MODULE-4
1 Define the critical constants of a real gas.
2 State the pressure correction term and volume correction term for real gases.
3 Describe the conditions at which real gases behave ideally.
4 Explain why KHF2 exists but KHCl2 does not exist.
5 Arrange the following according to the increasing strength of interaction.
a. Covalent bond, dipole-induced dipole interaction, dipole-dipole
interaction
b. H-bond, ionic bond, instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
6 Predict the conditions for the maximum and minimum efficiencies of a Carnot
engine.
7 One mole of an ideal gas expands isothermally at 300 K from 5 liters to
50 liters. Estimate W, Q and ∆U during this process. (no. of mole of gas
remain constant)
8 Describe the purpose of the salt bridge.
9 How many milligrams of MgCl2 are dissolved per liter to produce 60 ppm of
hardness?
10 The normal boiling point of ethanol is 78°C, and the standard enthalpy of
vaporization (ΔH°) is 42.4 kJ/mol. Calculate the standard entropy of vaporization
(ΔS°) of ethanol.
11 Predict the change in internal energy for an isolated system at constant volume.
12 Given that ΔH = 0 for mixing of two gases. Explain whether the diffusion of these
gases into each other in a closed container is a spontaneous process.
13 Explain the advantages of the ion-exchange process over the other water-softening
methods.
14 Explain why the hardness of water is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate
equivalent.
15 Differentiate between dry and wet corrosion (involve chemical equations).
16 A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 40% with a temperature of sink 300 K. To
increase the efficiency to 60%, calculate the change in the source's temperature.
17 For the reaction M2O (s) → 2M (s) + ½O2 (g); ΔH = 30 kJ mol-1 and ΔS = 0.07 kJ
mol-1 K-1 at 1 atm. Estimate up to which temperature the reaction would not be
spontaneous.
18 Find the potential of the following half-cells at 298 K:
a. FeSO4 (0.1 M) │ Fe (s).
(Standard electrode potential of Fe being –0.44 V)
b. Pt, H2 (g, 2 atm) │ HCl (aq, 0.02 M)
19 Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness of water.
20 With an explanation, summarize the chemical equations involved in the rusting of
iron.
21 Al can reduce FeO but not MgO. Justify the statement.
22
Prove that,
dG = VdP - SdT
Where, G = Gibbs free energy, V= Volume, P= Pressure, T= Temperature and S=
entropy
23
a. State Vander Waal’s equation for n moles of a real gas. Write the units of
Vander Waal’s constants ‘a’ and ‘b’.
b. Define compressibility factor (Z). State the significance of Z = 1.
24
a. Examine the reasons behind the following facts:
i. H2S has a lower boiling point than H2Se.
ii. HCl has a more significant dipole-dipole interaction than HBr.
b. Describe dipole-induced dipole interaction with an example. Why is it
considered as one of the short-range forces?
25
Give one example in each case:
a. Dipole-dipole interaction
b. Dipole-induced dipole interaction
c. Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
d. H-bonding
e. Ion-dipole interaction
26
Explain the reasons behind the following facts:
a. Ice floats in water.
b. Ethanol has a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether.
27
Illustrate different types of H-bonding with at least one example for each case.
Explain why above 374°C water vapor cannot be converted to water even by
applying enormous pressure.
28
A sample of water on analysis is found to contain 4 mg/l Ca(HCO3)2, 8 mg/l CaSO4,
and 12 mg/l MgCl2. Calculate the temporary, permanent, and total hardness of the
water.
29
Illustrate different types of hardness-softening methods for water.
30
Write down the Nernst equation explaining all the terms used in the equation. Write
down the condition for which a cell reaction would be spontaneous.
31
a. 150 g of ice at 0 °C melts into 150 g of water at 0 °C. Predict the internal
energy change (ignore the volume change). Given the latent heat of fusion of ice at
0°C is 80 Cal g–1.
b. Establish the relation between ΔH and ΔU for a chemical reaction, where the
gaseous components are considered as ideal gases..
