced draft discharge of clean air into the space (not exhaust of the space.)
• Ensure that ventilation air supply is from a clean source. Allow enough time for
blowers to clear the space before entering.
• After a suitable ventilating period, repeat the testing. Entry may not begin until testing
has demonstrated that the hazardous atmosphere has been eliminated.
• Ensure that the blowers remain on during the entire entry operation. If the blower fails,
the entrant must leave the space immediately.

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Emergency Rescue from Permit Required Confined Spaces
Only specifically designated rescuers may attempt to conduct a confined space rescue or retrieval.
If at any time rescue or retrieval of the confined space entrant is necessary, the attendant or entry
supervisor MUST IMMEDIATELY CALL the City of Birmingham Fire Department at 911 or
UAB Police (205) 934-3535. A follow-up call must also be made to the UAB EHS office at (205)
934-2487.

Retrieval equipment is required for all permit required vertical entries.

• Retrieval equipment will include (but not limited to) the following:
 Rescue harness
 Rescue tripod
 Rope or cable
• The entry supervisor will notify EHS department immediately in an emergency.
• All persons involved in the confined space entry must have received training.
• At least one member of the rescue team must be certified in first aid and CPR.

Training
Prior to performing confined space work, all UAB employees who participate in confined space
entries (including entry supervisor, entrants and attendants) must receive training. Refresher
training will be provided annually.

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Electrical Safety

Purpose
To ensure that UAB employees, students and visitors health and safety are protected during any
electrical work activity or exposure

Scope
These guidelines apply to all UAB personnel and projects involving electrical work activity or
exposure.

Responsibilities

Supervisor
• Maintain a safe work environment and to assist in verifying that electrical equipment is
installed in accordance with applicable codes
• Ensure the safety of their employees and mitigate hazards within their area of
responsibility
• Provide awareness training to all employees and to observe their work practices

EHS
• Assist in the coordination of the appropriate training for qualified and unqualified workers
• To provide electrical safety guidelines that is necessary for the practical safeguarding
of employees in their workplaces
• Conduct periodic inspections of work sites to assure that electrical safety guidelines are
being followed and provide assistance with corrective actions that may be necessary

Employee Responsibility
• Test electrical equipment when de-energized
• Understand and follow the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), regulatory codes
and standards prior to performing electrical work
• Be aware of potential electrical hazards
• Use non-conducting or insulated tools and the proper personal protective equipment
(PPE) when working around electricity
• Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead power lines
• Never use damaged power tools/electrical cords
• Do not touch wet electric tools, equipment, or cords
• Have knowledge and understand the emergency procedures
• Immediately report any work-related injury/illness

Definitions
Arcing: A type of continuous electric discharge, giving intense light and heat, formed between
two electrodes in a gas at low pressure or in open air

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Authorized Lockout/Tagout Employee: A person who has completed the required hazardous
energy control (LOTO) training and is authorized to lockout or tagout a specific machine or
equipment to perform service or maintenance

Confined space: An enclosed space which has limited egress and access, and has an atmospheric
hazard

De-energized electrical work: Electrical work that is performed on equipment that has been
previously energized and is now free from any electrical connection

Disconnecting/isolating switch: A device designed to close and/or open an electric circuit

Energized electrical work: Repair, maintenance, troubleshooting, or testing on electrical circuits,

components, or systems while energized/live

Energy source: Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or
other energy

Exposed electrical parts: Energized parts that can be inadvertently touched or approached nearer
than a safe distance by a person. Parts not suitably guarded, isolated, or insulated. (i.e., terminal
contacts/ lugs, bare wiring, etc.)

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): A device whose function is to interrupt the electric circuit
to the load when a fault current to ground exceeds a predetermined value that is less than that is
required to operate the over-current protective device of the supply circuit

Ground: A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit

or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth

Hazardous location: An area in which an airborne flammable dust, vapor or gas may be present
and would represent a hazard if a source of ignition were present (see National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) Class I & II and Division 1 & 2)

High voltage: Circuits with a nominal voltage more than 600 volts

Interlock: An electrical, mechanical, or key-locked device intended to prevent an undesired

sequence of operations

Isolating power system: A system comprising an isolating transformer or its equivalent, a line
isolation monitor, and its ungrounded circuit conductors

Life safety equipment: Equipment that provides critical protection for safety, in the event of an
emergency or other serious hazard
Lockout: The placement of a lock on an energy-isolating device according to procedure, ensuring

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that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the
lockout device is removed

Lockout/Tagout: A standard that covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment
in which the unexpected re-energization of the equipment or release of stored energy could cause
injury to employees. Tagout - The placement of a tagout device on an energy- isolating device
according to procedure to indicate that the equipment may not be operated until the tagout device
is removed

Low voltage: Circuits with a nominal voltage less than or equal to 600 volts

Switching devices: Devices designed to close and/or open one or more electric circuits. Included
in this category are circuit breakers, cutouts, disconnecting (or isolating) switches, disconnecting
means, interrupter switches, and oil (filled) cutouts

Outlet: A point of the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment

Over-current: Any current in excess of the rated current of equipment of the capacity of a
conductor. It may result from overload, short circuit, or ground fault

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Employees who work directly with electricity should use
the PPE required for the jobs they perform. This equipment may include rubber insulating gloves,
hoods, sleeves, matting, blankets, line hose, and industrial protective helmets designed to reduce
electric shock hazard.

Qualified person: One who has received training in and has demonstrated skills and knowledge
in the construction and operation of electric equipment and installations and the hazards
involved. Note 1: A worker can be considered qualified with regard to certain equipment in the
workplace, but “unqualified” as to other equipment. Note 2: An employee who in undergoing on-
the-job training and who, in the course of such training, has demonstrated an ability to perform
duties safely at his or her level of training and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified
person is considered to be a qualified person for the performance of those duties.

Remote-Control Circuit: Any electric circuit that controls any other circuit through a relay or an
equivalent device

Service: The conductors and equipment for delivering energy from the electricity supply system
to the wiring system of the premises served

Service Equipment: The necessary equipment, usually consisting of a circuit breaker or switch and
fuses, and their accessories, located near the entrance of supply conductors to the building and
intended to constitute the main control and means of cutoff to the supply
Voltage: The difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic
circuit, expressed in volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an electric field to cause an

General Safe Work Practices Program 14

electric current in an electrical conductor.

Voltage, nominal: An approximate value assigned to a circuit or system for the purpose of
conveniently designating its voltage class (as 120/240 volts, 480/277 volts, 600 volts). The actual
voltage at which a circuit operates can vary from the nominal with a range that permits satisfactory
operation of equipment

General Requirements

Grounding
Grounding a tool or electrical system means intentionally creating a low-resistance path that
connects to the earth. This prevents the buildup of voltages that could cause an electrical accident.

A service or system ground is designed primarily to protect machines, tools, and insulation against
damage.

An equipment ground helps protect the equipment operator. It furnishes a second path for the
current to pass through from the tool or machine to the ground. This additional ground safeguards
the operator if a malfunction causes the tool’s metal frame to become energized.

