2019/9/24 Lumia@PTE黑科技编选的个人机经

Speaking 口语部分

DI Describe image 描述图片

1. Air temperature/空气温度 #1068 2017-05 本月高频

This map illustrates the air temperature in January in different areas of the world. In the north of the world, the air
temperature is low, between -40oC and -25oC, represented in blue. Below those areas, above the equator, the air
temperature is between 5oC to 20oC, represented in yellow and orange colours. Further down, near the equator, the air
temperature is pretty high, between 25oC to 35oC, represented in red. When we get further from the equator, the
temperature cools down again to 5oC to 20oC. And in the most northern part of the world, the temperature is between
-5oC to -20oC, represented in light blue. In conclusion, this map gives a vivid description.

2. Life circle/蛙的生命周期 #1069 2017-05 本月高频

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This image illustrates the life cycle of a frog. There are seven stages in total. It starts with eggs which are laid by an adult
frog. The eggs become small tadpoles. And then the lungs and the legs are grown so that the tadpoles become tadpoles
with lungs and legs. The size is growing larger but the colour remains grey. Then the tadpole becomes a froglet which is a
small frog with a little tail. The colour becomes green at this stage. When the little tail disappears, the froglet becomes a
young frog which is a small frog with light green colour. In the last stage, the young frog becomes an adult frog
eventually which can lay eggs. In conclusion, this image shows a very vivid description of the process.

3. Consumption level/消费水平 #1070 2017-05 本月高频

This map and bar chart show the population measured in thousand million and distribution of different consumption
levels, including low income, middle income and high income. According to the bar chart, the population of low income
which is represented in green increases from 1.5 thousand million to 3 thousand million from 1960 to 2004, while the
the population of high income which is represented in red increases from 0.6 thousand million to 1.0 thousand million.
According the map, middle income represented in yellow is the most common and you can find it mostly in South
America and Asia. In conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.

4. Precipitation/降水量 #1127 2017-05

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This graph illustrates the relationship between precipitation and average temperature from January to December. The
average temperature is represented in a red line and measured in degree Celsius. It starts and concludes at minimum of
0oC in January and December, and the maximum occurs in July at about 25oC. Precipitation is presented in blue bars
and measured in mm. It remains relatively constant throughout the year. A minimum occurs in June and October at
about 80 mm and a maximum occurs in May at 120 mm. In conclusion, this graph contains much logical information and
comparisons.

5. Litchfield population/利奇菲尔德的人口 #1164 2017-05

This graph contains the information about the population of Litchfield from 1901 to 2011. The information is shown in a
line and the population is shown by the blue-shaded area under the line. It starts at about 7500 in 1901 and gradually
increases to about 10,000 in 1951. After that, the population increases much more rapidly and reaches about 22,000 in
1971. The increase slows down later and concludes at about 24,000 in 2011. There is a slight decrease from 1991 to
2001. In conclusion, this graph provides significant information about the population of Litchfield.

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6. Earnings/工资 #1179 2017-05 本月高频

This bar chart indicates the information about earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment in 2012,
categorized by doctoral degree, master’s degree and high school diploma. The unemployment rate is represented in
purple and measured in percentage. Less than a high school diploma occupies the largest proportion at 12.4% and
professional degree occupies the least proportion at 2.1%. The median weekly earnings is represented in green and
measured in dollars. The largest number is for professional degree at about $1200, and the smallest number is for less
than a high school diploma at about $500. In conclusion, this graph provides thorough information.

7. Annual income/年收入 #1190 2017-05 本月高频

This table provides the information about annual income of bachelor degree holders in different fields, including
business and education, in 2001 and 2011, measured in dollars. It is clear that for business field, the annual income
increases from about 100 thousand dollars in 2001 to about 180 thousand dollars in 2011, while for education field, the
annual income increases from about 80 thousand dollars in 2001 to about 95 thousand dollars in 2011. In conclusion,
this table gives impressive information about annual income of bachelor degree holders in business and education
fields.

8. Meat consumption/肉类的消费额 #1191 2017-05 本月高频

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This line graph provides the information about annual per capita meat consumption from 1961 to 2009, measured in
kilograms, in different countries including USA, China and Liberia. USA, which is shown in blue, starts at 90 kg in 1961
and concludes at 120kg in 2009. China, which is shown in red, starts at 5kg in 1961 and then increases rapidly and
concludes at a maximum of 60kg in 2009. However, for Liberia, India and Ethiopia which are shown in green, orange and
grey, the meat consumption remains relative stable throughout the years. In conclusion, this graph gives impressive
information about meat consumption.

9. Apple Tree/苹果树 #1201 2017-05 本月高频

The flow chart indicates how an apple seed can become an apple [Link] can be seen from the chart, the first step is
about the apple seed, after burying it under the ground, it will go to the second step which is about a small apple
[Link] the leaves are grown on the tree, it will come to the third step which is about the blossom of the tree. Then
many small apples will come out of the blossoms. Finally we can get the red and big apples from the apple [Link]
conclusion, we can get the seed from the matured apple and start the whole process again and again.

10. World population development/世界人口增长 #1202 2017-05 本月高频

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The graph demonstrates the world population development from 1750 to 2050 in developing and industrialized
[Link] the graph we can see that the population in developing countries has remained stable in 1 billion from
1750 to 1900, after that it witnessed a dramatic increase to 10 billion until [Link] for industrialized countries, it
remained at a relatively low level throughout the years, which is around 1 [Link] conclusion, while developing
countries have undergone a sharp population increase, the population in industrialized countries has seen little change.

11. Age/年龄 #1207 2017-05

The bar chart gives a vivid description about the age distribution in UK from 1911 to [Link] we look at the age 65
and over, the percentage has increased from 5% in 1911 to 15% in [Link] contrast the age below 14 has decreased from
30% to 20% over the same [Link] the same time, people age between 15-64 has remained stable at around 70%
throughout the [Link] conclusion, it can be expected that the UK is undergoing an aging population from 1911 to 2011.

12. Baby sleep hours/婴儿睡眠时长 #1220 2017-05 本月高频

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The table shows us the baby sleep hours in the number of naps in the [Link] we can see in the nighttime sleep,
the number of naps needed has increased from 8.5 in 1 month to 11.25 in 18 [Link] in the daytime sleep, the
number of naps needed has decreased from 7 to 1.25 from 1 month to 18 [Link] total, the number of naps needed
has declined a little from 15.5 in 1 month to 12.5 in 18 [Link] conclusion, as the baby is growing older, the sleep
hours tend to decline accordingly.

13. Life expectancy/预期寿命 #1221 2017-05

The line chart demonstrates life expectancy for males and females from 1890 to [Link] the life expectancy in males, it
has increased from below 50 in 1890 to 60 in 1972, which is a turning point for males; it then falls down a little before
climbing up again to 75 in [Link] terms of the females, the life expectancy is relatively longer than males throughout
the period with the highest life expectancy at 80 in [Link] conclusion, it can be seen that generally females have a
longer life expectancy from 1890 to 2012.

14. Health/健康 #1225 2017-05

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The graph gives information about the three elements of 100% health. According to the picture, it is clear that the first
element contributes to 100% health is food and nutrition, which is represented in green color. With health and well-
being, there is the second element, which is fitness and exercise, which is represented in pink color. With positive
change, there is the third element, which is relaxation and stress management, which is represented in blue color.

15. Flag/国旗 #1490 2017-07

The picture gives the information about flags. There are two flags in the picture, which represent the countries for Jordan
and The United Arab Emirates. Similarly, each of the flags has the same colors, which are red, green, white and black. In
addition, the red color is on the left of both flags. However, there are two different things in the flags. The first thing is
that the order of other three colors is different, with black color on the bottom of The United Arab Emirates, while it is on
the top of Jordan. The second thing is that there is a little star in the flag of Jordan. In short, the flags have both
similarities and differences.

16. Out of sight/视野之外 #1492 2017-07 本月高频

The picture shows us out of sight, out of [Link] to the picture, we can see the continent-seized cortex of the
plastic waste is blighting the pacifi[Link]fically there are two rubbish soups, the eastern garbage patch which is next to
Japan and the western garbage patch which is next to the Hawaii, the north pacific gyre currents is running differently in
two different [Link] from that, the translucent soup of degrading plastic waste is as deep as 10 meters and the
north pacific gyre currents keeps soup in constant movement. We can also see the section of garbage patch is in color
[Link] conclusion, the picture indicates that we need to take the environmental problems seriously.

17. Tree rings/树木年轮 #1494 2017-07 本月高频

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The picture gives information about the [Link] we can see from the picture, there are many tree rings in the middle of
the trunk which represents how old the tree [Link] that the color of this trunk in gradually changing from the light
yellow to the dark brown from the inside to the [Link] at the outside we can see there are some grass and moss
growing around the [Link] this, we can see from the background that this tree may be located in a deep [Link]
conclusion, this tree trunk provides valuable information to study the vegetation of this area.

18. Hierarchy of Needs/马斯洛需求层次理论 #1499 2017-07 本月高频

The following picture compares two different kinds of needs [Link] we can see from the left hand side, the needs
can be divided into three kinds, which are status needs, stimulation needs and security [Link] on the right hand
side, we can see from the top to the bottom, there are five kinds of needs, which are self-actualization needs, self-
esteem needs, belonging needs, safety needs and physiological [Link]fically, safety needs means freedom from
fear and belonging needs mean friends, family and [Link] conclusion, the two models are similar in showing human’s
different kinds of needs.

19. World Income Distribution/世界收入分布图 #1501 2017-07 本月高频

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The line chart demonstrates the world income distribution in 1970 and [Link] the first picture we can see that in 1970,
38% lived below the poverty line in a world with lower incomes and less people. The poor people account for 1.4 billion
and the poverty line is 1 dollar per [Link] to the 1990, the poverty rate had fallen to 26%, but due to population growth
the number of poor was the same, the UN goal is to halve the proportion to 13% by [Link] conclusion, the poverty rate
has significantly declined due to the government’s efforts.

20. Rubbish soup/垃圾汤 #1504 2017-07

The picture shows the rubbish [Link] picture shows us two large rubbish [Link] approximate areas of the rubbish
soup are very large in the map. As we can see the eastern rubbish patch is located in the west part of Pacific Ocean,
which is next to japan and china. The gyre currents are running counter [Link] western rubbish patch is located
in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean and is next to Canada, US and Hawaii, the gyre currents are running [Link]
conclusion, the rubbish soups alert us that the environmental problem is very serious at the moment.

21. Total MSW Generation/城市固体废物的产生 #1506 2017-07

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The pie chart gives information about the total MSW generation by material in 2009 in 243 million tons before
[Link] we can see the largest proportion can be found in paper and paperboard which is 28.2%.After that yard
trimmings has taken up the second largest amount which is 13.7 %.Next we can see others occupies the smallest
amount which is 3.5%.Apart from that, wood has made up for 6.5% and metals have taken up for 8.6%.In conclusion,
paper and paperboard still amount for the largest proportion for all the generation.