32
a. 1 mole of an ideal gas, at a temperature 100 K absorbs heat 4320 J. Evaluate
the entropy change in the expansion process.
b. Calculate the entropy change when 2 g of hydrogen gas is mixed with 16 g
of helium gas.
33
a. At constant volume, the heat liberated on complete combustion of 7.8 g of
benzene is 327 kJ at 27 ºC. Calculate the heat of combustion of benzene at constant
volume at the same temperature.
b. Predict whether the value of ΔH is higher than that of ΔU for the following
reaction.
CaSO4 (s) à CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
34
a. Write the chemical composition of a zeolite.
b. About 10000 liter of hard water sample was passed through a zeolite
softener. The softener then required 200 liters of brine containing 100 g L-1 of NaCl
for regeneration. Calculate the hardness of the water sample.
35
a. Predict the factors which affect the corrosion of a metal.
b. Iron corrodes faster than aluminium even though iron is placed below
aluminium in the electrochemical series. Explain.
36
Standard electrode potential (E°) of a cell is –0.24 V. If two electrons get transferred
during the cell reaction, determine the standard free energy change during the cell
reaction. Also comment on the feasibility of the working of the cell.
37
What is the cell potential of the electrochemical cell in which the cell reaction is
Pb2+ + Cd → Cd2+ + Pb. Given that E°cell = 0.277 V, temperature = 25°C, [Cd2+]
= 1 M, [Pb2+] = 0.1 M.
38
Determine the extent of dry corrosion depending on the formed oxide film type.
39
Using the Carnot Cycle, examine the fact that the efficiency of a heat engine is
always less than one.
40
Explain why Carnot cycle is a completely imaginary cycle. Write down the formula
by which efficiency of a Carnot engine can be expressed. Explain why the efficiency
of a Carnot Engine can never be 100%
41
a. Prove that for an ideal gas under isothermal condition ΔG = ΔA, where the terms
are carrying their usual meaning.
b. Determine the change in entropy when 2 moles of an ideal gas is compressed from
10 L to 1 L under isothermal condition.
42
Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place: Mg (s) + 2Ag+ (aq)
→ Mg2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s). Also, determine the cell potential.
Given that: E0Mg2+/Mg = –2.37 V, E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80 V, [Ag+] = 0.02 M, and
[Mg2+] = 0.001 M.
43
a. The EMF of the cell reaction 3Sn4+ + 2Cr → 3Sn2+ + 2Cr3+ is 0.89 V.
Evaluate the free energy change for the reaction.
b. Determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction, 2Fe3+ + 2I– → 2Fe2+
+ I2. The standard reduction potentials for Fe3+/Fe2+ and I2/I– are 0.77 and 0.54
V, respectively.
44
A reaction A2+ + 2B → A + 2B+ is occurring in a cell. If the standard electrode
potential of the cell is –0.42 V, predict the working condition of the cell. Also, write
down the feasible cell reaction for the particular cell and determine the standard free
energy change for the working cell.
45
Criticize why aluminium is used as a reducing agent in the manufacturing of metallic
iron or chromium from their respective oxide ores.
46
a. Prove that,
ΔG = ΔH + T[d(ΔG)/dT]P
Where the terms are carrying their usual meaning.
b. Choose from the following processes that would be spontaneous and also justify
your answer:
i. An exothermic process where entropy increases.
ii. An endothermic process where entropy decreases.
MCQ
1
Indicate the molecule with the greatest Van der Waal's interaction.
a. A b. B
c. C d. D
2
Identify the value of the compressibility factor for an ideal gas.
a. 0 b. infinite
c. 1 d. -1
3 The force of attraction that occurs between two non-polar molecules can be described as:
a. Dipole-dipole interaction b. Dipole-induced dipole interaction
c. Instantaneous dipole-induced d. Hydrogen bonding
dipole interaction
4 Predict the entropy change in a reversible cyclic process
a. Positive b. Zero
c. Negative d. Can not be predicted
5 For the reaction, PCl5(g)=PCl3(g)+Cl2(g), which equation is true?
a. ∆H=∆U b. ∆H>∆U
c. ∆H<∆U d. ∆H=1/∆U
6 Choose the appropriate relation between ∆G of the cell reaction and emf (E)
of the cell.