Guarding
Guarding involves locating or enclosing electric equipment to make sure people do not
accidentally come into contact with its live parts. Effective guarding requires equipment with
exposed parts operating at 50 volts or more to be placed where it is accessible only to authorized
people qualified to work in it.

Equipment of 50 volts or more shall be guarded against accidental contact by approved

cabinets or other enclosure of or other means, such as:
• By location in a room
• By suitable permanent, substantial partition or screen
• By placement
• By elevation of 8 feet or greater
• Entrances with exposed parts, shall be marked: “Danger”, “Warning” or
“Caution” and “Electrical Equipment – Approved Entrant Only”

Equipment over 600 volts:

• Installation accessible to qualified persons only
• Working spaces must be according to their minimum clearances
Entrances Locked at All Times
Entrances must have warning signs: “Danger”, “Warning” or “Caution”, and beneath that,
appropriate, concise wording that alerts people to the hazard or gives an instruction, such as
“Danger/High Voltage/Keep Out”.

General Safe Work Practices Program 15

Circuit Protection Devises
Circuit protection devices limit or stop the flow of current automatically in the event of a ground
fault, overload, or short circuit in the wiring system. (i.e., fuses, circuit breakers, ground-fault
circuit interrupters, and arc-fault circuit interrupters.)

Fuses and circuit breakers open or break the circuit automatically from too much current flow.
Typically, a fuse then melts, and a circuit breaker trips the circuit open. Fuses and circuit breakers
are designed to protect conductors and equipment. They prevent wires and other components from
overheating and open the circuit when there is a risk of a ground fault.

Ground-fault Circuit Interrupters

GFCIs, are used in wet locations, construction sites, and other high-risk areas. These devices
interrupt the flow of electricity within as little as 1/40th of a second to prevent electrocution. GFCIs
compare the amount of current going into electric equipment with the amount of current returning
from it along the circuit conductors. If the difference exceeds 5 milliamperes, the device
automatically shuts off the electric power.

Arc-fault Device
Arc-fault devices provide protection from the effects of arc-faults by recognizing characteristics
unique to arcing and by functioning to de-energize the circuit when an arc-fault is detected.

Protection

Protection against Electrical Hazards

Safe work practices are a protection, some include:
• De-energizing electric equipment before inspection or repair
• Keeping electric tools properly maintained
• Exercising caution when working near energized line
• Using appropriate protective equipment

Protection against metal parts that become energized

A break in an electric tools or machine insulation can cause its metal parts to become hot or
energized, meaning that they conduct electricity. Touching these energized parts can result in an
electrical shock, burn, or electrocution. The protection when using electrical tools or machines is
to establish a low resistant wire that directs unwanted current directly to the ground.

Protection against unexpected equipment startup

Proper lockout/tagout procedures protect you from the dangers of the accidental/unexpected startup
of electrical equipment. Securing tagging the switch or controls of the machine or equipment being
locked out of service is an identification mark that the equipment or circuits are being inspected or
repaired.
Note: One individual lock and key should be issued to each worker authorized to lock out and tag
the equipment. All employees who repair a given piece of equipment should lock out its switch
with an individual lock. Only authorized workers should be permitted to remove it.

General Safe Work Practices Program 16

(See UAB EHS – General Safety Lockout/Tagout Procedures)

Protection from overhead power lines

Maintain a safe distance to the overhead power lines and for very high-voltage lines. Ground any
equipment, such as cranes, that can become energized.

Employees unqualified to work with electricity, as well as mechanical equipment, should remain
at least 10 feet away from the overhead power lines. If the voltage is more than 50,000 volts, the
clearance increases by 4 inches for each additional 10,000 volts.

Tool Safety

Tools must be maintained regularly to protect workers against electric hazards. Check each tool
before using it. If you find a defect, immediately remove it from service and tag it so no one will
use it until it has been repaired or replaced.

When using a tool to handle energized conductors, check to make sure it is designed and
constructed to withstand the voltages and stresses to which it will be exposed.

Basic Electrical Safety Guide

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be tested prior to its use. (i.e., glove must
be tested to confirm no tears or pin holes.)
• Use protective shields, barriers, or insulating materials when working near
exposed energized parts.
• Ensure all wiring and electrical equipment conforms to all the applicable codes, laws,
regulations, and good practices.
• Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings shall be effectively closed for systems
over 6oo volts.
• Covers for boxes shall be permanently marked “High Voltage”.
• Unless specifically permitted, flexible cords and cables may not be used for the following:
 As a substitute for fixed wiring
 Run through holes in wall, ceilings or floors
 Run through doorway, window or similar areas
 Attached to buildings surfaces
 Concealed behind building walls, ceiling or floor
• Install electrical equipment in accordance with area restrictions based on real or potential
hazards (for example, explosion-proof fixtures, hazardous location classifications, size,
voltage, type, etc.)
• Ensure grounding of all electrical equipment, including powered hand tools. Equip all
electrical equipment with a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).
• Use extension cords only on a temporary basis where fixed wiring is not available. Ensure
that they are free from defects, use only in dry areas. Note: Do not present a trippinghazard.
• Do not use extension cords to lift or pull equipment. Never tie extension cords or knot them

General Safe Work Practices Program 17

 together as this increases the rated resistance and places undue stress upon the insulation
and or insulators.
• Label electrical equipment.
 All circuitry must be accurately and clearly labeled.
 Mark all disconnecting means, circuitry and/or over-current devices to indicate their
purpose.
 Electrical panels, main switches, and transformers must be labeled as to their voltage,
current, wattage or other ratings as necessary.
 600-volt equipment or greater must have controlled access for qualified personnel only.
• Guard and secure live electrical equipment.
• Guard live parts of electrical equipment operating at 50 volts or more against accidental
contact by the use of approved cabinets or other methods of isolation to which only
qualified persons have access.
• Do not work on live equipment unless a specific procedure is developed to ensure
employee protection and a live work permit has been issued by EHS- Campus Safety
• Hazardous locations must be marked as such and clearly state that entry is restricted to
qualified individuals.
• Maintain electrical equipment and systems.
• Inspect electrical equipment on a periodic basis.
• Repair or replace exposed wires, frayed cords, and deteriorated insulation.
• Keep junction boxes, outlets, switches, and fittings covered.
• Ensure cord and plug-connected equipment has grounded connections (for
example, electrical appliances, vacuums, blowers, etc.)
• Ensure portable electric hand tools are either double insulated or grounded. Do not
remove the third grounding prong or use adapters that do not connect.
• Only qualified workers can test instruments and equipment.

Electrical Hazards

Inadequate wiring Ungrounded electrical systems Wires with bad insulation

and tools
Exposed electrical parts Overloaded circuits Damaged power tools and
equipment
Using the wrong PPE and tools Overhead power lines Working with electricity in
wet/damp environments

General Safe Work Practices Program 18

Protective Measures

Proper grounding Using GFCIs

Use of fuses and circuit breakers Guarding live parts

Proper use of flexible cords Training

Emergency Action
If a person is “frozen” to a live electrical contact, shut off the current immediately. If this is not
possible, use boards, poles, or sticks made of wood or any other non-conducting materials and
safely push or pull the person away from the contact. It is important to act quickly, while
remembering to avoid electrocution or shock.