22. Electricity Generation in China by Type/中国发电类型 #1681 2017-10 本月高频

The line chart demonstrates the electricity generation in China by type from 1994 to [Link] the conventional thermal,
it has increased from 600 in 1994 to 1500 in 2004 [Link] we look at the hydroelectric, it remained relatively
stable at around 100 throughout the [Link] the total generation, it has increased dramatically from 900 to 2000 from
1994 to [Link] sum up, conventional thermal still occupies the largest part of electricity generation in China.

23. Adult Literacy/成人识字率 #1683 2017-10 本月高频

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The bar chart indicates adult literacy by region from [Link] we can see the largest amount can be found in Latin
America and the Caribbean, which is 89% in females and 91% in [Link] that Asia has the second largest rate,
which is 73% in females and 86% in [Link] we can find the smallest amount in sub-Saharan Africa, which is 53%
in females and 79% in [Link] conclusion, males have a larger adult literacy rate than males in all the regions.

24. Urban Traffic Change/城市交通变化 #1687 2017-10 本月高频

The picture gives information about London Fleet Street then and today. As can be seen from the picture, on the left-
hand side in 19th century, it is the old street view, there are many foot traffic and horse carriages, and also we can see
that the street is quite crowded and narrow. The houses are old and there seems serious air pollution at that time.
However, when we look at the right-hand side, now we can see the new street view, which is a colored photo and from it,
we can see that the public transport is well developed with some people using the motorcycle as a means of transport.
Moreover, the buildings are modern and well-built and the sky nowadays is clean and blue with no air pollution. In
conclusion, there is a sharp contrast between the old and new street views.

25. Virus Replication/病毒增值 #1698 2017-10 本月高频

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The flow chart shows us the virus [Link] can be seen from the chart, the first step is about the adsorption, which
means the virus can be adsorbed by the [Link] then the second step is about the entry which means the virus can
enter into the [Link] step is about replication which means the viruses can be replicated within the [Link] that it’s
about assembly, which means that the virus can be assembled within the cell as [Link], the step is about release
which means that the virus can be released from the cell.

26. Simple circuit/简易电路 #1703 2017-10 本月高频

The flow chart shows the simple circuit with [Link] we can see from the chart, the first step is about the positive pole,
which means the electricity can be transmitted from this [Link] that, when it flows through the battery, it will come to
the second step, which is a negative [Link] then the electricity will go through and out of the negative pole and finally
arrive at the light bulb, which requires the electricity to be lighted up and [Link] conclusion, the low chart shows
that the light process contains many features and the process is very easy.

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27. Rhinoceros/小犀牛 #1769 2017-11 本月高频

The map indicates the habitats for rhinos. According to the map, the inferred historic distribution can largely be found in
the north part of Pakistan, north part of India and south part of Bhutan. However, when it comes to the current
distribution, the habitats for rhinos has shrunk significantly and only the north tip of India and the south tip of Nepal can
find some rhinos. In conclusion, the map shows a dramatic decrease in the rhino's habitats.

28. Gariep Basin/夏丽普盆地 #1770 2017-11 本月高频

The graph is about the municipalities and precipitation of Gariep Basin. On the left of the picture, we can see that 90-
100% of municipalities can be found in the North and East of Basin. Followed by that, 30-50% of municipalities can be
found in the central of Basin. Besides, on the right of the picture, we can see that precipitation among 2-3mm can be
found in the West and Northeastern of the map, and precipitation among 1-2mm can be found in the central and
Northwestern of the map. In conclusion, this graph summaries information about the municipalities and precipitation of
Gariep Basin.

29. Flow chart/流程图 #1773 2017-11

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The flow chart gives information about the problem solving [Link] to the flow chart, the first step is about
stating the problem, secondly, it is about generating ideas, after that the third step is about selecting a solution and then
the next step is about building the item. Following that the step is about evaluating and the last step is about presenting
[Link] conclusion, the pictures show that to identify and solve the problem is not a very complex process.

30. Expenditure/花销 #2439 2017-12 本月高频

The pie chart indicates the pet [Link] can be seen from the chart, the largest amount is taken up by services,
which is 47%.Following that, the second largest amount is taken up by pet food which is 41%.In contrast, the smallest
amount is occupied by money to purchase the pet, which is 10%.In summary, the pie chart shows us different pet
expenditures.

31. Tree/树 #3341 2018-02 本月高频

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The picture demonstrates different kinds of [Link] first is hemlock tree with a height of 130 [Link] second is cedar
tree with a height of 200 [Link] third one is spruce which is 230 [Link] the last one is Douglas fir which is 280 [Link]
we can see, from the left to the right, the height of the trees increases [Link] conclusion, the pictures show us
various kinds of trees with different heights.

32. Temperature and rainfall/温度与降水 #3506 2018-03 本月高频

The graph shows the temperature and rainfall of a [Link] to the graph, when we look at the temperature, it
has fluctuated around 0 from 1850 to 1950, after that it began to climb to the highest, which is at 6 degrees in [Link]

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terms of the rainfall, it began to increase from 1850 to 1950, which is from 20 to 60. Then it fluctuated but continued to
increase to 80 in 2050. After that from 2050 to 2100, it remained relatively stable at [Link] sum up, temperature and
rainfall are correlated with each other.

33. Typing hand position/打字手势 #3562 2018-03 本月高频

The pictures demonstrates right and wrong typing [Link] we can see from the left hand-side, it is the right posture,
which means hands are places naturally and horizontally to the [Link] that on the right hand-side, we can see
it is wrong typing postures, which means hands are placed too far away or too close to each other or the hands are
placed too high or too low to the [Link] conclusion, the picture gives a vivid description about how to have the
right typing posture and to avoid the wrong ones.

34. Healthy weight/健康的体重 #3563 2018-03

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The graph shows the information about body mass index. The height is between 4’11’’ to 6’7’, and the weight is between
90 to 290 . It is clear that obese occupies the largest percentage, with the weight between 150 to 290; follow by that,
normal occupies the second largest percentage, with the weight between 90 to 220; the weight for overweight is
between 130 to 260 and the weight for underweight is between 90 to 160. In conclusion, this graph summarize the
information about body mass.

35. Germination of the seed plant/种子的发芽 #3597 2018-03 本月高频

The picture indicates the process of how the seeds can grow into a [Link] first step is about a seed, it is buried under
the [Link] second step is about a seedling, which means the seed can grow after some time and the roots
underground will begin to [Link] next step is about a small tree, which means there is a leave growing out of the
seed and the roots underground becoming further [Link], the last step is about the tree, more leaves are
grown from the stems and roots underground extend deeper and [Link] conclusion, the whole process contains 4
steps and it is an easy process to see the mature tree from a small seed.

36. Lamp/台灯 #3621 2018-03 本月高频

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The picture shows us the lamp [Link] we look at the picture, we can see from the top to the bottom, it is glass
cover, solar cells, photoresistor. As we can see they are the first three elements of the [Link] that, we can see there
is a battery, controller board and LED, which can enable the energy to be converted and transmitted from the solar cells
to the [Link], the solar energy will be utilized by the lamp and the lamp is protected by a lamp [Link] conclusion,
the whole structure of a lamp is very complex; however the process of solar energy utilization is relatively easy.

37. Happiness/幸福 #3692 2018-04 本月高频

The pie chart demonstrates what determines [Link] to the pie chart, we can see that the largest amount is
taken up by genetic set point, which is 50%.Following that, intentional activities have occupied the second largest
amount, which is 40%.In contrast, the smallest amount is made up by life circumstances, which is 10%.In conclusion,
genetic set point has the biggest role to play in determining happiness.

38. The number of laws/法律的数量 #3743 2018-04

The line chart gives information about the number of laws in Brazil from 1953 to [Link] we can see from the char, the
number of laws has remained stable at around 100 from 1953 to [Link] from 1963 to 1983 it began to increase
moderately from 100 to [Link] after that it stagnated at 1200 before skyrocketing to 2400 at the end of [Link]
conclusion, the number of laws has an increasing trend over the four decades.

39. Projected population/澳洲人口统计 #3744 2018-04 本月高频

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The line chart shows projected population in Australia in [Link] to the chart, the series A has increased
dramatically from 20 in 2001 to 65 in [Link] that, the series B has increased moderately from 20 to 45, from
2001 to [Link], the series C has increased slowly from 20 to 35 over the same [Link] conclusion, projected
population in Australia is expected to increase in the coming years.

40. Household computer/家用电脑 #3798 2018-04

This bar chart presents household computer or internet access in terms of proportion of all households from 1998 to
2009, categorized by computer access, internet access and broadband access. It is clear from the chart that all the
categories increase over the time. For computer access represented in light grey, it increases from 50% in 1998 to about
75% in 2009. For internet access represented in black, it increases from about 15% in 1998 to about 70% in 2009. This is
a rapid increase. For broadband access, it increases from 10% in 2004 to about 60% in 2009. In conclusion, this graph
gives very interesting information.

41. Food/食物 #3804 2018-04 本月高频

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This picture shows the pyramid of food required by human bodies. At the bottom of the pyramid, we can see water,
which is the most essential to human bodies. Above water, on the second layer of the pyramid, we can see whole grain
foods such as rice, cakes and biscuits. Above the whole grain foods level, there is a fruits and vegetables level. We can
see grapes, oranges and apples in the fruit section, and broccoli, potatoes and carrots in the vegetable section. Above
the fruits and vegetables, we can see milk products and fish, poultry and eggs. At the top of the pyramid, there is a sugar
and salt level. In conclusion, all the levels in the pyramid are important for human bodies.

42. Fish/鱼 #3862 2018-05 本月高频

This picture gives the information about trout sizes. According to the picture, for the largest can be found in the trout in
red, it is over 15 years old and its size is around 60. However, for the smallest can be found in the trout in yellow, it is 1
year old and its size is around 28. It also mentions information about the 3-year-old and 8-year-old trouts, which are
around 38 and 45 respectively. In conclusion, the older trouts are much longer than younger ones.

43. Food price vs Oil price/食物价格vs油价格 #3924 2018-05 本月高频

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This line chart is about food price and oil price from the November of 2000 to the November of 2009. Oil price is shown
in a red line and measured in dollars. It starts from 30 dollars in 2000 and increases to a maximum of 130 dollars in
2008. The minimum occurs in 2001 at 20 dollars. It concludes at 80 dollars in 2009. The food price index is represented
in a green line. It starts at 90 in 2000 and increases to a maximum of 210 in 2008. Minimum occurs in 2001 at 80. It
concludes at 200 in 2009. In conclusion, the food price and oil price have similar trends, and the graph gives interesting
information.