a. ∆G=-nFE b. ∆G=nFE
c. ∆G=FE/n d. ∆G=n/FE
7
The standard potential of hydrogen electrode is
a. 1.5 Volt b. 1.0 Volt
c. 0.5 Volt d. 0 Volt
8 A galvanic cell is used for the conversion of
a. Chemical energy to heat b. Chemical energy to electrical energy
energy
c. Electrical energy to d. Heat energy to chemical energy
chemical energy
9 During the mixing of ideal gases at constant temperature and pressure, the entropy
a. Increases b. Decreases
c. Remains unchanged d. Initially increases, then decreases
10 The sum of internal energy and pressure-volume product is reported as
a. Entropy b. Enthalpy
c. heat supplied d. work done
11 The work differential dW is expressed as:
a. an exact differential b. an inexact differential
c. a state function d. a function that is independent of the path
12 All the naturally occurring processes proceed spontaneously in a direction which leads to
a. decrease of entropy b. increase in enthalpy
c. increase of free energy d. decrease of free energy
13 Predict ΔH for an endothermic reaction:
a. ΔH is positive b. ΔH is negative
c. ΔH is zero d. can not be predicted
14 Identify the compound with the maximum entropy from the following options.
a. CaCO3(s) b. CaO(s)
c. CO2(g) d. ice(s)
15 Identify the entropy when ice melts into water.
a. Becomes zero b. remains same
c. increases d. decreases
16 The human body is an example of a/an
a. closed system b. open system
c. isolated system d. gaseous system
17 Predict the value of (dU/ dV) for an ideal gas.
a. It is negative b. It is positive
c. It is zero d. can not be predicted
18 Identify the correct order of increasing boiling point of the following molecules.
a. CH3-O-CH3<CH3CN<CH3CHO b. CH3-O-CH3<CH3CHO<CH3CN
c. CH3CN<CH3CHO<CH3-O-CH3 d. CH3CN<CH3-O-CH3<CH3CHO
19 Examine the short-range force acting between one HCl and one methane molecule:
a. Dipole-induced dipole interaction b. Dipole-dipole interaction
c. H-bonding d. Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
interaction
20 Identify the molecule which exists in dimeric form
a. HF b. HCl
c. CH4 d. CH3COOH
21 Indicate the reason for the exceptionally high boiling point of water : (
a. There is a covalent bond between b. Water molecules are linear
hydrogen and oxygen
c. due to the presence of H-bonding d. water molecules are not linear
between water molecules
22 Select the one with the highest boiling point from the following: H2O, H2S, H2Se, and H2Te
a. H2O b. H2S
c. H2Se d. H2Te
23
Which of the following exhibits the strongest hydrogen bond?