Note: Report all incidents to the immediate supervisor and the UAB Police Department (dial 911
or 205-934-3535.)

Training and Communication

UAB employees involved with electrical work/activity of any sort are at risk and shall be trained
in general electrical safety, work practices and procedures.

Qualified persons shall at a minimum be trained in and familiar with exposed live parts, have skills
necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts, and know the clearance distances
and the corresponding voltages to which the qualified person will be exposed.

Employees in the following occupations are at risk and are required to be trained:
Direct supervisors
Electrical engineers
Electrical equipment assemblers
Electrical technicians
Electricians
Industrial machine operators
Material handling equipment operators
Mechanics and repairers
Painters
HVAC mechanics
Welders
Maintenance workers

General Safe Work Practices Program 19

References

External - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards Z89.1;

Z87.1; Z41
External - American Standards for Testing of Materials (ASTM) for Electrical
Protective Equipment
External - OSHA Regulations, Subpart S - 1910.301
External - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Article 70
Internal - UAB Lock Out/ Tag Out Procedure

General Safe Work Practices Program 20

Fall Protection

Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to specify practices and training for the safety of University of
Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) employees while working on elevated surfaces and ladders to
minimize/eliminate fall related injuries and fatalities.

Scope
This procedure applies to all UAB employees that perform any duties on an elevated work surface
where there is a fall hazard of 4 feet or more to a lower level.

Responsibilities

EHS
The Campus Safety team is responsible for providing training, conducting evaluations of
elevated work areas, and assisting in the selection of the proper equipment for the task.

Supervisors
Follow this procedure when they have employees that work at heights.

Employees
Employees who work at heights of four feet or greater are responsible for following the safety
procedures regarding fall protection and use the personal protective equipment specified, and they
are required to attend training on fall protection. Additionally, those employees working on aerial
lifts, scissor lifts, or other elevated platform equipment must receive training on the use of such
equipment.

Definitions
Aerial lift device: Equipment such as powered platforms, vehicle-mounted elevated and rotating
work platforms, extendible boom platforms, aerial ladders, articulating boom platforms, vertical
towers, and powered industrial truck platforms

Anchor point: A secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or deceleration (grabbing)
devices

Body harness: An interconnected set of straps that may be secured about a person in a manner that
distributes the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest, and shoulders with a
means for attaching the harness to other components of a personal fall arrest system

Deceleration device: Any mechanism, such as a rope, grabbing device, rip stitch lanyard, specially
woven lanyard or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, which serves to dissipate a substantial
amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limits the energy imposed on an employee
during fall arrest
Deceleration distance: The additional vertical distance a falling person travels, excluding lifeline

General Safe Work Practices Program 21

elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which a deceleration device
begins to operate

Fixed ladder: A ladder, including an individual rung ladder, which is permanently attached to a
structure, building, or equipment

Guardrail: A barrier at least 42 inches high erected to prevent personnel from falling from working
levels more than 30 inches above the floor, ground, or other working areas of a building

Hole: A void or gap 2 inches or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof, or other
walking/working surface

Ladder: A device typically used to gain access to a different elevation consisting of two or more
structural members crossed by rungs, steps, or cleats

Lanyard: A flexible line of woven fabric or a strap that generally has a connector at each end for
connecting the body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchor point. Shock-absorbing
lanyards are now required.

Lifeline: A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to
hang vertically or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally. This serves as
a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.

Lower levels: Those areas or surfaces to which an employee can fall. Such areas include, but are
not limited to, ground levels, floors, platforms, ramps, runways, excavations, tanks, water,
equipment, structures, or portions thereof.

Floor opening: An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its least dimension, in any floor,
platform, pavement, or yard through which persons may fall, such as a hatchway, stair or ladder
opening, pit, or large manhole

Personal fall arrest system: A system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It
consists of an anchorage, connectors, and body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration
device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these.

Restraint line: A device, which is attached between the employee and an anchorage to prevent the
employee from walking or falling off an elevated surface

Scaffold: Any temporary elevated or suspended platform, and its supporting structures, used for
supporting employees and/or materials
Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard: A deceleration device containing a drum-wound line which can be
slowly extracted from, or retracted into, the drum under minimal tension during normal movement
and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall

General Safe Work Practices Program 22

Standard railing: A vertical barrier erected along exposed edges of a floor opening, wall opening,
ramp, platform, or runway to prevent falls

Toe board: A vertical barrier at floor level erected along exposed edges of a floor openings, wall
opening, platform runway, scaffold or ramp to prevent falls of materials

Tie-off: A procedure of connecting directly or indirectly to an anchorage point

Unprotected sides and edges: Any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a
walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof, ramp, or runway where there is no wall or guardrail
system at least 42 inches high

Walking/working surface: Any surface, whether horizontal or vertical, on which an employee

walks or works including, but not limited to, floors, roofs, ramps, bridges and runways

Wall opening: A gap or void 30 inches or more high and 18 inches or more wide in a wall or
partition, through which someone can fall to a lower level

Work area: That portion of a walking/working surface where job duties are being performed

Procedure

The procedure for fall protection covers the following work situations:
• Ladders – fixed, free standing, temporary, or roll away type
• Elevating Personal Platforms – scaffolding, Baker scaffolds, aerial lifts, scissors lifts, etc.
• Elevated Surfaces – roofs (closer than 6 feet from a leading edge), catwalks,
skylights, boilers, chillers, etc.
• Vertical Opening – ground level entry into excavations, trenches, holes, vaults, vessels
and other confined spaces

Fall protection is required whenever work is performed in an area 4 feet above its surroundings
and can generally be provided through the use of fall protection systems including:
• Covers - Covers are fastened over holes in the working surface to prevent falls.
• Guardrails - Standard guardrails consist of a top rail, located 42 inches above the floor, and
a mid-rail. Screens and mesh may be used to replace the mid-rail, so long as they extend
from the top rail to the floor.
• Personal Fall Arresting Systems - Components of a personal fall arresting system include
a body harness, lanyard, lifeline, connector, and an anchorage point capable of supporting
at least 5,000 pounds.
• Warning Line Systems - Warning line systems are made up of lines or ropes installed
around a work area on a roof. These act as a barrier to prevent those working on the roof
from approaching it edges.

General Safe Work Practices Program 23

Ladders
Employees who work on ladders with a working height of 4 feet or more shall be
knowledgeable of the following:

• How to inspect ladders for visible defects

• How to use ladders properly

The ladder safety inspection guide can be used as a referenced.

([Link]

Employees who work on fixed ladders with a working height of 24 feet or above must have a fall
arrest system attached.

Training
Fall Protection training will be provided for all affected employees. Refresher training will be
provided periodically to all employees who use a personal fall arrest system. Training must be
documented, and records must be maintained, as required.