44. Weather guide for Beijing/北京天气指南 #4075 2018-05 本月高频

This line graph gives the information about temperature and rainfall guide for Beijing in China from January to
December. There are a red line representing daily high temperature and a blue line representing daily low temperature,
which are measured in Fahrenhelt. For daily high temperature, it starts at about 30oF in January and increases to a
maximum of 80oF in July. It concludes at about 35oF in December. The daily low temperature shows a similar trend. It
starts at about 20oF in January and increases to a maximum of 60oF in July. It ends at about 15oF in December. In
conclusion, this graph shows important information.

45. Agricultural types/农业类型 #4076 2018-05 本月高频

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This picture shows the information about Causes of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2000-2005. It is clear from the
chart that cattle ranching occupies the largest proportion, at 65%-70%, and the area is represented in light green.
Followed by that, small-scale agriculture and large-scale agriculture occupy 20-25% and 5-10% respectively, which are
represented in green and dark green. Logging only occupies 2-3% and other occupies the least proportion, at 1-2%.
These two small areas are represented in brown and grey. In conclusion, this graph gives very interesting information.

46. Floor plan/楼层规划 #4154 2018-06 本月高频

The graph shows the floor plan of the graduate laboratory. When we look at the left of the picture, we can see that there
is a storage, three offices and a toilet. When we look at the bottom of the picture, we can see the animal science room
and plant science room. When we look at the right of the picture, we can see the computer room and a meeting room
with a desk and chairs. In conclusion, the graph provides information about the composition of the laboratory.

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47. Land use map/土地使用状况图 #4584 2018-08 本月高频

The graph shows the land use of India. As we can see from the graph, for arable land which represents by yellow
occupies the majority part of India. When we look at the forest which represents by green , they can be found in the
north, south and the east in India. For unproductive land, they can be found in the northern part in India. As we can see
from the graph, the non-agricultural land, scrub and grass scatter around India. In conclusion, this graph provides
comprehensive information about land use in India.

48. S&P/ASX200/标准普尔指数 #4642 2018-08 本月高频

According to the given information, the following graph is about S&P/ASX 200. It is clear the number of S&P /ASX has
increased from 0 to 3500 between 10 o’clock and 11 o’clock. Followed by that, the number of S&P /ASX has decreased
from 3500 to 3848 between 11 o’clock and 12 o’clock. In addition, we can see that the number of S&P /ASX has decreased
from 3484 to 3482 between 12 o’clock and 12:30. In conclusion, we could predict that the number of S&P /ASX will
continue to decrease in the future.
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49. Pencil/铅笔 #4665 2018-08

The picture shows the information about pencils. There are five pencils in the picture and each pencil represents
different places of America. The first pencil represents New Jersey, and its length is 50.680. Followed by that, the second
pencil can be regarded as Chicago and its length is 46.750. Besides, the third pencil is regarded as South Carolina, with
the length of 38.520; the fourth pencil is regarded as Michigan, with the length of 26.710; the last pencil represents
Virginia and its length is 18.950. Overall, we can assume that different length represents the hectares of different places
in America.

50. Music download/音乐下载 #4733 2018-09 本月高频

The graph gives the information about how to download the music via Tesco Extra. Firstly, consumers need to search the
songs online; Secondly, they need to purchase the songs that are stored in their shopping carts; Thirdly, consumers can
download the songs from digital devices, such as computers laptops or phones; Finally, customers are able to enjoy the
songs after finishing all these steps. In conclusion, this system is quite easy to use and the process will start again.

51. Ancient Egypt trade/古埃及贸易 #4820 2018-09 本月高频

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The graph shows the information about trading goods. Ancient Egypt imports different kinds of goods from 4 different
places. It imports cedar, oil and timber from Lebanon; then it imports copper, Semi-precious stones and gold from
Nubia; and then it imports Ebony, Ivory, Slaves, Exotic animals from other parts of tropical Africa; finally, it imports
Horses, fruit, honey, pots and copper from countries around the Mediterranean. After finishing the process of
importation, it exports its goods to other places. These goods include linen, tools, beads, beer, weapons and oil. In
conclusion, this is a graph about the importation and exportation of Ancient Egypt.

52. Floor plan/楼层规划 #4953 2018-09 本月高频

The map shows the information about a floor plan. When people get into the building with the entrance, they will see
four rooms on their right as they continue to walk into the building; On their left hand side, there are two elevators and
toilets for men and women respectively; there is a lab near room 4, and it has the biggest area when compared with the
other rooms. In conclusion, this is a map for a floor plan, and we can assume that the building maybe is used for doing
experiments.

53. Transportation modes/交通方式 #5023 2018-10

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The graph shows major transportation modes in the past from 1500 to 2000. As we can see from the graph, from 1500
to 1850, the transportation rely on horses carriage and bicycle etc with average speed in 15mph. After 1850, people
traveled by locomotive in average speed at 75mph, followed by automobile become the major transportation in modern
society. In conclusion, 500 years time experience the changes in major transportation modes.

54. Languages in Switzerland/瑞士语言区 #5024 2018-10 本月高频

The graph shows the languages in Switzerland. When we look at the left hand side of the picture we can see that there is
a French area which represents by light green. When we look at the middle of the map we can see a German speaking
area in pink, which dominates most part of Switzerland. When we look at the right of the picture, we can see the region
of Italian in yellow and Romansch in dark green. In conclusion, there are multiple languages spoken in Switzerland.

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55. Temperature and CO2/气温和二氧化碳 #5030 2018-10 本月高频

The graph shows the temperature and CO2 for last 400000 years. As we can see from the graph, for temperature, the
highest one can be found in 5 in every 100 thousand years. Moreover, the lowest one can be found in minus 15 in the
same interval. In addition, for carbon dioxide level, it is range from 200 to 300. Most important, the highest CO2 level can
be found at present, which is nearly 400. In conclusion, the CO2 level and temperature follows the similar pattern.

56. The most common languages/最广泛的语言 #5359 2018-12 本月高频

This picture gives information about the most common languages in the world in countries of Mandarin Chinese, Hindi,
English and so on. According to the picture, for the approximate number of native speakers in 2000, the largest figure
can be found in Mandarin Chinese, which is around 0.9 billion and the smallest figure can be found in Bengali (India and
Bangladesh), which is around 0.2 billion. However, for the countries with substantial numbers of native speakers, the
largest and smallest figure can be found in English and Bengali respectively, which is 104 and 9 respectively. In
conclusion, Bengali is the least popular language.

57. Taxation/征税 #5410 2018-12 本月高频

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This bar chart gives information about the taxation in different countries in terms of their payroll and superannuation in
recent years in percentages. According to the picture, the largest figure can be found in both Australia and Austria, which
is both 16.6%. However, the smallest figure can be found in Denmark, which is 8%. It also mentions information about
other countries and the weighted average, which is 14%. In conclusion, taxation collected in Australia and Austria is far
more than the one in Denmark.

58. Most livable states/最宜居的州 #5420 2018-12 本月高频

This table chart gives information about most livable states in 2011, including Utah, Wyoming, Minnesota and so on.
According to the picture, in 2011 rank, the top 1 place goes to New Hampshire while the bottom 1 place goes to North
Dakota, which is 10th. However, in 2007 rank, the top 1 place goes to New Hampshire while the bottom 1 place goes to
Idaho, which is 14th. In conclusion, New Hampshire is the always the most livable states.

59. Athletics participation survey/高中生运动情况调查 #5452 2018-12

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The following graph shows the information about high school athletics participation survey totals 1971-2010. For the line
of boys, we can see that from 1971 to 1977, the number of participants has increased from 3.6million to 4.4 million, after
that, it decreased to about almost 3.4 million and then increased again to 4.5 million in the year of 2009; for the line of
girls, the number of participants has increased from 400000 to 2 million between 1971 and 1977, after that, it decreased
to almost 1.9 million and then increased again to 2.6 million in the year of 2009; In conclusion, there are big changes for
both lines between 1971 and 2009.

60. Part-time and full-time working/兼职与全职工作 #5543 2019-01 本月高频

This picture talks about different work payments for males and females from $400 to $2000 in different types: full-time
working, part-time working and casual. According to the information, if we look at male in black diamonds, the largest
figure can be found in full-time working with $2000, while the smallest figure can be found in full-time working with
$400. However, we look at female in white diamonds, the largest figure can be found in part-time working with $2000,
while the smallest figure can be found in part-time working with $800. In conclusion, the salary only appear in full-time
and part-time jobs.

61. Teaching as a career/从事教育行业 #5705 2019-01 本月高频

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This picture gives information about teaching as a career. According to the information, the largest figure can be found
in employed in teaching field, which is 95 percent. However, the smallest proportion can be found in final year students
who want to be a teacher, which is only 1 percent. It also gives information about graduate students working in teaching,
which is 7%. In conclusion, final year students may not like teaching.

62. Economic inactivity/经济停滞 #5827 2019-02 本月高频

This table shows the economic inactivity through the generations from 1901 federation to 2025 Gen Z in average work
expectancy at 15 years, average life expectancy and average inactivity. If we look at the average work expectancy at age
15 years, the largest figure can be found in 1901 federation, which is 44.2 years; while the smallest figure can be found in
1980-2003 Gen Y, which is 42.3 years. However, if we look at average life expectancy, the largest and smallest figure can
be found in 2004-2025 Gen Z and 1901 federation respectively, which is 70.6 years and 53.6 years respectively. In
conclusion, the largest figure of average inactivity can also be found in 2004-2025 Gen Z.

63. Sitting posture/坐姿 #6057 2019-03 本月高频

This picture shows information about sitting postures when typing. On the right-hand side of the picture, we can see that
the boy’s back and chest need to be kept straight rather than slouch. Secondly, the boy’s chair needs to be in an
appropriate height rather than too low. Thirdly, the boy’s sight ranges from the top to the middle of the computer screen
rather than focus only on the middle part. In conclusion, a right typing posture involves a person’s back, chest and head.

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64. Monthly temperature and precipitation/月气温与降水情况 #6118 2019-03 本月高频

This graph gives information about monthly temperature and precipitation. If you look at precipitation which is in green
bar, the largest number can be found in June, reaching about 5. The smallest number can be found in Jan, which is
almost 2. If you look at temperature which is in red line, the largest number can be found in July, reaching about 80. The
smallest number can be found in Jan, which is almost 20. In conclusion, mid-year is the hottest and most humid period.

65. Life expectancy in Luxembourg/卢森堡人的寿命 #6182 2019-04

This graph is about the number of males and females. As we can see, the pink line shows the female number, and the
blue line shows the male number. The pink line starts from age 75 in 1981 and continues to increase and reaches the
maximum point at around age 80 in 2003. For the blue line, we can see it starts from a little bit below 70, and keeps
increasing and reaches 75 at 2003. In conclusion, this graph shows many logical relationship including trends and
extreme number.

