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MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA) – DAY 2

I. COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex number is any number that can be written as 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑖 is the imaginary unit and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real
numbers.

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡

A. To add two complex numbers, add the real part to the real part and the imaginary part to the imaginary
part.

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖

B. To subtract two complex numbers, subtract the real part from the real part and the imaginary part from
the imaginary part.

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑖

C. To multiply two complex numbers, use the FOIL method and combine like terms.

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖 !

= 𝑎𝑐 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖 − 𝑏𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖 ! = −1)
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖

D. To divide two complex numbers, multiply the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate,
expand and simplify. Then, write the final answer in standard form.

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)𝑖

∗ =
𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 ! + 𝑑!

II. COMPLEX OPERATIONS

Consist of real and imaginary numbers.

1. Rectangular Form: 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

Where: 𝑖 = √−1

2. Polar Form: 𝑍 = 𝑟𝜃 (from calculator)

𝑍 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Where: 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

$
𝑟 = √𝑎! + 𝑏! 𝜃 = tan"# %

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 3. Exponential Form: 𝑍 = 𝑟 𝑒 &'

4. Power: 𝑍 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)( = 𝑟 ( [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)]

#* #* ' +,-° ' +,-°

5. Roots: 𝑍 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) ) = 𝑟 ) Ecos I ) + 𝑛 J KL + 𝑖 sin I + 𝑛 J KLN
) ) )

PROBLEMS:

1. What is the rationalized value of the following complex quotient? 6 + 2.5i

3 + 4i
!
2. What is the product of the complex numbers 2 – 2i and √32 𝑒 "& ?
A. 16 B. 16i C. 16ei π/4 D. 16(1 – i)

3. What is the cube root of complex number (8, 60o)?

A. 2(cos60o + isin60o) C. (2.7)(cos20o + isin20o)
B. (2)(icos20o + sin20o) D. (2)(cos(20o + 120on) + isin(20o + 120on))

4. Evaluate (2 – 3i)6

III. VECTORS
Vectors are mathematical entities that have magnitude and direction. Furthermore, it can be decomposed into several
components i, j, and k which often corresponds to x, y, and z axes in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate
system.

For given two vectors, 𝐴 = 𝑎/ 𝑖 + 𝑎0 𝑗 + 𝑎1 𝑘 𝐵 = 𝑏/ 𝑖 + 𝑏0 𝑗 + 𝑏1 𝑘

1. Vector Magnitude: |𝐴| = V𝑎/ ! + 𝑎0 ! + 𝑎1 ! |𝐵| = V𝑏/ ! + 𝑏0 ! + 𝑏1 !

!! !" !# $! $" $#
2. Unit Vector: + + + +
|# | |# | |#| |% | |% | |% |

3. Sum: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = (𝑎/ + 𝑏/ )𝑖 + (𝑎0 + 𝑏0 )𝑗 + (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )𝑘

4. Difference: 𝐴 − 𝐵 = (𝑎/ − 𝑏/ )𝑖 + (𝑎0 − 𝑏0 )𝑗 + (𝑎1 − 𝑏1 )𝑘

5. Dot Product: 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑎/ 𝑏/ + 𝑎0 𝑏0 + 𝑎1 𝑏1
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = |𝐴||𝐵| cos 𝜃
Where: 𝜃 is the angle between the two vectors

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
6. Cross Product: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = Y𝑎/ 𝑎0 𝑎1 Y
𝑏/ 𝑏0 𝑏1

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 PROBLEMS

1. Refer to the vectors A and B.

A = 2i + 4j + 8k B = -2i + j – 4k
Find:
A. The resultant vectors A and B
B. The dot product, A . B
C. The cross-product A x B
D. The (A + B).(B + C)
E. The unit vector of A
F. The angle between A and B

IV. PROBLEM-SOLVING IN ALGEBRA

1. NUMBER PROBLEMS

Consecutive numbers: Consecutive odd numbers: Consecutive even numbers

x = first number x = first number x = first number
x + 2 = second number x + 2 = second number
x + 1 = second number
x + 4 = third number x + 4 = third number
x + 2 = third number

2. RATE PROBLEMS

S S
ST = v t v = t=
t v
where: S = distance traveled
v = constant velocity t = time

For horizontal straight path:

Car moving in continuous path with different speed.