Employees who use personal fall arresting systems to control fall hazards in their work area
shall be knowledgeable of the following:

• The application limits of the equipment

• The proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques including determination of
elongation and deceleration distance
• Methods of use, inspection, and storage of equipment

Fall Arrest System Requirements

Fall arrest equipment reduces the risk of injuries that can occur when a worker falls from one level
to another. If engineering controls are not feasible to prevent the fall, fall arrest equipment becomes
the last line of defense.

Critical Components of Fall Arrest Equipment include:

• Body harness - The harness must comfortably, but snugly, fit the individual. Many body
harnesses are designed for "universal fit" to accommodate several individuals. "Universal
fit" has limitations; the mid-range “universal fit” may not adequately accommodate
individuals that have smaller or larger frames.
• Shock absorbing lanyards - Shock absorbing lanyards are required. Static rope and nylon
lanyards must be replaced with an appropriate length shock-absorbing lanyard. During fall
arrest, the rip stitching of the shock-absorbing lanyard absorbs the shock of the fall,
drastically reducing forces onto the body and preventing significant injury. Special
attention must be given to the stopping distance required by the manufacturer of the
lanyard.
• Locking snap hooks - Locking snap hooks are required. All connection hardware (e.g. -

General Safe Work Practices Program 24

 snap hooks, carabineers) must have a locking mechanism to prevent roll out from the
anchor and sized appropriately to fit with the anchor.
• Inspection of fall arrest equipment - The employee will perform a visual inspection of the
equipment prior to each use. General Industry standards, UAB, and fall arrest equipment
manufacturers require any defective equipment to be immediately removed from service
and replaced. Defective equipment must be destroyed to prevent accidental use that could
endanger someone's life.

Harness and Lanyard Inspection

Defects include, but are not limited to, cuts, burns, abrasions, loose threads in stitching, tears,
stretching, rust, and mold. Metal or plastic hardware may be damaged or missing. Following are
steps to use when performing an inspection:
• Look for deterioration
• Exposure to molten metal or flame from hot work will fuse nylon fibers together. There
may be hard shiny spots and the nylon appears shriveled and brown. The nylon will feel
brittle.
• Exposure to harsh chemicals can cause a change in color, appearing as a brownish smear.
• Check nylon webbing for loss of elasticity.
• Stitching at connection points may become frayed or start to come unraveled.
• When inspecting hardware, look for cracks, pitting, and any distortion in all hardware
components: buckles, D-rings, snap hooks and carabineers, rivets, and grommets. Belt
buckle grommets get a lot of wear from opening and closing; buckles must function
properly. Snap hooks must lock and close tightly.

Use of Fall Arrest Equipment

• Always use a secure anchor point (must hold 5,000 lb. load.)
• Connect to an anchor point at shoulder level or above. Never connect below the D-ring
of the body harness.
• Connection to anchor points must prevent a dangerous swing fall hazard or impact
with any lower level in the event of a fall.
• Connection to an anchor point must limit the fall to no greater than 4 feet.
• Use chafing pads or anchor slings to prevent cutting connectors (lanyards and lifelines)
on sharp edges.
• Do not use knots on connectors (lanyards and lifelines.)
• Vertical lifelines must be synthetic (nylon) fiber.
• Rope grab devices used on vertical lifelines must be secured 12 feet up from the
terminal end of the vertical lifeline.
• Terminate the end of the vertical lifeline to prevent the rope grab device from slipping off.
• Only one person can tie off to a vertical lifeline.

Cleaning and Storage of Fall Arrest Equipment

Follow the equipment manufacturers’ cleaning instructions. Always dry equipment naturally. Use
an approved lubricant (light oil or lubricant) to oil snap hooks when dry. Store clean and dry away
from direct sunlight and excessive heat.

General Safe Work Practices Program 25

Forklift Safety

Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to inform operators and supervisors of operators of their obligation to
follow OSHA, NFPA, and other federal, state and local regulations pertaining to the use of
powered industrial trucks (PITs) and forklifts operated at UAB. It also outlines training and
evaluation procedures. As a guide, it is not a substitute for the regulations themselves, but a
summary of important considerations.

Roles and Responsibilities

Forklift Operators
• Be trained and evaluated before operating a powered industrial truck/forklift
• Be reevaluated by a competent person every three years
• Operate and maintain PITs in a safe manner and according to the regulations and training
provided.
• Report all vehicle problems to their supervisor.

Supervisors
Identify and designate employees responsible for operating powered industrial trucks/forklifts.
• Ensure that all employees under their direction, who operate a powered industrial
truck/forklift are trained and evaluated.
• Maintain records of training and evaluation.
• Ensure that forklifts are repaired when malfunctioning and maintained or taken out
of service until such repairs can be made.
EHS
• Shall provide program oversight
• Review and audit powered industrial truck/forklift safety training as necessary
• Provide forklift safety training upon request from the supervisor
• May audit a department or responsible unit and assign training as necessary

Visitors
• Ensure they have passed forklift training and evaluation before operating a powered
industrial truck/forklift on campus
• Comply with all regulations and UAB’s Powered Industrial Truck/Forklift safety guidance

Inspection, Fueling, Charging, and Maintenance Procedures

The following section will review:
• Pre-Use Inspection
• Fuel-Handling and Storage
• Battery Handling and Storage
• Maintenance

General Safe Work Practices Program 26

Pre-Use Inspection

Engine-off Inspection
A pre-use inspection identifies potential hazards that may be encountered from a damaged forklift
and must be performed at least daily by the operator before operation. If at any time a forklift is
found to be in-need of repair, defective, or in any way unsafe, the forklift shall be removed from
service until it has been restored to safe operating condition. Always refer to manufacturer-
provided manuals for appropriate inspections guidance. A forklift does not need to be inspected
on any day that it is not used.

The pre-use inspection can include the following, however, refer to the user’s manual for the
type of machine you are using:
• Verify that the data plate is present, legible, and represents the configuration in use.
• Verify that all safety and control stickers and labels are present and legible.
• Verify that all safety equipment is present.
• Inspect the mast for broken or cracked weld points and any other obvious damage.
• Ensure roller tracks are greased and that chains are free to travel.
• Forks should be equally spaced and free from cracks along the blade and at the heels.
• Check hydraulic fluid levels.
• Check each hydraulic line and fitting for excessive wear or crimping.
• Check hydraulic lines for breakage in the outer case or sheath.
• Check lift and tilt cylinders for damage or leaking fluid. Fluid leaks are not
considered normal and must be repaired.
• Inspect mounting hardware on the cylinders.
• Check tires for excessive wear, splitting or missing tire material.
• Check pneumatic tires for proper pressure indicated on the tire.