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66. Age percentage/年龄占比 #6218 2019-04

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

67. Asian population/亚洲人口 #6580 2019-07 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

68. Palm oil production/棕榈油产量 #6642 2019-07 本月高频

This graph shows information of Indonesia and Malaysia palm oil production. If you look at Indonesia, which is in red
line, we can see that there has been a steady growth since 1998, reaching more than 20,000 in 2008. If you look at
Malaysia, which is in blue line, we can see that there is a slower growth with some fluctuation during the years, reaching
about 16,000 in 2008. Malaysia was taken over by Indonesia in 2006. In conclusion, Indonesia oil production developed
faster than Malaysia.

69. Population in China/中国人口结构 #6666 2019-07 本月高频

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This picture is about the population in China 2016 in different age groups. For male on the left in blue color, we can see
the largest number can be found in 25-29, which is about 65 million. The smallest number can be found in over 100,
which is only 1. For female on the right in red color, we can see the largest number can be found in 25-29, too, which is
about 60, the smallest number can also be found in over 100, which is about 1. In conclusion, people's age in China is
mainly from 20 to 60.

70. Waste/垃圾 #6688 2019-08 本月高频

This picture is about different kinds of waste. On the top of the picture, we can see there are fish bones and animal
bone; at the bottom, we can see there are several branches and green leaves, and we can also see eggshells. On the left,
we can see orange peels and red pepper while on the right we can see the pizza and its box. In conclusion, human need
to put most of these leftovers into the recycling bin in the middle of the picture.

71. Media in UK/英国媒体 #6689 2019-08 本月高频

This picture is about different kinds of media in UK from 2001 to 2005. For the year 2001, the largest number can be
found in radio represented in blue color, which is about 63%. For 2003, the largest number can be found in both Internet
and Radio, which is about 50%. For 2005, the smallest number can be found in Newspaper, which is about only 3%. In
conclusion, TV is not that popular as radio and the Internet.
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72. Oil/五种油脂 #6797 2019-09 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

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RL Re-tell lecture 复述讲座

1. Infinite Monkey Theory/猴子打字理论 #69 2017-04 本月高频

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite
amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context,
"almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" isn't an actual monkey, but a
metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem illustrates the
perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey
exactly typing a complete work such as Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of
time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero.

But technologies can help monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word monkey,
they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 10 years to produce
the right spelling. However, if they can use computer programing, they can finish the task within a day.

In this lecture the speaker talks about infinite monkey theorem.

According to the speaker she mentions that on a keyboard, a monkey will almost surely type a given text such as the
complete works of William Shakespeare.
She indicates that it is a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence.
She suggests that if they are given a pen and some papers they can only scratch on the paper.
This lecture talks about infinite monkey theorem and the benefits of technology.

2. Haussmann's renovation of Paris/拿破仑修缮巴黎 #71 2017-04 本月高频

Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned, though for a reason and reflect the needs of people as it
grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for example, was originally founded in the third century as a small
village. And with every passing generation, it grew in size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a modern city.
But the transition was not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon III had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris.
The man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann.

In 1853, Haussmann began the process of renovating France’s capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light and
air into the central districts, improve the sanitation and living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful city, not
your average weekend renovation. Haussmann’s projects included the destruction of the old medieval neighborhoods,
widening of streets, building large parks and public squares and addition of fountains and sewer lines.

To add to all of this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually. And Napoleon III issued official decree
annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the city. One of the main priority of this massive renovation was to
connect all of the districts together. If we think of Paris like a house, each district was its own room, existing essentially,
independently of the other districts. Napoleon III wanted it to be easier to travel between the most important districts.
And to create a sense of this being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods. So Haussmann created
large avenues that connected the districts. More than that, he made all the avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on
a major avenue were required to be roughly the same height and style, and even had to use the same creme-colored
stone for the facade.

The result was to remove any local characteristics and create a uniform Paris. For the first time, the city had a specific
look, a style that people began to associate not with a district but with Paris itself.

Cities are interesting places, some are carefully planned and others are carelessly designed.
Firstly, Paris grew from a medieval city to a modern one but its transitions wasn’t smooth.
Secondly, Haussmann, hired by the emperor, began renovating Paris, making it more beautiful and destructing the old
neighborhoods.
Thirdly, Pairs’ size had to be increased and one of the priority was to connect all districts together, so Haussmann created
large, roughly the same avenues for that.
In conclusion, this renovation created a uniform Paris, and for the first time, people began to associate not by districts
but by Paris itself.

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3. Galaxy Darkness/银河系黑暗之迷 #72 2017-04

Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it
dark in space?

That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when
our side of Earth faces away from the sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other
far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the
entire universe contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light the night like daytime.

Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought
the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite.

Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night
sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest.
But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. The problem greatly troubled astronomers and became
known as Olbers paradox. A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself.

So, to try and explain the paradox, some 19th-century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be
absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would
absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves.

Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe --- that is, a universe of limited size --- even
one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to light up all of space.

Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earths sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.

This lecture talked about the darkness between galaxies. A picture from NASA explains the darkness.
This picture is copyright free and can be found on newspapers, magazines and on the Internet.
According to the lecturer, gaps between galaxies are not dark.
The reason why we cannot see it is because our eyes are not able to detect the infrared light.
To conclude, the darkness between galaxies still remain mysterious to us.

4. Dimensions/维度 #73 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

Dimensions can be defined as the number of space or variables used to describe events.
One dimension refers to one variable, which means longitude.
Two dimensions contain two variables: namely, longitude plus latitude.
Three dimensions contains 3 variables: longitude, latitude and altitude.
Four dimensions include the above-mentioned variables and time.
We can use these dimensions to represent every event. however, we seldom use 4 dimensions.
回忆要点：机经基本正确。但是要补充几点，作为机经的完善。On the equator of the earth, we use 1 dimension.; On the
surface of the earth, we use 2 dimensions; in space, we use 3 dimensions; the 4 dimensions contain 3 dimensions plus
time; we also have 5 dimensions. 最后一句是 we can describe any event by using longitude, latitude, altitude and time. 总
体来说不难。语速适中，大家RL时记得把Key word一定要发音清晰

5. Welsh Speaker/威尔士语使用者 #74 2017-04 本月高频

welsh is a Celtic language spoken in wales by about 740,000 people, and in the welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by
several hundred people. There are also welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New
Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of wales spoke welsh as an everyday
language. Towards the end of the century, the proportion of welsh speakers had fallen to about 21%. According to the
2001 census 582,368 people can speak welsh, 659,301 people can either speak, read or write welsh, and 797,717 people,

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28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the
welsh language TV channel, the number of welsh speakers in wales is around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can
'understand' welsh. In addition, there are an estimated 133,000 welsh-speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them
in the Greater London area.

The lecture talks about Welsh which is a Celtic language spoken in Wales, Wales's colony, England, Canada, USA.
At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language, towards
the end of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%.
According to the 2001 census about 750,000 people speak, read or write Welsh and 28% of the population have some
knowledge of the language.
In the end, the number of Welsh speaker has a positive prediction.

6. Bomb calorimeter/燃烧计测量原理 #75 2017-04 本月高频

Why does burning a food item provide information about its value as a food? The nutritional value of food can be
measured on many different scales. The most basic measurement scale is the free energy content of the food. In other
words, how much energy is released when chemical bonds within the food are broken? The energy content of food is
measured in calories, the amount of kinetic energy required to raise the temperature of one ml of water, one degree.
Food is burned under controlled conditions, breaking chemical bonds and releasing free energy. The burning is
chemically similar to the breakdown of food in cellular respiration although the process occurs much more quickly and in
a less controlled fashion during ignition. Calorimeter can measure the energy in food, but can not measure the digested
energy of what we have.

This lecture is mainly about bomb calorimeter.

This equipment can help to measure how much energy contained in food.
There will be chemical combustion between the food and oxygen. The water chamber absorbs the heat when food
samples are burned.
The thermometer measures the increased temperature of the water, and then, we can calculate the energy of the food.
The result of this calorimeter is different with the energy that human's body absorb from food because our digestion
system cannot absorb all energy from food.

7. Western Country Child Birth Rates/西方国家出生率 #76 2017-04 本月高频

The western countries women are becoming more and more reluctant to give birth to babies.

However, the male's status in society remains as strong as it ever has in recent years. The birth rates increased during
20's century but it starts to decrease over these last two decades. In the year 2000, as an example, the birth rate
remained at around 1%. There are even some negative birth rates in other countries. Birth rates dropped to its lowest
point that has never been seen in the society. It also has impacts on male in the society especially young man, and it
might have some connection with unemployment rates as well.

有图，一条折线,先上升一点,后直线下降, 纵轴Child birth rates横轴年份到2000年时候大概是1点几%出生率

The lecture talks about the child birth rates in European countries.
In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the rate decreases to historical low in about 1.1-1.2% in
recent years.
The reason is that women in Europe are unwilling to give birth especially those young women under 30 years old.
At the end of the lecture, he concluded that the phenomenon would affect man's position of life, which will increase their
unemployment rate.

8. Australian Export Business/澳洲与多国的出口业务 #78 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

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讲澳洲对日本、美国、中国近几十年来的出口业务,以及澳大利亚应该怎么趁亚洲这个好势头促进自己的出口业, 日本中国美英对
澳出口的变化从1985到现在.
The lecture talks about China, japan, US's export business.
In the past, Australia was concerned about its geographical location, which may result in Australia being isolated from
North America, UK, and later America.
Nevertheless, nowadays with the rise of Asian countries, especially China, Australia has become a great export country
with a perfect location.
Currently, Japan is the largest exporting country to Australia, but China may become the largest one in the future.
Australia should take the advantage of China's raise to develop its exports.

9. NON-Governmental Organization (NGO)/非营利政府组织 #79 2017-04 本月高频

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-
profit business. Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or
private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse
groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world.
Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social
purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests.

The number of NGOs in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs. India is estimated to
have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary
schools and primary health centres in India. NGOs are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO' is rarely used consistently.
As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common focus is on "orientation" and "level of
operation".

An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on.

These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work.
An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or
international.

10. Tertiary education expenditure in Europe/欧洲高等教育的学费 #80 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

The lecture compares the expenses of education institution among different European countries.
UK spent 1.08% of its GDP on education institutions, which was insufficient compared to other European countries
including Italy, Denmark and Spain.
The expenditure of Italy and France is close to that of the UK.
Denmark and Finland spent much more than the rest of the European countries.
Northern European countries’ tertiary educational expenditure is high.

11. Variation in Frogs/青蛙变异的影响 #82 2017-04 本月高频

Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura. The
oldest fossil proto frog appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins
may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to
subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is found in tropical rain forests. There are
approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the
five most diverse vertebrate orders.

Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees.
Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few
feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food
source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the world's ecosystems. The skin is semipermeable,

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making them susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry
habitats.

Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in they are breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of
complex behaviors to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frog populations have declined
significantly since the 1950s. More than one-third of species are considered to be threatened with extinction and over
one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among
frogs is on the rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the world. Conservation
biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. Frogs are valued as food by
humans and also have many cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion.

配了一个饼图 60% frog with normal limbs 20% with…

The graph shows tree types of frogs in different region, indicating their life habits and their influence on human.
The variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have more limbs while some have fewer limbs.
The lecture also explains the reason for the gene mutation.
Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and affect our health.
补充回忆： Frog population changes in North America with different limb, 20-30%, people would worry such species may
affect and post risk to people in the local area cause their drinking water is from the river.

12. Language extinction/语言灭绝 #86 2017-04

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

This lecture talks about language extinction.

Many languages are disappearing at a rate that was never seen before in history.
Urbanization is the main reason.
Because the people who speak small languages are moving to urban areas, which are not suitable for small languages to
survive.
These people have to speak global languages due to pressure.
There is an increasing trend of small languages’ extinction recently.

13. Stress reactivity/应激反应 #95 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

The lecture talks about the relationship between individual’s stress reactivity and maternal behavior.
According to the lecture, the differences in stress reactivity of adult are determined by maternal behavior during infancy.
For the high licking and grooming group, the development of stress reactivity is moderate, reducing the risk of disease.
However, for the low licking and grooming group, the stress reactivity increases with higher risk of diseases like heart
disease and alcoholism.
In conclusion, different level of licking and grooming impacts greatly on stress reactivity.

14. Underwater Detectors/水下探测器 #105 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

The lecture talks about Underwater Antares detectors, which is a camera installed under the water for fish monitoring.
It is a remote technology system, some researchers can monitor fish in their computer in University.
The camera can detect surrounding environments and fish. This help find out what they eat and do not eat.
They can stop feeding them if necessary in some situation to save time and labor

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15. Thermodynamic Theory/热力学理论 #106 2017-04 本月高频

Thermodynamics is the science of the flow of heat. So, thermo is heat, and dynamic is the motion of heat.
Thermodynamics was developed largely beginning in the 1800's, at the time of the Industrial Revolution. So, taming of
steel. The beginning of generating power by burning fossil fuels. The beginning with the problems with CO2 and global
warming. In fact, it's interesting to note that the first calculation on the impact of the CO2 on climate was done in the late
1800's by Arrhenius. Beginning of a generation of power moving heat from fossil fuels to generating energy, locomotives,
etcetera. So, he calculated what would happen to this burning of fossil fuels, and he decided in his calculation, he
basically got the calculation right, by the way, but he came out that in 2,000 years from the time that he did the
calculations, human would be in trouble.

The lecture is about thermodynamic theory and kinetic theory, which are major development of physics.
Thermodynamics is about heat and temperature transmission and their relation to energy and work.
The laws of thermodynamic are constant and statistical, describing how quantities behave under various circumstances.
Thermodynamics are obeyed under most situations, although there are exceptions where atoms move randomly with
kinetic energy.

16. 3 Stages of Brain Development/大脑发育三阶段 #109 2017-04 本月高频

Stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are three stages, starting from the Primitive
brain, limbic brain, and finally to the neocortex. Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive brain
functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control, monitoring body functions, and
process information coming from sensing. limbic brain functioning as a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks,
and the Primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input from the
Primitive brain and the limbic brain.

However, he needed more time to process information from the Primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks
the merger is also a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and actions. Nerve
myelination of the brain takes place in sequence, starting from the Primitive brain, the limbic brains, and brain thought.
Neural pathways are more frequently used to make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin, the faster the
nerve impulses or signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to receive input from the
environment in accordance with its development.

The lecture talks about 3 stages of brain development, which are the primitive brain, limbic brain and neocortex.
Different sections of the brain have different function and finished development in different times
For sensory pathways, including vision and hearing, develop from embryo time, peak at 3 month old, stop at more than 1
year old.
For language, develop from embryo time, peak around 9 months old, and stop at more than 1 year old.
For higher cognitive function, develop from embryo time, peak at 1 year old and develop for a longer period of time.
Moreover, higher level functions, such as logical thinking, based on lower level of development.

17. Economic Development/经济发展 #111 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

This lecture is about the economic development in Latin America.

Over the past 20 years, the economic development in Latin America grew by 80%.
After the globalization and reform, the growth slowed down from 80% to 10%.
The economic growth after reform has become unsustainable.
Some people start to consider if the reform is positive or not.

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18. Mega Cities’ Impact/大城市的影响 #113 2017-04

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

The lecture is about mega cities’ impact.

Global population has increased by 4 folds, from 1.5 billion in 1900 to 6 billion in 2000.
While resource consumption has increased more significantly by 16 folds over the century.
Due to urbanization, cities, which only account for 2% of the land, have 50% of the total population and consume 75% of
the resources.
People not only use every resource but also produce tons of wastes.

19. Community Service Worker/社区服务工作者 #115 2017-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

Ppt上有三点. basic advice and counselling skills. quarterly meetings. seminar gourps. india workers 只是在ppt的第二点提
到 最后说 seminar groups are not suitable for particular groups.
The lecture talks about Community Service Worker in India. And diseases, such as HIV, are difficult to control.
Training is essential for workers to understand the precaution knowledge and prevent disease from spreading.
These trainings will be provided by big hospitals and professionals.
The regular meetings will be held to follow up.
Large workshops and seminars are not necessary in some cities.

20. Civil Society Groups/公民社会团体 #120 2017-04 本月高频

But in the face of this sense of dis-empowerment, there is no decline in involvement in organizations, which seek to
share wealth and opportunities, which seek to protect one another's rights and work towards the common good.
According to the UN, civil society groups have grown 40-fold since the turn of the last century. Sorry, since the turn of the
year last century.

Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, there are 700,000 not for profit organizations in
Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe working international
relief, and gave accreditation for many of them.

This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm of governments and
officialdom reflects a growth in trust, the third sector NGO's. Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy.
The best predictor of governmental success was the strength and density of a region's civic associations.

This lecture is about civil society groups.

Civil society groups have grown by 40-fold since last century.
Nowadays, the non-profit sector is worth 1 trillion dollars, and there are 700 thousand such organizations in Australia.
The UN recognizes 37 thousand organizations across the globe.
The speaker emphasizes the importance of NGO, which is called “the third sector”.

21. Changes in Economic Structure/经济结构变化 #1320 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

The lecture is mainly about change in economic structure in Europe.

In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that after industrial revolutions, around the beginning of 20th（or
19th century,） the economic structure in Europe changed dramatically.
Lots of machinery had been used in manufacturing such as steam engine. Because of this, the circulation of goods and
services had become faster and so accumulated more wealth.
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And this consequently leads to an expansion of middle class population. This again contributed to more accumulation of
social wealth.

22. Climate change/气候变化 #1321 2017-06 本月高频

Some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions. Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There
will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the near future. Climate change will result in less production and less
food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues.
There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa.

The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are
originally not suitable for food production. The change of climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as floods
and hurricanes, which exacerbates the food production.

As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10% to 17%. And this trend is perceived to be
continuing in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.

This lecture talks about the influence of climate change.

According to the speaker, he has mentioned some points of view.
Climate change will make less production and less food.
It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues.
There are many people living in hungry, especially in Africa.
The climate change will also have negative effects on the world economy.

23. Narratives/故事 #1322 2017-06 本月高频

The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of
methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the
scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I asked my mother about
the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I
asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual
evidence as I can to write my book.

This lecture is about visual description.

Firstly, the speaker mentions about the comics with many people chatting in a room and it is a form of description.
Secondly, the speaker mentions that people use different kinds of methods to describe a situation.
Thirdly the speaker mentions that people have to use visual description when they don’t see the scene.
He used own experience as an example describing the second war, his home town and the shelter his mother went to. In
conclusion, in such way the speaker gets visual evidence to write his book.

24. Overweight problem/超重问题 #1326 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

This lecture talks about the overweight problem.

According to the speaker, he has mentioned some points of view.
There are 20% of children today have the overweight problems, which bring the heart diseases are more and more
common in children, the smallest is 5 years old.
This situation makes the heart attack and other health problems become earlier and earlier.
This issue needs to be solved because the overweight problems will be in more serious situations such as diabetes type 2
and blindness.

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25. Loggerhead Turtles/蠵龟 #1330 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆1: Short head turtle 迁徙图在east coast of USA（有地图）还介绍了一下这个龟很别致，头大脖子短， 在美国快灭绝啦。

回忆2: 两张图，海龟是一种濒危物种，科学家在一只海龟背上绑上仪器跟踪，观测海龟冬天在海里迁徙的路线，记录某个路线，
有个美国海岸地图，有路线标记和年份。
回忆3： 蓝色的短脖子的龟， 在美国快要灭绝了，科学家在一只龟上做实验，大概在1986年9月，了解它们是从佛罗里达州往北
迁徙，大约三个月左右的时间，有地图，给了一个迁徙的方向。
回忆4: This is one of the largest turtles in the world. People use satellites to locate and track the migration route of those
turtle. The turtles reach difference localities in different time, the rough route is from South to North.
回忆5.有图 图很小 三个地点每个地点有时间 先描述这个龟的外貌 Black short head 什么什么的 然后说USA认为它有威胁 在
Inter national Trade把它Ban了 最后说三分之一在佛罗里达什么的 听的不是很清楚

26. Medical Machines/医疗器械 #1333 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆1: (With a picture of different medical machines, wounded hand stitched by medical thread) 讲人们使用我们周围的
materials to make life better.
回忆2: 考到一个 RL 讲人类设计了simple machine to understand themselves and improve our health., 后来这些 machine 越
来越复杂，可以帮助人类，甚至延长寿命，有些 machine 可以使得不用开刀就可以观察到人体内。
后来人们build machine用于治疗, 比如缝合伤口之类的.后来人们制造complicated machine to understand the inside of
human body.
Then when life expectancy increases, we have more time to study and invent more complicated machine, and further
increase quality of life. E.g. machine to scan and monitor brain activities.

