Cnsure such a ductile bebaviour,

2.2 LLIMIT STATE OF

COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE
2.2.1 Assumptions.
The limit state design of a beam
the following assumptions:. section for collapse in flexure is based
on
Plane sections normal to the beam
afer bending. This implies a linear axis before bending remain plane
at a point is proportional to the strain diagram for the section. Hence, strain
distance fronm the neutral axis.
(iü)) The extreme fbre
compressive strain in concrete at- collapse is
,=0.0035. See Fig. 2.2
(iü) The bending compressive stress in
concrete follows the idealized
stress-strain curve for concreate as per the SCode:456,
16, withy 15. This implies a bending which is shown in Fig.
of similar shape. [Link]. 2.2.
compressive stress diagram in cuncrete
(iv) Concrete does'not resist any tensile stress.
(v) The stresses in reinforcement can be derived from
stress-strain curves for steel as per the S Code: 456. These the idealized
in Figs. 1.13 and 1.15 according to the type of stecl Curves are illustrated
used, with y1.15
(vi) The tensile strain e, in steel reinforcement shall not be
less than a
certain minimum value which is defincd as follows:

31.15E+ 0.002 S (21)

with reference 4o Fig, 1,15 this implies that the lènsile stress in steel
(HYSD Bars) sball not be less than (, with a [Link] actorreinforcement
T 1.15
Itcan be ca[ily shown that the area of the compressive stress
is block in coUcrele
 Singly Reinforced Recungular Bean 2.3
-0.36 X
and that the distance of the centroid of the compressive stress block
from the
extreme fibres in compression is
0.42 X, (23)

0-0035

Neutrot
Azis
(6-042o
Ast

Cross Strain Stress

Section Diagrom Diagram

Fig.22
From the strain diagram for the beam shown in Fig. 22 it can be shown that
0.0035
(24)
0.0035 +

Substituting into Eq(2.4) the value of , from Eq(21) and aking

E-200x10 Nm, the limiting values of the ntios alculated for different
types of steel reinforcement are as sh¡wn in Tble 21.

Table 21 Maximmn ales n

Charecteritie
Type of: strength, L N
rnforçement
250 0.53
Milad Steel Bars
HYSD Bars:
Grade FeA15 415 0.48
S00 0.46
Grade FeS00

The atio s called the neutral axis depth mtio.

2.2.2. Bending strength of stngly rlaforced beamis

For a singdy reinlorced rectangular beam secn bon Fig 22 that the total
COmpressive force s (2.5)
C0.36Xb
 Depending upon the quantity of reinforcement
present in a beam the following
modes may be identified:
Balanced Section. Consider an instance when the quantity of
()
particular valve so that when the tensile
reinforccment in a beam section bas a
strain in steel is

115E+0.002

extreme fibres of concrete at the same time

compressive strain in the
then the
is
E,=0.0035

steel and concrcte cxperience their respective limiting

In other words, both section is called a balanced
in this case. Such a
Strains at the same moment axis depth ratios are equal to the
sections the neutral
section. For balanced
2.1. For such.a section
limiting. values given in Table
X umax
d d

above substitution into Eq. (2.10) the bending 'strength of a

On makíng- the
balanced section is written as

M-036441-042 (2.14)
proportion of tension reinforcement
With a similar substitution into Eq.(2.13) the
Lor a balanced section is writen as
0.414 ok (2.15)

umas
On substititing the valucs of om Table 2.1 into Eqs. (2.14) and (2.15)
the bending strengtbs and the proportions of leusion reinforcements for the
 CT
2.6 Reiforced Concite Design
balanced section for different grades of stecl are claculated. Tbese are given
i Table 22.
Table 2.2M and P for balanced section
Type of M
reinforcement Nmm Nmo
Milad Steel Bars 250
HYSD Bars: 0.148 f bd 0.878 x 10
Grade Fe415 415 0.138 ba? 0.479x 10
Grade Fes00 S00 0.134 bd²
0381 x 1o
Note b and d are expressed in mm and f in. Nmm.
(ii) Under-reinforced section. When the quantity of reinforcement in a
beam section is less than that required for a balanced section, then the section
is, called únder-reinforced. In such a
case

Under-reinforced beams exhibit ductile behaviour when loaded

failure. In other words, they are characterised by tension [Link] to
The balanced
proportion of reinforcement which is given by
the reinforcement in abeam section to ensure [Link]
(2.15) is an upper limit to
failure in bending at
collapse.
Bending strength can be computed from Eq. (2.9) or from Eq:
reinforcement can be calculated from Eq. (2.12), (210).Tension
However, if the value of X, from Eq. (2.7) is substituted into Eq.
(2.8), then
a.-d A
Therefore, the bending strength [Link] beam can be witen as
M -Txa