Power Source Inspection

Battery Power
Batteries contain acid, so protective gloves, goggles, and long sleeves must be worn when working
with batteries. Batteries systems should be inspected for:
• Cracks or holes
• Securely sealed cells
• Frayed cables
• Broken insulation. This can occur when a cord rubs against the forklift casing.
• Tight connections
• Clogged vent caps

Propane Power
Before replacement, all LP-gas containers should be examined by the operator for the following
defects or damage:
• Dents, scrapes, and gouges of the pressure vessel

General Safe Work Practices Program 27

 • Damage to the various valves and liquid level gauge
• Debris in the relief valve
• Damage to or loss of the relief valve cap
• Indication of leakage at the valves or threaded connections

Engine-on Inspection
Once the engine off inspection has been completed, mount the forklift safely, put on your seat
belt and make any personal adjustments to the seat and wheel.
• Start the engine and verify that all controls operate as they should including lift, tilt,
and shift controls, lights, horns, backup alarms, etc.
• The wheel should have appropriate free play.
• Move forward and brake, ensuring travelling and stopping operates as it should.
• Check the floor for evidence of fluid leaks. Again, fluid leaks are not normal and must
be fixed.
• Once operational aspects are verified, you may begin work.

General Safe Work Practices Program 28

Gantry Cranes and Hoists

Purpose
Many types of cranes, hoists, and rigging devices are used at UAB for lifting and moving materials.
UAB’s program is to maintain a safe workplace for faculty, staff and students; therefore, it cannot be
overemphasized that only qualified and licensed individuals shall operate these devices.

This program has been established to:

• Ensure the safe use of cranes, hoists and slings.
• Ensure that departments understand and comply with safety standards related to cranes
and hoists.
• Assign responsibilities to personnel which are necessary for successful implementation of
this program.

Scope and Applicability

Scope
This program applies to all employees at UAB and covers cranes and hoists with the exception of
mobile cranes, engine hoists or winches.

Applicability
This program applies to cranes and hoists that are attached to any building, research facility or
equipment owned or operated by UAB and to all UAB faculty, staff, students, supplemental labor,
and subcontractor personnel who use such devices.

Definitions
Crane: A machine for lifting or lowering a load, and moving it horizontally, in which the hoisting
mechanism is an integral part of the machine. It may be driven manually or by power and may be
a fixed or a mobile machine, but does not include stackers, hoist trolleys, lift trucks, power shovels,
backhoes, or excavators.

Hoist: An apparatus for raising or lowering a load but does not include a car or platform riding
in guides or horizontal motion.

Qualified Person/Operator: A person designated by the department who, by reason of training

and/or experience, has demonstrated the ability to safely perform all assigned duties. Persons may
be deemed “qualified” to operate all or only specific cranes and hoists within a department by their
supervisor.

Rigging: Collectively referred to as “below the hook devices” are also called “lift gear”. May be
any device used to carry, position, and secure a load while it is being hoisted or craned.

General Safe Work Practices Program 29

Roles and Responsibilities

Supervisors and Principal Investigators

• Ensuring that employees and students, under their supervision, receive the required
training and are certified and licensed to operate the cranes and hoists in their areas
• Providing training for prospective crane and hoist operators. This documented training
must be conducted by a qualified, designated instructor who is a licensed crane and hoist
operator.
• Ensuring that hoisting equipment is inspected and tested monthly by a responsible
individual and that rigging equipment is inspected annually
• Ensuring employees are provided with and use appropriate protective equipment
• Taking prompt corrective action when unsafe conditions or practices are observed

Crane and Hoist Operators

• Lockout/Tagout any equipment that is defective
• Operating hoisting equipment safely
• Conducting functional tests prior to using the equipment
• Ensuring the appropriate personal protective equipment is worn and following
UAB’s Crane and Hoist Program
• Selecting and using rigging equipment appropriately
• Having a valid operator’s license on their person while operating cranes or hoists
• Participating in the medical certification program, as required
• Conducting periodic and special load tests of cranes and hoists
• Maintaining written records of inspections and tests and maintaining all manuals for
cranes and hoists in a central file for reference
• Attending all required training
• Immediately reporting any unsafe conditions or concerns to their supervisor
• Inspecting and load testing cranes and hoists following modification or extensive repairs
(e.g., a replaced cable or hook, or structural modification)
• Scheduling a non-destructive test and inspection for crane and hoist hooks at the time of
the periodic load test, and testing and inspecting before use new replacement hooks and
other hooks suspected of having been overloaded. The evaluation, inspection, and testing
may include, but are not limited to visual, dye penetrant, and magnetic particle techniques
referenced in ASME B30.10 (Hooks, Inspection and Testing)

EHS
• Interpreting crane and hoist safety rules and standards
• Revising Crane and Hoist Program
• Assisting in the investigation of accidents related to cranes

General Safe Work Practices Program 30

Procedures

General Requirements for Cranes, Hoists and Slings

• Only trained employees shall operate a crane or hoist.
• Cranes and hoists shall go through pre-use, monthly and annual inspections.
• Any unsafe condition noted during an inspection shall be corrected before the equipment
is used.
• Operators shall comply with the manufacturer’s specifications and limitations applicable
to the operation of the equipment.
• Where manufacturer’s specifications are not available, the limitations assigned to the
equipment shall be based on the determinations of a qualified engineer competent in this
field and such determinations will be appropriately documented and recorded.
• Operators shall follow safe work practices when operating a cranes, hoists and slings.

Crane and Hoist Operators

To be qualified as a Crane and Hoist Operator, the candidate shall have received hands-on training
from a licensed, qualified crane and hoist operator designated by the candidate’s supervisor. Crane
and Hoist Operators must renew their license every three years.

General Safety Rules

Operators shall comply with the following rules while operating the cranes and hoists:
• Do not engage in any practice that will divert your attention while operating the crane.
• Respond to signals only from the person who is directing the lift, or any appointed signal
person. Obey a stop signal at all times, no matter who gives it.
• Do not move a load over people. People shall not be placed in jeopardy by being under a
suspended load. Also, do not work under a suspended load unless the load is supported by
blocks, jacks, or a solid footing that will safely support the entire weight. Have a crane or
hoist operator remain at the controls or lock open and tag the main electrical disconnect
switch.
• Ensure that the rated load capacity of a crane’s bridge, individual hoist, or any sling or
fitting is not exceeded. Know the weight of the object being lifted or use a dynamometer
or load cell to determine the weight.
• Check that all controls are in the OFF position before closing the main line disconnect
switch.
• Avoid side pulls. These can cause the hoist rope to slip out of the drum groove, damaging
the rope or destabilizing the crane or hoist.
• To prevent shock loading, avoid sudden stops or starts. Shock loading can occur when a
suspended load is accelerated or decelerated and can overload the crane or hoist. When
completing an upward or downward motion, ease the load slowly to a stop.

General Safe Work Practices Program 31

Operation

Pre-operational Test
At the start of each work shift, operators shall do the following steps before making lifts with any crane or
hoist:
• Test the upper-limit switch. Slowly raise the unloaded hook block until the limit switch trips.
• Visually inspect the hook, load lines, trolley, and bridge as much as possible from the
operator’s station; in most instances, this will be the floor of the building.
• If provided, test the lower-limit switch.
• Test all direction and speed controls for both bridge and trolley travel.
• Test all bridge and trolley limit switches, where provided, if operation will bring
the equipment in close proximity to the limit switches.
• Test the pendant emergency stop.
• Test the hoist brake to verify there is no drift without a load.
• If provided, test the bridge movement alarm.
• Lock out and tag for repair any crane or hoist that fails any of the above tests.