27. Wages and consumptions/工资与消费 #1336 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

According to the speaker, the wage increase is 5%, which is very weak.
The consumption is about 15%, which seems decent.
The housing debt is about 40%, which is unusual. But can be understandable after the wage and consumption increase.
回忆要点：
回忆1.兩個朋友都说了考过这题！不是很难，就是顺着这个思路反复说，沒有太多岔开的信息：某年（或某期）的工资涨幅只有
5%,但是因为生活花费高了很多，所以造成了贷款比例增高很多。我有点忘记是不是房屋贷款了。loan /debt
回忆2.还有个柱图，三个柱子分别是工资，房价，消费，还有增长的数据，数据很清晰的。 这次还考到知道rl, 好在是视频题，只
记得出现一张图,然后图上有2排人物肖像，每排大概4个左右的人物，还有年份，最后还提到color,我不知道说的鬼。不知道可有
大神指点一二？
回忆[Link] wages increase 5% which is slow, the consumption increase 15% which is decent. However, a great increase of
40% on household house debt. Although people’s wages increase, most of the money will go against paying house debt.
我能回忆起来的原句。

28. Poverty/贫穷 #1338 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

有一个图, 示意rural的poverty更严重, 然后听力就提及要我们应当着力解决rural 的poverty问题.原因是第一这个可以减少全球的

贫困人口, 第二个是这个也可以降低unbran 的poverty rate 因为urban 的贫困人口大多都是从rural去的
横向是india 越南 还有另外两个国家 题目贫困对比图 纵向是几个分类 有level of education, poverty degree什么的 大概就是对
比这几个国家的贫困程度

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是rural regions have serious problem of poverty, 有75％的贫困人口生活在rural area, 有个表格，是几个国家名(越南等等)，

对应了4个指标，包括死亡率，受教育率，可以照着读。最后提到了rural 和urban的关系。
ppt上给了线图，国家是越南，印度，津巴布韦，ppt上内容并不多，还是要仔细听音频，主要讲的就是rural poverty的分布，也
提到了urbanization,细节想不起来了，貌似没有提环境。
Environmental problems including water pollution and the sanitation of drinking water, indoor smoke, gas emission.
Poor people are especially affected especially in terms of their health. The rising demand for energy consumption is likely
to sustain until 2030, which will have an effect on a range of environmental problems.

29. English Population/英国人口 #1343 2017-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

一张关于UK 和 Scotland 的 population的表, London X,000,000, Wales X,000,000, Scotland X,000,000, British X,000,000
London 有配一个表格, 上面有Scotland, Wales, London, UK 具体的人口, 音频也读了这些数据. 一开始说London的人口差不多
7m, 等于Wales跟Scotland的人口之和, 分别说了一下三个城市的人口数.
然后说大部分英国人都住在伦敦 其他国家人口就比较分散, 每几个在英国的人生活在伦敦, 所以管理London比管理其它两个城市
要困难, 主要是因为英国没有一个National party.还提到了用national party管理这些城市里的人, 然后结尾一句很长的话.

30. British policy/英国政策 #1350 2017-06

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

讲的是 British policy 在 18th century 言论自由, 在各种公共产所, 咖啡馆, 街道什么的都可以谈论各种事情, polity military, 包括
政府什么的
关键信息点有, coffee house, 人们在那里可以读报纸, 评论政治, 所以是public freedom的一个重要标志

31. Morton Prince/莫顿普林斯 #1351 2017-06 本月高频

The powerful influence of Stevenson's text on the discourse of dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of American
physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering the phenomenon of popularizing MPD
as embodied in a spectacular case. Princes dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beau-
champ, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Prince, is a person in whom several personalities have
become developed.

Morton Prince 一名psychology¸ 然后讲了很多次人名Christine Beauchamp，最后很快的讲了B1, B2, B3. 指的是 Christine 被

诊断为多重人格，应该分别人B1, B2, B3.
一个重要案例叫什么Christine有三个人格，下面我说的鸡精没有， 三个人格间有hidden memory的现象，有举例 人格如果叫
b1，b2，b3。 b1 不知道b2，3的存在。b2知道b1 不知道b3 。b3 知道b1，2的存在，后面还设计说什么crime investigation 没
太听懂
这个rl是配图的，一个人的肖像画，但是和文章无关。其实是讲的那个人的一本书，是best seller，然后介绍里面的主人公，有
人格分裂，具体有哪些症状，然后将了分类b1，b2，b3，其中，b2了解b1，b1什么都不了解，b3了解b2，b1，最后b1什么都
不了解。那个主人公就属于b2
lecture最后讲了B1,B2,B3中最强的personality account for the most of time and it will takeover the others and become the
main personality at the end.

32. Mars/火星 #1644 2017-10 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点： ppt上面的信息有三点： 1. 发现Mars可能是hospitable planet； 2.发现Mars上有组成水的元素，

salt,mineral,carbon carbonate. 3. 对未来的影响和意义 ppt不会消失，记不全可以照着它念。

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33. Food label/食物标签 #1645 2017-10 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：到超市买食品的时候, 产品包装袋上会有不同颜色的标志, 代表不同健康程度, 大概是绿色, 橙色, 红色。这样的表示对

消费者和生产者都有好处。给了一个图有红色黄色绿色三个点点,录音是讲的我们应该对食物所包含的营养进行颜色的划分, 这样
当我们觉得自己缺少什么食物的时候就知道应该去吃哪种颜色的。另外retailer也应该把颜色标签打在食物上, 这样方便消费者购
买他们所需要的食物。

34. The Large Hadron Collider/大型强子对撞机 #1647 2017-10 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：
回忆1.图上面有数据. 7Tev - 7Tev. Release energy 14,000 collision。只需把图片内容读出即可， 最后需要加，能够更好了解宇
宙的未来，大致这个意思。开始提到了这个东西是一个27km 的tunnel，中间提到了检测protons灯。7tev 的意思是7000 time
larger than ， 忘记了了。最后提到稳定是1.9 degree可以达到absolute zero
回忆2.考到 图片上面有文字。图片上的内容是Large Hadron Collider （LHC）， 7 TeV- 7 TeV， 1.4 million times collisions/
second. 图片下面还有一句话，记不清了。大概内容： The Large Hadron Collider is the most powerful particle accelerator,
Protons at an energy of 7 TeV per particle. 然后接下来解释了一下7 TeV， The LHC lies in a tunnel of 27 kilometers或者是
27 Km long ring-shaped tunnel, 有点记不清楚了。还说了 operating temperature of 1.9 degrees above absolute zero, a
temperature cooler than outer space, 我还听到了 proton beams 。 只能记住这么多，仅供参考

35. Robots/机器人 #1776 2017-11 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

Task design in robot is hard because our humans can separate things by our senses but for robot, even they have camera
and the picture contains many pixel, and the translation of every pixel to something could be difficult. Thus there is no
comparison between humans and robots.
回忆要点：
回忆[Link]现在的design越来越复杂，从之前的简单变化而来，和上面的留言很像，原文有提到 why it is so difficult to make
robot like human being. 然而现在robot还是不能做一些人类做的事情，举了一个例子：分辨颜色，现在只有简单的sensory，
需要很复杂的功能的sensory才能实现，需要提高sensory, pixel。求大神补充。

36. Wilson/威尔逊 #2068 2017-11 本月高频

Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream. American culture that
thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people.
They were not modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult
for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was a world before the division between the brows or
between a lead or whatever had established itself as a part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the
successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal
the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product of a
narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and
a belief that literature was as much of a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and
Yeats and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various
man. Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant
memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper.

Wilson is a famous writer in US, who have a profound impact on American culture. He thought modern literature should
be read and appreciated by ordinary people. Although some writers’ work is difficult to reads. Wilson made effort to
establish American life and innovative literature, which is as equal great as Europe. He though literature is a part of life
for everyone, and encourage people to read more.

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37. Absolute Zero/绝对零度 #2129 2017-11 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆1：绝对零度 大概是说科学家为啥要做这个实验 这样做的意义是你并不是得到一个predetermined end 而是发现what u

don’t know it exists and this is the beauty that scientists love
回忆2：关于science的， absolute zero， 没太听明白，只说了重点词 scientific research, absolute zero, we are not focus on
the goal of the experiment but the results.

38. Teaching/教育 #2158 2017-11 本月高频

All of my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so that
we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I've always considered the end the result. And I
always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me was
always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject.
I've also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners.
That is as the vehicle for the teaching-research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated
and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching
assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and
the interplay that to be recognized the successful professor.

This lecture is about teaching and learning.

Firstly, teaching is motivated by students' needs of learning.
Secondly, it is important to consider the result and byproducts of the learning process.
Thirdly, new ideas can stimulate and motivate students.
Finally, the unity of research and teaching close connection, exercising as well as interplay help speaker become a
successful professor.

39. Happiness/幸福 #2213 2017-12 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

主旨是 happiness comes from frequency and quality of social relation.

1. the higher the frequency, more happiness relations include friends and family and others.
2. it's not sure why social relation is correlated with happiness.
3. but there's evidence that when people feel more satisfied with their social relations, they will feel happier, in turn,
when people feel happier, they will get more satisfied with social relations
补充回忆：Happy people tend to be social more with friends and have more interaction between family. Some people
wonder if their social activities make them happier or their happy personalities drive them to be social more with their
friends and families.

40. A Ship/一艘船 #2220 2017-12 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

有一个船的图 看起来就像轮渡那种，如上图，然后就讲现在可以去很远的地方 intelligence帮助人类很多，人们不能忽视，要重

视问题。 说civilization就像一艘大船驶向未来，说保护环境刻不容缓 我们不能再 trial and error 这样下去了，地球妈妈不会再给
我们机会去这样做了。

41. Social Identity/社会身份 #3369 2018-03 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

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讲师讲importance of social identity,配图中提到了四个方面，讲师对这四个方面分别用一句话解释，最后又强调social identity

很重要
求大神补充

42. Bilingual Kids/双语儿童 #3487 2018-03

The arising concern that a lot of people have about raising children bilingually, especially the preschool year is based on
the conceptualization that the human brain at birth is essentially monolingual. And the reason why come to this
occasion. Because often the parents will ask me if they use two languages at home will their child be confused, because
they hearing two languages. And parents are often ask my advice about whether they should use one language on
parent role which is widely known that parents who are raising children bilingually. And the reason why most people
think this is a good idea is that it will help to reduce the risks of the children being confused. Because they were able to
associate each language with the separate speaker. The fear is that both parents use both languages, especially they use
both languages into changeable within the same conversation within the same sentences. The child will not be able to
separate the languages.

说父母担心孩子学两个语言会有不好影响 然后搬出来一个Researcher 说双种语言的孩子以后可以更好的socialise 不难 都能听清

楚

43. Superhuman/超人 #3512 2018-03 本月高频

Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are
said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big
John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are
many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we're going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an
adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of
physical power would be called hysterical strength. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable;
in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again only to find that they couldn't do it.
Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or
fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

回忆要点：回忆1.没怎么听懂，大概意思是，为什么人们会create superman这个形象，因为when people face fear and crisis,

some people may get more power than others
superman有特殊的physical power. 有个实验证明power只是temporary的, not available in the future.
回忆2.开题先说的超人，配了超人图。说人们经常讨论超能力，比如超人那样的超级英雄可以轻松举起汽车。然后就提到了
super strength在现实是否存在。举例说说到了人在面临危险或者紧急的时候会在adrenaline肾上腺素作用下举起汽车。而这种
超级力量是不可重复的。

44. Clouds/云 #3544 2018-03 本月高频

There is a lot of interesting. What forms these clouds, why are these clouds there, why do they sort of stick around? At
the center, every cloud drop has a particle. You can't grow a cloud drop without having a particle there for the water to
condense on. The key question that people not directly address until very recently is what actually forms these clouds.
So for once you’re looking out at over the ocean, turns out sea spray, sea salt is a very effective nucleus for forming
clouds. So it's a really good chance that those are loaded with sea salt. But if you go inland, you start to have pollution
come from all kinds of places, and so different sources form clouds more effectively than others, and we're trying to
unravel which sources are actually contributing to the clouds. The clouds are incredibly important players in climate
change, and that they reflective the white, they reflect the light back into space and so they’re keeping things much,
much cooler than they would be if they weren’t there. They also play huge role in regional weather, so in actual we’re
starting to see shifts where having more pollution input into the clouds is affecting weather patterns, in particular, is
actually reducing the precipitation so we're starting to see drought in areas with super high levels of air pollution.