1. S = total distance = S1 + S2 = v1 t1 + v 2 t2
S1 S2
2. t = total time = t1 + t2 = +
v1 v2

3. Average velocity, vave vave = Total Dis tan ce = S1 + S2 = S1 + S2

Total Time t1 + t 2 S1 / v1 + S2 / v 2

3. WORK PROBLEMS
A. If both A and B working together could finish the work in 1 1 1 T days.
+ =
A B T
B. If the time of A is twice that of B and they could finish 1 1 1
working together in T days, then A = 2B + =
2B B T

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 A C
C. For pumping a reservoir.
If A and C are inlet pipes and B is the outlet pipe, 1 1 1 1
then if they are working together, they could finish the + - =
A C B T
work in time T.

B
D. Work replacement.
If A and B working together for x days and if C replaces B æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
xç + ÷ + yç + ÷ = 1
then A and B can finish the work in remaining y days. è A B ø è A Cø

4. AGE PROBLEM

Let: M = age of Maria now J = age of Jose now

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Five years ago Today Six years from now

M-5 M M+6
J-5 J J+6

Note:
A. The difference of their ages at any time are equal
B. The sum of their ages 5 years ago = (M - 5) + (J - 5)
C. The sum of their ages 6 years from now = (M + 6) + (J + 6)

5. MIXTURE PROBLEM
A. If two substances added:

%x1 %x2 %x3

m1 m2 m1 + m2
+ =
m1 (%x1) + m2 (%x2) = (m1 + m2) (%x3)

B. If certain amount removed from the original amount:

%x1 %x2 %x3

m1 - m2 = m1 + m2
m1 (%x1) - m2 (%x2) = (m1 + m2) (%x3)

Note: For a mixture of water and NaCl, if water is evaporated, then 100% water is removed and 0% NaCl is removed.

PROBLEMS

1. The numbers have a ratio of 2:5:8. If the sum of the numbers is 60, what is the larger number?
A. 36 B. 32 C. 24 D. 22

2. A car travels 100 miles to city A in 3 hours, then travels 200 miles to city B in 4 hours. What is the average
speed of the car for the trip?
A. 45 mph B. 58.3 mph C. 60 mph D. 42.85 mph

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3. Tukmol can paint a fence of 50% faster than Kikoy and 20% faster than Tiburcio and together they can paint a
given fence in 4 hours. How long will it take Tukmol to paint the same fence if he had to work alone?
A. 11 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10

4. Crew A can clean the Megadome in 8 hours and crew B can clean it in 12 hours. After a night game, Crew A
began a cleanup at midnight and was joined by crew B at 2:00 am. When was the job completed?

5. John is four times as old as Harry. In six years, John will be twice as old as Harry. What is the age of Harry now?
(April 2004)
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

6. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing 14% nickel with
another containing 6% nickel. How much of each is needed?

7. Two runners run in a 500 m diameter circular track field at the same point and opposite direction. If one runner has
a rate of 1 m/sec and the other has 1.5 m/sec, find the time they will meet.
A. 10.47 minutes
B. 16.48 minutes
C. 20.47 minutes
D. 24.67 minutes

8. Karen drove a certain distance at an average speed of 80 km/hr and then another distance at 84 km/hr. If the
total distance traveled was 450 km and the total traveling time was 5.5 hr, find the distance she traveled at 84
km/hr.

9. A man can row 6 mph in still water. If it takes him 3 hours to row 8 miles downstream and then back, what is the
rate of the current?

10. A radiator contains 8 liters of a 40% anti-freeze solution. How many liters of pure anti-freeze must be added to
obtain a 50% solution?

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