This Eq. can also be used for

-oa7,A(a-)
calculating
the
(2.16)

reinforced beam if the bending moment and tension reinforcement for an under
the cffective depth are known.
(iü) Over-reinforced section. When the quantisy of reinforoement iia a.
beam section is more than that required for a balanced section, then the section
is called over-reinforced.
In an over-teinforced beam subjected to increasing loads, the
tension reinforcement remains less than f, when stress in he
the conipressive
extrene fibres of concrete reaches the ultimate value i.c 0.0035. strain in the
Eventually,
 S'ngly Reinforçed ReciangularBéam 2.7
while the concrete is on the crushing point the tension reinforcement is still in
its elastic range only. Tensile strains are small. As such, there are no visible
cracks in the concrete in the tensile zone even when the collapse is imminent
Beam defection is also very small up to collapse. The collapse of the beam
.takes place suddenly by crusbing of concrete. in compression. There is no
warning of impending failure and the collapse occurs catastrophically Such a
failure is,called a compression failure which exhibits brittle behaviour. As the
britle behaviour and catastrophic collapse of a beam are undesirable in practice
it is necessary to avoid he occurrence of the same. Hence, over-reinforced
beams are not designed in practice. The provisions of the IS Code 456
preclude the design of such beams.
2.3 EFFECTIVE SPAN
The recommendations of the IS Code:456 regarding the effective spans are
as follows:
2.3.
) Simply supported beam or slab: See Fig
Effective span 1 1, +d
c/c of supports

CIC of supports.

Flg. 23 Simply supported beam or

slab

See Fig. 24.

(iü) Cantilever beam, or. slab.
Effective span = 1

Flg, 24 Cantilever beam or slab

slab, See Fig. 2.5

(ii) Continuous beam or support.
depending upon,the width of
"Two cases are considered
1,12:
(0). width of support w span:
intermediate
Then, [or end span or lor
Effective span 1 1,+d
+ccof supports,
 Example 2.1
Design a singly reinforced rectangular section for a beam to take up a
moment at collapse of 65S KN-m. Keep b = 225 mm. Concrete grade: bending
and steel grade : Fe 415. The design should be balanced. M15
Solution

Given b = 225 mm, f = 15 Nmm and £, 415 Nmm. From Table 2.1,
for the balanced case

X,
-0.48
d

Now, bending strength of balanced section is

M, -03641-o4
-0.36 x 15 x0.48 (1-0.42x 0.48) 225 x d
-465.63a?

On equating
465.63 d -65 x 1o
t2a d 373.6 mm, say 375 mm.
Now X, 0.48 x 375
0-acexaac
180 mm
 At 0.87, (d-0.42 X4)
65 x 10°
180)
0.87 x 415 (375 -0.42 x
-601.3 mm?

nos,
Provide 16 mm bars -3
requircd on bars = 25 mm.
Hence, keep the bar centre
Minimum clear cover
satisty this requirement. Similarly. for
face to
35 mm avway from the bottom
faces the
side faces bar centre may be kept 35 mm away from the
the side
the
the bars near
2.8 (a).
side faces. See Fig.
the clear distance. between two parallel bars is as follows:
The requirement for
* The dia. of bars i.e. 16 mm
i.e.
* Max. size of aggregate + 5 mm
20 +5 25 mm.
bars is
Acual cdear distance between the

(225-2x 35 -2x16)
-61.5 mm> 25 mm 0.K.
bars from Table 2.4
The maximum permitted spacing between two parallel
which is less than the maximum
is =180 mm. Actual cdear distance is 61.5 mm
permitted. Hence, it is O.K
Erámpe 2.2
under-reinforced beam section
Redesign the beam of Example 2.1 as an
keeping the ratio

0.36
- Solution:
moment ie.
Equating the bending strength to the bending
0361-0465x10
0.36 x 15 x0.36 (1-0.42 x 0.36) 225 d 65 x 10
d 418.4 mm, say 420mm.
 Singly Reinforced RectangularBeam 2.13
Then X -0.36 × 420
151.2 mm
Tension reinforcement is

M,
087, (d -0422<)
65 x 106
505 mm
0.87x 415 (420 -0.42x 151.2)
Provide 16 mm dia. bars -2 nos. and 12 mm dia. bar -1 no. See Fig. 2.8 (b)
225 -225