The lecture is about clouds.

There are a lot of interesting things about clouds.
The key question that people not directly address until very recently is what actually forms these clouds.
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The clouds are incredibly important players in climate change, and that they reflective the white, they reflect the light
back into space and so they’re keeping things much, much cooler than they would be if they weren’t there.
They also play a huge role in regional weather.

45. Aristotle/亚里士多德 #3584 2018-03 本月高频

But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. We have to be able to use rhetoric
influence, basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggested, is different
than rhetoric. Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a body.
It’s not particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because
most people are not sound and can't see the truth. That’s what we think. Most people are ramble. Really. Only the
educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to
do fable a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it’s a
kind of mentally promised a logic.

The theory is from Aristotle, a philosopher in ancient Greece.

Truth is rational and abstract, sometimes people cannot understand it.
So, we can use rhetoric to help people understand truth.
Rhetoric is the proof, and can enlighten people.

46. Rice/大米 #3602 2018-03 本月高频

In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to feed its growing population,
shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research
Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was the first really
big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate
the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each
generation, further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8, with no
fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with
nitrogen, it produced ten times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to
allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation
techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960
through 2000.

Green revolution in Mexico, government unable to feed hungry people. Scientists try to research new rice. First, IR8, first
really modified crop, produced 5 times the yields than traditional one. In 1980, the second one is IR36, can resist pest,
growing fast, doubling the yield than IR8. In 1990, IR72, the third one, outperforming than others.

47. Natural Resource/自然资源 #3614 2018-03 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：
[Link] resource。说三分之一的natural resource被破坏了 since last 3 decades。 还说如果都像Australia一样consume
natural resource的话整个世界就都不好了。大概这意思
2.说人类的平均寿命增长了很多，过去三十年三分之一的土地被破坏，人类使用的能源比地球在可持续发展的水准上能产出的水
平多百分之二十，各个国家应该记录它们的carbon footprint，过去寿命超过65岁的人口是百分之多少，现在是多少，2030是多
少，美国是多少，德国是多少（数字不记得了），然后在2050年，人类需要two extra planets满足需求。
[Link] to the data collected by WWF, more than1/3 of resources on the earth have been consumed by people during
the past three decades. Ecological footprint is to calculate how much land does each resident need. The results showed
7.7 global hectares ... 2.2 global hectares... So an average of 1.8 global hectares is needed by an individual, which means a
toral of 11.8 billion global hectares is required. If everyone on the earth consumes resources like in Australia, by 2050, we
will need at least two planets for resources.

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48. Practice/练习 #3712 2018-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：
回忆1.图片是一个小女孩在拉小提琴。 用小提琴举例子，说需要经过长时间的practice， 然后说做其他事也是，需要经过长时间
的联系，就算是talent也一样。 意思是这样，不难，细节忘记了……
回忆2.我听着觉得是讲practice 和 performance 的关系… practice很重要 可以让人变得professional 和excellent … 人人都要
practice 就连专业人士也要有1000小时的练习呢！练习是一个帮助自己发现不足的方法和过程。通过练习可以知道不足并且提高
改善不足…… 之类之类的…
回忆[Link] Practice：是有图片的但是图片上只有一个小女孩吹着管型乐器木有别的字了，内容是musicians 无论是有多
talented都需要deliberate practice才会成为伟大的音乐家，deliberate practice不仅需要时间而且需要在过程中要找到问题找到
错误并进行改正，这个同时也运用到数学学习上举了个几何的例子来证明deliberate practice有多重要。
回忆4：Practice and performance : you have to practice 10,000hours to an international level / eg. violin/ even a talent ,
you also have to practice to achieve better performance/ eg.2 you have to know your weakness, for example, learning
maths, if you are not good at geometry, you have to practice your knowledge about geometry, then it will improve your
maths.... 差不多这些

49. Linguists/语言学家 #3730 2018-04 本月高频

But when we move into working with communities, we have to recognize that the communities have to be the authority
in their language. Actually a woman in the class I’m teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman, expressed this
very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing expertise from authority. And
certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise in certain very narrow areas of language, but we don’t
have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community
produces. I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another.
That’s not rocket science, it’s not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in working with language revival
we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven’t done anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first
place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.

The lecture is about language and authority. Firstly, communities have to be the authority in their languages. Secondly,
we have expertise in language, but we do not have authority over what to do with the knowledge that the community
produces. Thirdly, languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. Finally, languages are still
lost if the authority is still lost.

50. Government Blogging/政府开博客 #3746 2018-04 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

We normally see blogging as a two-way interaction, in which the blogger creates the content and the readers interact or
challenge the author.
But the case will be much difficult when it comes to government, such as the White House.
Because people will become more coarse and rude online, especially in the comment area.
Hence the governor blog may go wild and chaotic.
So the government will have to administrate the comment.
Once the government starts administrating the comment, citizens may find the government manipulating what should
be said and what should be shown, which contradicts the original intention.

51. Language Disorder/语言障碍 #3863 2018-05 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：

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回忆1.一张图配文字language disorder in the uk。内容一丁点想不起来了，等大神补充吧

回忆2.考了，巨长，所以有很多点可以记，图上 就是有个10%,图下面一句话“language disorder in UK”，一开始讲了language
disorder这个现象（我把这句话和图的内容 一起讲了），然后说这是一种children's disability,中间说我们不能take it for
granted.后面说We need to ask some questions about language: what is language? how can it be learned.最后说了啥没
听，因为感觉笔记记的够多了说不完

52. A survey/一项调查 #4086 2018-05 本月高频

Let’s say if I’m asking which source do you often use to get information. Newspaper? Radio? TV? And the survey shows
62% of the people chose Internet. You might be thinking I am going to say, how important the internet is, or how quickly
it has changed the world for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is conducted on the website global and
[Link]? Our answer will be different. Because the people who did this survey on a website must be frequent users of
Internet. This sample is a biased sample. So we have to pay attention to how a survey is conducted.

This lecture is about survey. A survey shows that 62% of people choose internet to get information. This reflects the
importance of the internet, as it has changed the world for a few years. However, the survey is conducted on the website
[Link], and the people who did this survey on a website must be frequent users of internet. Therefore, this
is a biased sample, and we need to pay attention to how a survey is conducted.

53. Soot emission/烟尘排放 #4242 2018-06 本月高频

Reference passage: Sometimes it's the little things that can make big things happen. Fleas and the plague, atoms and
nuclear bombs. Diminutive leaders in world history. Soot is one of these little things. Soot also known as black carbon is
released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel and wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot causes respiratory illnesses
like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million premature deaths every year. Mostly among the
poor. And it gets worse. Atmospheric currents carry soot thousands of miles from where it is produced, to the Himalayas
and the Arctic. Black carbon being black, absorbs sunlight, so even a little soot on snow makes it melt faster. And when
snow melts global sea levels rise, threatening our freshwater indigenous communities and polar bears who hunt on the
Arctic ice. Climate Change has been a big thing for a while and carbon dioxide has been its main cause. Scientists
estimate that soot causes twenty five percent of human-caused global warming. It’s the second leading cause of Arctic
warming after carbon dioxide. Let’s not underestimate the impact of this tiny particle. But there’s good news, reducing
black carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming. Buy time for the Arctic. Yes even more so than changing a
light bulb. Since black carbon only stays in the atmosphere for a couple of weeks, reducing it will produce results
immediately. Of course, reducing soot alone won’t solve global warming, but solving our soot problem now will help buy
time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger problem of carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries, cook
stoves, and diesel now we have to use them. In developed nations, we’ve significantly reduced our black carbon, but we
still have much more to do. We need to tighten our standards at home and invest in cleaner technologies in developing
nations. In a world going on seven billion people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you urge the US government
and the European Union to take the lead on black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference. Go to
[Link] And help stop these little things from causing big trouble.

回忆要点：首先说soot also called black carbon。然后说soot contributes to climate warming。soot does not accumulate in
the atmosphere like CO2. reduction in soot have immediate but not long-term effects on global warming. if we want to
stabilize the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as CO2.

54. Transformation/转型 #4260 2018-06

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：
回忆1.考了一个transformation 举例子China 和一些正处于transformation初期的国家有 个图线图做部分是pre-industralial
period 右边好像是现在
回忆2.还提到了 GDP 多少，然后多久没变还是怎样来的吧。最后说很多国家，比如China还在transform 的beginning,是early
period

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回忆3.发达国家(rich and developed world)都经历过大转折(turning points)，GDP增长迅速(extraordinary GDP growth)，经济

和科技腾飞(take off)。发展中国家包括中国印度都在转变前期(early stages of transformation)，发达国家developed countries
已经完成转型，他们再发展也不会对人类进程（do not have further progress) 有多大提高。言下之意应该是，在early stages
of transformations才会在各方面有显著的发展。。到转变后期会遇到瓶颈。

55. The politics of happiness/关乎幸福的政策 #4268 2018-06 本月高频

As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted the Gross
National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education and
in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way of measuring
the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the only country to go that far.

But you are now beginning to get other countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of
happiness research—what effects would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries
like Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is beginning to
become a subject of greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries.

This lecture talks about happiness.

Firstly, Bhutan has adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and has a good deal
of success in education and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation.
Secondly, it is the only country to go far that has a way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's
happiness.
Finally, it is the time for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries like Australia, France and Great
Britain to think about policy analyses of happiness research.

