ASCE-7 and IBC adhere to two general design philosophies:
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (WORKING STREE DESIGN)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (LIMIT DESIGN)
IBC – International Building Code
UBC – Uniform Building Code
NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines
Failure of a structure is defined as the state where a loading condition exceeds a limit state.
FACTOR OF SAFETY (FS) is defined as the ratio of nominal values of resistance R and the sum of load effects ΣQ
In ASD, the risk assessment of failure is made on the basis of an allowable FS.
In LRFD, the risk assessment of failure uses probability theory to account for the variability of resistance and
load effects, providing a more uniform measure of reliability
Resistance side, R, is multiplied by statistically based resistance factors φ
There are two limit states of interest
1. Structural failure (or strength) limit state
- it is concerned with safety and it relates to the maximum load carrying capacity of a structure
2. Serviceability limit state
- relates to structural performance under normal service conditions.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM – a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM – a structural system with an essential complete space frame providing support for
gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frame.
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME - a structural system with an essential complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads. Frame provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN SYSTEM – structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral
resistance
Redundancy is a characteristic in which multiple paths of resisting lateral loads are provided
Overstrength factor, is given as the ratio of the actual lateral force developed in a structure
The deflection amplification factor represents the ratio of the design drift, to the drift under design forces.
The response modification coefficient, R, is given as the ratio of the lateral force developed in a linear elastic
structure,
Vertical Structural Irregularities
Stiffness irregularity
- A soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the story above or less
than 80% of the average stiffness
Weight (mass) irregularity
- effective mass of any story is more than 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent story
Vertical geometric irregularity
- exists where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story is more than
130% of that in an adjacent story
In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting elements
- greater than the length of those elements or a reduction in stiffness of the resisting elements
Discontinuity in capacity — weak story
- the story lateral strength is less than 80% of that in the story above
Horizontal Structural Irregularities
Torsional irregularity
- when the maximum story drift is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drift
Re-entrant corners
- re-entrant corner are greater than 15% of the plan dimension of the structure
Diaphragm Discontinuity IrrÍegularity
- open area greater than 25% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area
- change in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50% from one story to the next.
Out-of-plane offsets
- Discontinuities in a lateral-force-resistance path
Nonparallel systems
- vertical lateral-force-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal
axes of the lateral-force-resisting system