Moving a Load
• Center the hook over the load to keep the cables from slipping out of the drum grooves and
overlapping, and to prevent the load from swinging when it is lifted. Inspect the drum to
verify that the cable is in the grooves.
• Use a tag line when loads must traverse long distances or must otherwise be controlled.
• Manila rope may be used for tag lines.
• Plan and check the travel path to avoid personnel and obstructions.
• Lift the load only high enough to clear the tallest obstruction in the travel path.
• Start and stop slowly.
• Land the load when the move is finished. Choose a safe landing.
• Never leave suspended loads unattended. In an emergency where the crane or hoist has
become inoperative, if a load must be left suspended, barricade and post signs in the
surrounding area, under the load, and on all four sides. Lock open and tag the crane or
hoist’s main electrical disconnect switch.

Parking a Crane or Hoist

• Remove all slings and accessories from the hook. Return the rigging device to the
designated storage racks.
• Raise the hook at least (7 feet) above the floor.
• Store the pendant away from aisles and work areas or raise it at least (7 feet) above the floor.
• Place the emergency stop switch (or push button) in the OFF position.

General Safe Work Practices Program 32

Rigging

General Rigging Safety Requirements

Only select rigging equipment that is in good condition. All rigging equipment shall be inspected
annually; defective equipment is to be removed from service and destroyed to prevent inadvertent
reuse. The load capacity limits shall be stamped or affixed to all rigging components. Damage to
look for includes:
Nylon slings with:
• Abnormal wear
• Torn stitching
• Broken or cut fibers
• Discoloration or deterioration
Wire-rope slings with:
• Kinking, crushing, bird-caging, or other distortions
• Evidence of heat damage
• Cracks, deformation, or worn end attachments
• Six randomly broken wires in a single rope lay
• Three broken wires in one strand of rope
• Hooks opened more than 15% at the throat
• Hooks twisted sideways more than 10 degrees from the plane
Alloy steel chain slings with:
• Cracked, bent, or elongated links or components
• Cracked hooks
• Shackles, eye bolts, turnbuckles, or other components that are damaged or deformed.

Rigging a Load
Do the following when rigging a load:
• Determine the weight of the load. Do not guess.
• Determine the proper size for slings and components.
• Do not use manila rope for rigging.
• Make sure that shackle pins and shouldered eye bolts are installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Make sure that ordinary (shoulder less) eye bolts are threaded in at least 1.5 times the bolt
diameter.
• Use safety hoist rings (swivel eyes) as a preferred substitute for eye bolts wherever
possible.
• Pad sharp edges to protect slings. Remember that machinery foundations or angle-iron
edges may not feel sharp to the touch but could cut into rigging when under several tons of
load. Wood, tire rubber, or other pliable materials may be suitable for padding.
• Do not use slings, eye bolts, shackles, or hooks that have been cut, welded, or brazed.
• Install wire-rope clips with the base only on the live end and the U-bolt only on the dead
end. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the spacing for each specific wire
size.

General Safe Work Practices Program 33

 • Determine the center of gravity and balance the load before moving it.
• Initially lift the load only a few inches to test the rigging and balance.

Crane Overloading
Cranes or hoists shall not be loaded beyond their rated capacity for normal operations. Any crane or
hoist suspected of having been overloaded shall be removed from service by locking open and
tagging the main disconnect switch. Additionally, overloaded cranes shall be inspected,
repaired, load tested, and approved for use before being returned to service.

Hand Signals
Signals to the operator shall be in accordance with the standard hand signals unless voice
communications equipment (telephone, radio, or equivalent) is used. Signals shall be discernible
or audible at all times. Some special operations may require addition to or modification of the basic
signals. For all such cases, these special signals shall be agreed upon and thoroughly understood
by both the person giving the signals and the operator and shall not be in conflict with the standard
signals.

Inspection, Maintenance, and Testing

All tests and inspections shall be conducted in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations:
• If any unsafe conditions exist, the equipment shall be removed from service.
• In order to remove a crane or hoist from service it shall be locked out and tagged out
to prevent use.
• A unit which has been idle for a period of one month or more shall be given a monthly
inspection before placing in service.
• Prior to initial use, all new, altered, modified or repaired cranes and hoists shall have
the following testing performed by the installation company or third party:
 Hoisting and lowering
 Trolley travel
 Bridge travel
 Limit switches, locking and safety devices
 Load Tests shall not be more than 125% of the rated load unless
otherwise recommended by the manufacturer.

Monthly Tests and Inspections

All in-service cranes and hoists shall be inspected monthly and the results documented.
Defective cranes and hoists shall be locked and tagged “out of service” until all defects
are corrected.

Annual Inspections
The Department shall schedule and supervise (or perform) annual preventive maintenance (PM)
and annual inspections of all cranes and hoists. The annual PM and inspection shall be
performed by a qualified third-party company, approved by the manufacturer.

General Safe Work Practices Program 34

Lock Out / Tag Out

Purpose
To ensure that employees and contractors at UAB are protected from accidental or unexpected
activation of mechanical & electrical equipment and/or pressurized power sources during
inspection, maintenance or construction activities.

Scope
The requirements of this procedure apply to all affected UAB employees.

Responsibilities

EHS
• Ensuring overall effectiveness of the procedures and practices described in this procedure
• Ensuring that all UAB employees and contractors follow this procedure when performing
lockout/tagout
• Providing the necessary support to enable effective implementation of this procedure and its
related activities
Definitions
LOTO: Lockout/Tagout

Lockout: The use of appropriate lockout devices to safely prevent equipment from being
reactivated while work is in progress

Tagout: The use of tags to identify equipment that cannot readily be locked out of service and to
notify personnel that the equipment has been taken out of service and must not be reactivated while
work is in progress

Energized: Connected to an energy source or containing residual or stored energy

Energy Source: Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or
other energy

Authorized employees: Any properly trained person who has the authority and responsibility to
perform the lockout/tagout assignments

Lockout/Tagout System Procedure

• Notify affected employees that a lockout/tagout system is going to be utilized and the reason it
is necessary. The authorized employee shall know the type and magnitude of energy that the
machine or equipment utilizes and shall understand the associated hazards.
• If the machine or equipment is operating, shut it down by the normal stopping procedure
(press stop button, etc.)
• Operate the switch, valve, or other energy isolating device(s) so that the equipment is

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 isolated from its energy source(s). Stored energy (such as that in springs, elevated
machine members, rotating flywheels, hydraulic systems, and air, gas, steam, or water
pressure, etc.) must be dissipated or restrained by methods such as repositioning,
blocking, bleeding down, etc.
• Lockout/Tagout the energy isolating devices with assigned individual lock(s) and tag(s).
• After ensuring that no personnel are exposed, and as a check on having disconnected the
energy sources, operate the push button or other normal operating controls to make certain
the equipment will not operate. CAUTION: Return operating control(s) to neutral or
off position after the test.
• The equipment is now in lockout/tagout.