375
I6mm 420
3Nos. I6mm
2 Nos.

33 12mm I N o . g

35 35
(b)
Fg. 2.8
Example 2.3
The cross-section of a singly reinforced beam is shown in Fig 2.9. Identify
whether the section is balanced or otherwise. Hence, calculate its bending
strength if
(1) =20 Nmm and f, = 4i5 N/mm?
(i) = 15 N/mm and f, = 415 Nmm?
225

S450o

I6mm
4Nos

.
Flg. 2.9
2.14 Reinforced Concrete Design

Solution:
Given b = 225 mm, d= 450 mm and f, 415 N/mm'.
A,= 4 x 201.06 = 804.24 mm,
() In this case f, = 20 N/mm'.
Let the depth of neutral axis be = X, mm. Then,
compressive force in concrete C 0.36 f bX,
=0.36 x20 x 225 X
= 1620 X, N
Tensile force in reinforcement T 0.87, A
e = 0.87 x 415 x 804.24
= 290.37 x10 N
Now C=T
1620 X, = 290.37 x 10
X, = 179.24 mm
However, for balanced case the depth of neutral axis is
= 0.48d
=0.48 x 450
= 216 mm.
As the calculated depth of neutral axis is less than that for a balanced case,
the section is under-reinforced.
Hence, bending strength is
T(d 0.42 X,)
= 290.37 x 10 (450 0.42 x179.24)
= 108.8 x 10° N-mm
or = 108.8 kN-m.
i) In this case f= 15 N/mm.
Let the depth of neutral axis be =X mm. Then.
compressive force in concrete C 0.36 , bX,
tI 0.36 x15 x 22S X , )
= 1215X N
Maximum permitted tensile force in reinforcement is
T=0.87 x 415 x 804.24
= 29037x 10° N
On equating C =T
or 1215 X, = 290.37x 10'
X, = 239 mm
Por the balanced case, the depth of neutral axis is
0.48 d
*0.48 x450
216 mm.
 Singly Reinforced Reclangular Beam 2.15 .
As the calculated depth of neutral axis is greater than that for the
case, the section is over-reinforced. However, the depth of neutral axisbalanced
for the
balanced case is the maximum limit on the depth of neutral axis. Hence, for
claculating the bending strength take
X = 216 mm
Therefore, bending strength of the section is
Mu = 0.36 X,b (d 0.42 Xu)
=0.36 x 15 x 216 x 225 (450- 0.42 x 216)
= 94.29 x 10° N-mm
94.29 kN-m.
Example 2.4
A simple beam is to be designed fora clear span = 5.1 m. Length of bearing
at each end = 150 mm. See fig 210. Superimposed dead load = 18 kN/m
Live load =12 kN/m. concrete grade : M1S and steel grade : Fe 415. Calculate
b
the sectionaldimensions of the beam and the reinforcement area.
Keep -0.5.

5-1 m
O-15m O15m
525m

Flg. 2.10
Solution:
Beam loads are as followS:
Superimposed deadload = 18 kN/m
Estimated self weight 4 kN/m

.. Total dead load is DL = 22 kN/m

Live load is LL = 12 kN/m
. Design load at collapse is w -1.5 DL+ 1.5 LL
-1.5 x 22+1.5 x12
-51 kN/m
Effective span of the beam is l5.1+0.15
5.25 m

Design bending moment

S1x 5.25²
8
2.16 Reinforced Concrete Desigu
-175.71 kN-m

Now

all the values in the

Taking d
= 0.48 for the balanced design and substituting

above expression
175.71 x 10
0.36 x 15x 0.48 (1 -0.42 x0.48) bd
bd =84.907 x 10

and 9% 0 b 276.88 mm

b280 mm andd= 555 mm. Then

Adopt
X -0.48 × 555
= 266.4 mm

Tension reinforcement is

175.71 x 10
087x 415 (555 -0.42x266.4)t 2

1098.29 mm
should be provided in two lyers
Provide 12 mm dia. bars - 10 Nos. These
as shown in Fig 211.
280

I2mm-I0 NOS.
IN TWO LAYERS

Flg. 211
 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 2.17
Example 2.5
For the beam section designed in example 2.4 recalculate the tension
reinforcement if the effective depth be increased to 600 mm.
Solution:
. By increasing the effective depth to 600 mm the beam will become under
reinforced. Other things remaining unchanged, the tension reinforcement is
calculated from Eq.(2.16). Thus
0.575, 4,la-
087 x415 A,(60-1515415x A280, -175.71 x10

Or, A-6072.9 A, +4925.7x 10 =0

A -964.2 mm

Provide 16 mm dia. bars- 5 nos. See Fig. 2.12.

280

650 600

I6mm-5NOS.

50
Fig. 2,12