a. O−H--------S b. F−H--------F
c. S−H---------O d. F−H-------O
24 Choose the correct expression for a cyclic process.
a. Q = ΔU a. Q = - ΔU
c. Q = W c. Q = -W
25 Predict the compound with the lowest boiling point from the following.
a. HF b. HCl
c. HBr d. HI
26 Deviation of a real gas from its ideal behavior can be visualized by the term
a. volume factor b. Pressure factor
c. Temperature factor d. Compressibility factor
27 Select the condition at which real gases behave ideally.
a. High pressure b. Low pressure
c. High temperature d. both options b and c
28 The temperature above which a gas can not be liquified is named as
a. Boyles temperature b. critical temperature
c. standard temperature d. ideal temperature
29 The van der Waal constant ‘a’ depends on
a. pressure b. temperature
c. volume d. intermolecular force
30 Identify the unit of van der Waal constant ‘b’.
a. mol/lit b. lit/mol
c. mol/lit2 d. lit/mol2
31 Select the correct expression for critical temperature:
a. Tc = 3b b. Tc = a/27b2
c. Tc = 8a/27Rb d. Tc = a/27Rb
32 Identify the correct statement for an ideal gas from the following:
a. The intermolecular force of b. Volume of each molecule is zero
attraction is zero
c. The intermolecular force of d. both the options a and b
attraction is the maximum
33 Identify the reason for which ice has less density than water.
a. Greater intermolecular force of b. Less intermolecular force of attraction in
attraction in ice ice
c. H-bonding between water d. dipole-dipole interaction between water
molecules molecules
34 Select the entity from the following for which H-bonding would not exist.
a. −S−H b. −N−H
c. −F−H d. −O−H
35 Identify the molecule for which intramolecular H-bonding exists.
a. Phenol b. o-nitro phenol
c. p-nitro phenol d. m-nitro phenol
36 Select the substance that shows the maximum van der Waal force of attraction from
the following.
a. PH3 b. AsH3
c. SbH3 d. BiH3
37 Identify the substance which shows dipole-dipole interaction from the following
a. HBr b. CH4
c. CO2 d. H2
38 Predict the work done for a reversible reaction.
a. Maximum b. Minimum
c. Zero d. can not be said
39 Melting of ice to water is an example of
a. decrease in internal energy b. increase in entropy
c. decrease in entropy d. both options a and b
40 One mole of an ideal gas was allowed to expand from 1 L to 10 L. The work done
for this expansion can be expressed as:
a. -2.3RT b. -RT
c. -4.05RT d. -3RT
41
Predict which of the following will be zero for a cyclic process.
a. Q b. ΔU
c. W d. both options a and b
42
In an isothermal process, the first law of thermodynamics can be expressed as..
a. Q = ΔU - W b. Q = W - ΔU
c. Q = -W d. Q = ΔU
43 In an isochoric process 500 Cal heat is absorbed. Calculate the internal energy
change(ΔU) for the process.
a. 1000 Cal b. 250 Cal
c. 700 Cal d. 500 Cal
44 If 127°C is the temperature of the cold reservoir and that of hot reservoir is 227°C.
Calculate the efficiency of the heat engine working between these two reservoirs.
a. 100% b. 60%
c. 30% d. 20%
45 ΔH of melting of a solid is 4000 J mol-1. If the solid melts at 127°C, calculate the
entropy change associated with the process.
a. 1 J K-1 mol-1 b. 10 J K-1 mol-1
c. 100 J K-1 mol-1 d. 1000 J K-1 mol-1
46 Choose the correct expression for an irreversible process
a. ΔS = q/T b. ΔS > q/T
c. ΔS < q/T d. ΔS = w/T
47 The hardness of water is conventionally expressed in terms of the equivalent amount of
a. H2CO3 b. MgCO3
c. Na2CO3 d. CaCO3
48 How many grams of MgCO3 can be dissolved per liter to give 84 ppm hardness?
a. 48.23 mg/L b. 48.23 mg/L
c. 70.56 mg/L d. 81.49mg/L
49 What is the most efficient method to get water with zero-degree hardness?
a. Electrolysis b. Permutit process
c. Ion-exchange process d. Calgon process
50 Identify the incorrect statement.
a. Corrosion is an irreversible process b. Corrosion is a degradation process
c. Corrosion is a non-spontaneous d. Corrosion is a spontaneous process
process
51 Identify the incorrect statement about corrosion.
a. Corrosion is an electrochemical b. Material selection is essential in corrosion
reaction prevention
c. Corrosion is only restricted to d. Environmental factors have a considerable
metallic materials influence on corrosion
52 The chemical formula of rust is:
a. FeO b. Fe(OH)2
c. Fe2O3 d. Fe3O4
53 What does the Ellingham diagram consist of?
a. Plots of P vs ΔfG° b. Plots of ΔfG° vs T
c. Plots of ΔfG° vs ΔS d. Plots of ΔS vs ΔfG°
54 Under which condition can Al reduce MgO?
a. Above 1000°C b. Below 1000°C
c. Above 1350°C d. Below 1350°C
55 Identify the true statement.
a. Al can reduce ZnO more readily b. Zn can reduce Cu2O more readily than Al
than Mg
c. Mg can reduce ZnO more readily d. Zn can reduce Cu2O more readily than Mg
than Al