56. Fire safety/消防安全 #4442 2018-07

With over 40 years unrivaled experience and a worldwide reputation, BSI leads the way in testing and certification of fire
safety products. Based on our dedicated labs in Hemel Hempstead, our team provides BSI height mark and Cee testing
and certification for a broad range of products, including fire extinguishers, hoses, alarm panels, and heat and smoke
detectors. We help clients to gain access into the European market by ensuring that products meet all the CE mark
requirements. And we are familiar with the market access regulations of most countries across the world, enabling
customers to enter markets globally. The BSI height market is categorized as a British super brand and acknowledged
the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and quality. It provides the reassurance that vital product safety and
performance requirements have been met. Our team subject each product to a rigorous set of tests along with robust
production control audits designed specifically to ensure that they perform two required standards of safety and quality.
We test for compatibility of fire detection and fire alarm system components to ensure that they're compatible and
connectable. This service meets the growing requirement of European regulatory authorities to meet national
installation guidelines. We also perform tests on individual detection components. Fire suppression products such as fire
extinguishers are subjected to rigorous tests designed to ensure that they're effective, safe and capable of performing in
environments and conditions in which they're stored and used. The symbols for BSI kite mark and C certification
represent quality, safety, and trust. For specifiers, they demonstrate a commitment to best practice procurement. And
for the public, they provide the reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.

BSI leads the way in testing and certification of fire safety products, including fire extinguishers, hoses, and alarm panels.
They help clients to gain access into the European market.
They test for compatibility of fire detection and fire alarm system components.
They also perform tests on individual detection components.
For the public, they provide the reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.

57. Science and scientist/科学与科学家 #4443 2018-07 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：回忆[Link]和scientist 1.两者区别 2.受访者的偏向 3.如果fail 大概听懂这么多，求大神补充

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58. Space time/太空时间 #4489 2018-07 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：
回忆1.考到的是关于四维空间的，配上一张黑白的图片，图片上画着几根线，一上来就提到我们处于四维空间里，四维空间纳入
了时间，其余的暂时想不起来，但肯定不是原来的那题dimension了
回忆2.提到space time 不是鸡精里面的了 是新的一篇和dimension有关的
回忆3. 屏幕上给了黑色图片 男的，没口音，语速适中 主题是space-time 4. dimensional world 描述位置需要latitude, altitude,
time and date（当时听着觉得是date，但是难道不应该是height么？） 最后提到physics

59. Immigration control/移民调控 #4958 2018-09

Now the economists’ calculated, it’s a back of the envelope calculation, that removing all immigration controls would
double the size of the world economy, and even a small relaxation of immigration controls would lead to
disproportionally big gains. Now for an ethical point of view, it’s hard to argue against a policy that will do so much to
help people that are much poorer than ourselves. The famous Rand Study reckons that a typical immigrant who arrives
in US ends up with $20.000 a year, that’s rough. It’s not just the migrants themselves who gain, it’s the countries they
come from. Already, the migrants working for poor countries working in rich countries send home around 200 billion
dollars a year, through formal channels, and about twice as that through informal channels. And that compares to the
neat a hundred million dollars that Western governments give in aid. These remittances are not wasted on weapons or
siphoned off into Swiss bank accounts; they go straight into the pockets of local people. They pay for food, clean water,
and medicines, they help kids in school, they help start up new business.

The economists calculated that removing all immigration controls would double the size of the world economy or would
lead to disproportionally big gains. A study found that a typical immigrant who arrives in US ends up with $20.000 a year.
The countries they come from gain money as well. People send money back to their countries in formal and informal
channels. The money is directly paid for food, clean water, and medicines.

60. Early Robot/早期机器人 #5025 2018-10 本月高频

This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you had the term robot, but I’m gonna show you the
very, very first robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s
Universal Robots and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically, these robots, you
know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of
politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the
First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will kind and people are
kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this kind of
context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in
the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are
human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor, and that is their primary purpose in society.

The first robots were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s Universal Robots, and the writer was Karel Capek.
People tend to thinks of robots as cute cuddly toys. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of
absolute political turmoil, which was the First World War.
The robots are actually in the play assembled on a production line.
Even even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots are designed to labour, and that is their primary
purpose in society.

61. Aging problem/老龄化问题 #5079 2018-10 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

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回忆要点：As the world population growth, the aging population has become more serious. 2. Aging percentage in the US
is now 13% and is expected to be 23% in 2030. 3、The situation is the same in Japan and Germany. 4、There will be more
than 20% of the German population aged over 65 years old in 2030. 5、Aging problem is related to industrialization.

62. Pavlov Experiment V2/巴普洛夫实验 版本二 #5439 2018-12 本月高频

During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may share impart with other animals,
and our language and that is emotion. And also talk about some new technology, brain imagining, functional magnetic
imagining. And we try to answer some very old questions about how's does motivation and emotion work. I'm going to
put you with the scenario first and some of you may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century years
ago. And in this scenario the dog presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then feeds food powder and this
happened repeatedly, things starts to happen in the middle of the experiment there. Interesting things start to happen
here. Pavlov's study was salivation the dog, the salivation increases more time to paralyzes. But other things happened
here, too. You have a dog move around here more, all kinds of things are going on here. What we trying to capture was
the experiment I'm going on to describe today is what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it
competitive state. But you can also think about state in terms of how the dogs' feeling layer, how you feeling about
eating lunch today.

Studied brain’s reaction.

Pavlov’s experiment happened centuries ago, in the experiment, the dog first showed no response, after days, dog
showed salivate and made the association between food and bell.
Brain will have different reactions based on different motivations, and show different emotions, such as happy and
exciting.
How motivation works and how dogs brain work.

63. Poverty/贫穷 #5485 2018-12

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：配有一个复杂的线图。提到了1.5 million children 生活艰难，只有2$ per day. Those poor people even cannot
access to essential life support such as clean water and energy. Most people even cannot do anything without energy.

64. 3 stages of brain development V2/大脑发育三阶段 版本二 #5578 2019-01 本月高频

The brain is basically built from the bottom up. First, the brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills.
And then more complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as we develop more complex skills. Biologically,
the brain is prepared to be shaped by experience. It's expecting the experiences that a young child has to literally
influence the formation of it's circuity, it's built into our biology. The interaction between genetics and experience that
shapes brain architecture is embedded in the reciprocal relationship, the relationships that children have with the adults
in their lives. And by that, we mean what we refer to as the serve and return the nature of children's interaction with
their in adults development and the impact of experience on development is not a one-way street, it's a back and forth
interaction.

The brain is a highly integrated organ which has multiple sections that specialized in different kinds of processes. So we
have parts of the brain that are involved more in cognitive function and other parts that are involved in processing of
emotion and parts involved in scene and hearing. So, if a child is emotionally kind of well put together and socially
competent, that will affect more positive and productive learning. And if a child is preoccupied with fears or anxiety or is
dealing with considerable stress no matter how intellectually gifted that child might be, his or her learning is going to be
impaired by that kind of emotional interference.

The lecture is about brain.

The brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills and it is prepared to be shaped by experience.
The interaction between genetics and experience that shapes brain architecture is embedded in the reciprocal
relationship, the relationships that children have with the adults in their lives.

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In addition, the brain has multiple sections and the sections relate to cognitive function, the process of emotion and
involve in scene and hearing.

65. Overfishing/过度捕捞 #5634 2019-01 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：考到一篇讲农业和渔业历史的，说鱼虾和海藻曾是最主要的食物来源，尤其是亚洲地区，然后说人类三分之一的食物
来源于河流和海洋，但是由于过度捕捞，现在来源于海洋的食物已经越来越少了

66. US economy/美国经济 #5697 2019-01 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：考了一道关于美国经济规模的，In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total amount
of China, Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum
of China and Japan.

67. Small languages/小语种 #5810 2019-02 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：由于全球化和城市化，小语种正在dying out. 英语类的全球性语言已经取代了很多小语种。People have been

moving to urban areas where is hard for small languages to survive. 小语种只能出现在some remote isolated land上

68. US growth rate in globalization/全球化中美国经济增长 #6087 2019-03

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：result of globalization for US and growth rate This lecture is about the relationship between globalization and
growth rate in US The growth rate in 2000 is much lower than 1960 before the globalization But the poverty has up to a
large degree

69. File a patent/申请专利 #6207 2019-04

We’re thinking about this and we’re trying to say, alright, well, let’s file on a patent on this clicker. If I were to go to the
patent office and say, alright, I want a patent on a clicker, period. The patent officer would just laugh. You know, the
clicker has been around for a while. Presentation clickers have been around for a while. And so there would be a 0%
chance that you would actually get that. If we were to somehow to convince the patent office that we should be able to
get on a patent on clicker, period. It would, however, be incredibly valuable. Every single clicker that was made after this
point would infringe. And when it infringes, maybe we take one or two dollars each. That would be added up to be a
decent amount of money. On the other end of the spectrum, let’s go to the million-word version. I go to the patent office
and I say, I want a patent on this exact thing. And those million words describe every single radius, every single material,
every single thing about this. And the patent officer says, yeah, we ‘ve never seen that before. Go ahead and take it.
Almost 100% of chance of getting that patent, but the value of that patent would be close to zero.

This lecture is mainly about patent.

If we are able to get on a patent on clicker, period, it would be incredibly valuable.
Every single clicker that was made after this point would infringe, and it one or two dollars each.
That would be added up to be a decent amount of money.
If the patent officer have never seen that before, we have almost 100% of chance of getting that patent, but the value of
that patent would be close to zero.

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70. Measuring food/手量食物 #6386 2019-05 本月高频

I'm a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately estimating portion size is critical in research or real-
world settings. For example, if you're trying to watch your weight and you're out to dinner and you're presented with a
bowl of food, there's no really good way to actually estimate how much you're eating unless you're gonna whip some
scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more objective way for people to quantify what they're eating when
they're out and about. I came up with a more hands-on approach. We got people to measure the dimensions of the food
using the width of their fingers and remembering back to primary school maths. We use the geometric volume formulas
to estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this works, I've ordered a piece of lasagna. And that's my box, a
glass of wine and that's my cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy, so I order some watermelon for dessert. And that's
my wedge. So this was I know it's seven by five, by four fingers. in the future, I see this method be incorporated into
smartphone applications. So you put your finger, it's in along with your height and your weight. And the app will do all of
the calculations for you. And then you've got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.

This lecture talks about accurately estimating portion size.

Firstly, the speaker works in clinical weight loss as a dietitian and thinks accurately estimating portion size is critical
because there’s no good way to measure food when dinning out.
Secondly, the speaker mentions a more objective way to quantify food: using the width of fingers to measure the
dimensions of food.
Thirdly, the speaker mentions smartphone applications that do all the calculations to make a more accurate estimation.
In conclusion, fingers and apps can help estimate the portion size.

71. Attention interval/注意力集中时间 #6527 2019-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：10 years ago, before the use of iPad and iPhone, people's attention interval is about 25 minutes. This number
is good. However, nowadays the intention interval has dropped from 25 minutes to only 8 seconds， which means our
memories are shorter than that of a goldfish.

72. Globalization makes people closer/全球化让人更亲近 #6529 2019-06 本月高频

暂无文本内容，大神们快来完善。

回忆要点：视频题，有墨大电车站，州立图书馆门前车站，具体内容欢迎大神补充

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