Restoring Equipment to Normal Operation

• After the servicing is complete and equipment is ready for normal operations, check the
area around the equipment to ensure that no one is exposed.
• After all tools have been removed from the equipment, guards have been reinstalled and
employees are in the clear, remove all lockout/tagout devices. Operate the energy isolating
devices to restore energy to the equipment.

LOTO – Multiple Locks

In the preceding steps, if more than one individual is required to lockout/tagout equipment, each
shall place his/her own personal lockout/tagout device on the energy isolating device(s). When an
energy isolating device cannot accept multiple locks or tags, a multiple lockout/tagout device
(hasp) may be used. If lockout is used, a single lock may be used to lockout the machine or
equipment with the key being place in a lockout box or cabinet that allows the use of multiple
locks to secure it. Each employee will then use his/her own lock to secure the box or cabinet. As
each person no longer needs to maintain his or her lockout protection, that person will remove
his/her lock from the box or cabinet.

Temporary Removal of LOTO Devices

In situations where lockout/tagout devices must be temporarily removed from the energy isolating
device and the energized equipment, to test or position the equipment, the following sequence of
actions will be followed:

• Remove non-essential items and ensure that equipment components are operationally intact.
• Notify affected employees that lockout/tagout devices have been removed and ensure
that all employees have been safely positioned or removed from the area.
• Have employees who applied the lockout/tagout devices remove the
lockout/tagout devices.
• Energize and proceed with testing or positioning.
• De-energize all systems and reapply energy control measures in accordance with the
lockout/tagout system procedure described above.

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Maintenance of Equipment
Where maintenance, repairing, cleaning, servicing, adjusting, or setting up operations cannot be
accomplished with the energy source disconnected, such operations may only be performed under
the following conditions:
• The operating station (e.g., external control panel) where the machine may be activated
must at all times be under the control of a qualified operator.
• All participants must be in clear view of the operator or in positive communication with
each other.
• All participants must be beyond the reach of machine elements that may move rapidly
and present a hazard.
• Where machine configuration or size requires that the operator leave the control station to
install tools, and where there are machine elements that may move rapidly, if activated,
such elements must be separately locked out.
• During repair procedures when mechanical components are being adjusted or replaced,
the machine shall be de-energized or disconnected from its power source.

Removal of LOTO
A system shall be in place that addresses device removal if the authorized employee who applied
the lockout/tagout device is unavailable to remove it. The employee’s direct supervisor may only
remove the authorized employee’s lockout/tagout device(s), after necessity has been established.
The procedure shall include at least the following:
• The employee’s direct supervisor shall investigate the situation and verify that the
authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility.
• All reasonable efforts shall be made to contact the authorized employee to inform
him/her that his/her lockout/tagout device will be removed.
• The authorized employee’s direct supervisor is certain that removal of the
lockout/tagout device will not endanger employees.
• The authorized employee’s direct supervisor will complete the Removal of
LOTO Form.
• Prior to resuming work at the facility, the authorized employee shall be notified that
his/her lockout/tagout device was removed in his/her absence.

LOTO Inspections
An authorized employee must perform inspections of the energy control procedures annually.
The inspections must review lockout/tagout procedures and correct any issues.

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Personal Protective Equipment

Purpose
To protect the health and welfare of UAB employees in areas where there may be a risk of injury
or exposure to hazardous substances or conditions employees who work in areas where physical
hazards or the potential for physical hazards exist.

Scope
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) include devices for head protection, eye and face protection,
protective clothing, hand protection, foot protection, hearing and respiratory protection. Using PPE
requires hazard awareness and training on the part of the user. PPE is not a substitute for good
engineering or administrative controls or good work practices but should be used in conjunction
with these controls.

The use of appropriate personal protective safety equipment applies to all employees, students,
visitors and contractors performing tasks or entering areas that require specific PPE.

Definitions
ASTM: American Society Testing Materials is an organization of inclusion offering global access
to fully transparent standards development, resulting in the highest technical excellence in
standardization.

ANSI: American National Standard Institute is an organization that works to establish national
consensus standards regarding occupational safety and protection of the environment.

NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is the federal agency responsible
for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury
and illness.

PPE: Personal protective equipment protects employees from hazards. It includes items such as
head protection, eye protection, respiratory protection, protective clothing, protective footwear,
barrier or protective lotions, etc.

Eye/Face Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to the face and eyes during
exposure to such hazards as flying particles, molten metal or sparks, liquid chemicals, acids or
caustic liquids, or potentially injurious light radiation (i.e., lasers, welding, etc.)

Foot Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to the feet and toes during exposure to
situations with the potential for foot injuries such as falling or rolling objects, chemical or liquid
exposures, piercing objects through the sole or uppers, and/or where the employee's feet are
exposed to electrical hazards.

Hand Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to the hands during exposures to
potential hazards such as sharp objects, abrasive surfaces, temperature extremes and chemical
contact. Hand protection is selected based upon the hazard and performance characteristics of

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the gloves.

Head Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to the head during exposure to potential
hazards such as falling objects, striking against low hanging objects, or electrical hazards.

Hearing Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to an individual's hearing during

exposure to high noise levels.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Includes all equipment designed to provide protection to
the wearer from potential hazards to the eyes, face, hands, head, feet, ears, and extremities.

Respiratory Protection: Equipment designed to provide protection to the wearer from

potential inhalation hazards such as vapors, mists, particulates, and gases.

Responsibilities

Supervisor
Supervisors have the primary responsibility for implementation of the PPE Program in their
work area. This involves:
• Providing appropriate PPE and making it available to employees and ensuring they
are wearing the equipment
• Identifying the hazards prior to the start of any work and seeking assistance from EHS
to evaluate and control the hazards
• If hazards may not be eliminated, then guards and protective equipment should be
utilized to ensure the safety of employees.
• Supervising their employees to ensure that the PPE Program elements are followed and
that employees properly use and care for PPE
• Notifying EHS when new hazards are introduced or when processes are added or
changed

Employees, Students, Visitors, Contractors

The PPE user is responsible for following the requirements of the PPE Program. This involves:
• Wearing PPE as required
• Attending required training
• Caring for, cleaning, storing and maintaining PPE, as required
• Informing the supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE

EHS
The Office of Environmental Health and Safety is responsible for the development,
implementation, and administration of the UAB PPE Program. This involves:
• Determining the type of PPE necessary based on the hazards involved in the job
• Providing safety training and technical assistance to supervisors on the proper use, care and
cleaning of approved PPE
• Reviewing, updating and evaluating the overall effectiveness of the PPE Program

General Safe Work Practices Program 39

 • Conducting periodic Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessments to determine PPE
required or other controls necessary to protect the employee

Program Components

All personal protective clothing and equipment will be of safe design and construction for the work
to be performed and shall be maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition. Only those items of
protective clothing and equipment that meet NIOSH, ANSI or ASTM standards will be procured
or accepted for use.

The ANSI standards contain useful reference information regarding the selection and use of PPE.
Some of these standards are:
• Eye and Face Protection ANSI Z87.1
• Head Protection ANSI Z89.1
• Foot Protection ANSI Z41.1 and ASTM F-2413-2005
• Hand Protection – the selection must be based on the performance characteristics of
the glove in relation to the tasks to be performed.

Identifying the Hazards and Selecting the Proper PPE

In order to be able to choose the proper PPE, the individual must be aware of what hazards exist.
This involves obtaining information on the types of hazards present, the toxicity of the materials
involved, and what other options are available to control exposure. General information about
chemicals may be found in Safety Data Sheets (SDS). The chronic and acute effect of chemicals
should also be assessed. The next step would be to implement the control measures necessary to
prevent exposure into the operational procedures.

Head Protection
Head injuries are commonly caused by impact from falling or flying objects and falling or walking
into hard objects. PPE devices such as hard hats may protect you from objects falling on your head
and, in a limited way, from electrical shock or burns. Hard hats should be worn in areas where
there is potential for head injuries.

Eye and Face Protection

Eye protection should always be worn where there is potential for injury to the eyes or face from
small particles, toxic chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, gases or vapors, bioaerosols, flying
objects or particles, large objects, thermal or radiation hazards, and lasers. According to the types
of and extent of hazards, different PPE should be worn. PPE for the face and eyes includes devices
such as safety glasses, goggles, and face shields. These must always remain clean and free of
contaminants. Safety glasses or goggles must always be worn in laboratory areas.
This includes employees, researchers, visitors, contractors and students. To provide protection,
supervisors of such areas shall procure a sufficient quantity of goggles or safety glasses which
provide the maximum amount of protection possible. If employees wear personal glasses, they
shall be provided with a suitable eye protector to wear over them.

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Emergency Eyewash Facilities
Emergency eyewash facilities meeting the requirements of ANSI Z358.1 will be provided in all
areas where the eyes of any employee may be exposed to hazards. All such emergency stations
will be located where they are easily accessible and not blocked in the event of an emergency.

Body Protection
Protective clothing, such as lab coats, should be worn when handling hazardous materials. Tyvek
suits and sleeves are also available to prevent the contamination of skin and clothing.

Hand Protection
Selecting the proper gloves is very important since it is our hands that are often used to handle
hazardous materials. These materials usually consist of caustic or toxic chemicals, biological
substances, electrical sources, or extremely cold or hot objects that may irritate or burn your hands.
In addition, traumatic injuries such as cuts, sprains and punctures may also occur. With the wide
range of hazards, there also exists a wide range of gloves that may be used as PPE. The first
consideration in the selection of gloves for use against chemicals is to determine, if possible, the
exact nature of the substance to be encountered. Read instructions and warnings on chemical
container labels and SDS before working with any chemical. Recommended glove types are often
listed in the section for personal protective equipment.

Foot Protection
Injuries that may occur when the proper footwear is not worn are chemical and heat burns from
spills and splashes of acids and caustics, compression injuries, electrical shocks, and slipping.
Wearing the proper footwear is, therefore, very important when working in areas where physical
and chemical hazards are present. Close-toed shoes must always be worn in laboratory areas where
chemicals are present.

Hearing Protection
Earplugs are should be made available in areas where the noise exposure to high levels may result
in hearing loss. PPE should be worn when the noise level is 85 decibels or greater averaged over
an 8-hour period of time.

Respiratory Protection
Respirators are used to prevent the exposure to air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes,
mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors. All respirator usage, which includes disposable respirators,
air purifying respirators, and air supplied respirators, require annual fit testing and training prior
to use.

General Safe Work Practices Program 41

Scaffolding Guidelines

UAB employees must follow General Industry standards when working with scaffolds. All
scaffolds must be inspected daily by a qualified person before any work begins.

Fixed Scaffolds (Work Platforms)

• The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the
maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels,
boxes, loose brick, or concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds or planks.
• Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least
four times the maximum intended load.
• Scaffolds shall be maintained in safe condition. Scaffolds shall not be altered or
moved horizontally while they are in use or occupied.
• Any scaffold damaged or weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired and
shall not be used until repairs have been completed.
• Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are intended.
• Guardrails not less than 2x4 inches or the equivalent and not less than 36 inches or more
than 42 inches high, with a mid-rail, when required, of 1x4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
toe-boards shall be installed at all open sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor. Toe-boards shall be a minimum of 4 inches in height.

Mobile Work Platforms

• All scaffold work levels 10 feet or higher above the ground or floor shall have a standard
(4-inch nominal) toe board.
• All work levels 10 feet or higher above the ground or floor shall have a guardrail of 2x4-
inch nominal or the equivalent installed no less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches high,
with a mid- rail, when required, of 1x4-inch nominal lumber or equivalent.
• A climbing ladder or stairway shall be provided for proper access and egress and shall be
affixed or built into the scaffold and so located that its use will not tend to tip the scaffold.
A landing platform shall be provided at intervals not to exceed 12 feet. Never climb a ladder
with tools or materials; instead attach to the body in an appropriate support or pull up with
a rope.
• Employees shall not work on scaffolds during storms or high winds.
• Employees shall not work on scaffolds which are covered with ice or snow, unless all ice
or snow is removed, and planking sanded to prevent slipping.
• Tools, materials, and debris shall not be allowed to accumulate in quantities to cause a
hazard.

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Slips, Trips, and Falls

To reduce injuries caused by slips, trips, and falls, it is important to minimize the hazards that cause them.

• Immediately clean up and place warning signs in wet floor areas.

• Eliminate uneven floors, chords across walkways, and clutter in walking areas.
• Avoid undue speed and maintain an unobstructed view while carrying a bulky load.
• Use handrails when going up or down the stairs.
• Use ladders correctly by following ladder safety measures such as using only on even surfaces and
using the 3-point rule while ascending and descending.
• Assure good lighting provided in all hallways and stairwells and report to maintenance if you see a
problem.
• Use caution on icy walkways and loading docks. Contact maintenance to apply de-icing solutions.
• Report all incidents to you supervisor immediately.

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Ergonomics

Preventing injuries through ergonomics is an applied science concerned with designing and arranging
things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely.

Office Setting Injury Prevention:

• Avoid a bent neck, shoulders raised or bent, and awkward postures.
• Keyboard should be placed directly in front of the monitor.
• Computer monitor should be 18-20 inches away from you and at eye level.
• Take frequent breaks and avoid prolong repetitive postures and motions.
• Elbows should be positioned so hands are at a 90-degree angle to the desktop.

General Ergonomics Injury Prevention:

• Do not text and walk.
• Never obstruct your vision while working or walking.
• Select proper footwear for the job.
• Do not jerk to lift or move a load.
• Use equipment or ask for help when moving heavy or awkward loads.
• Avoid prolonged awkward postures and handholds.
• Use the correct tools for the job.

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