13

POLYNOMIALS

SHORT NOTES

● “Polynomial” comes from the word ‘Poly’ (Meaning Many) and ‘nomial’ (in this case
meaning Term)-so it means many terms.
● A polynomial is made up of terms that are only added, subtracted or multiplied.
● A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form
ax² + bx + c, where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
● Degree – The highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial is called the degree of
polynomial. Example: 3x3 + 4, here degree = 3.
● Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial
respectively.
● A polynomial can have terms which have Constants like 3, -20, etc., Variables like x and y
and Exponents like 2 in y².
● The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the graph
of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis.

● If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax² + bx + c, then

−𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Sum of zeros,α+β= 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥²
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
product of zeros,αβ=𝑎=𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑥²

● If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

● Common Identity used in this chapter

(α + β)² = α² + β² + 2αβ
∴(α² + β²) = (α + β)² – 2αβ
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SECTION A
1. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (k2 – 14) x2 – 2x – 12 is 1, then find the
value of k.
2. If α and β are the zeroes of a polynomial such that α + β = -6 and αβ = 5, then find the
polynomial.
3. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c, find the value of α2 + β2.
4. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3 + √2 and 3 – √2
5. Find the condition that zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c are reciprocal of each other.

SECTION B
6. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + px + q are double in value to the zeroes of 2x2 – 5x – 3,
find the value of p and q
7. Find the zeroes of p(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 and verify the relationship of zeroes with these
coefficients.
8. If α and β are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – x – 4, find the value of
1 1
+ 𝛽 − αβ
𝛼
9. If the square of the difference of the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2+ px +45 is
equal to 144, find the value of p.
10. Find the value of ‘k’ such that the quadratic polynomial x2 – (k + 6) x + 2 (2k +1) has sum
of the zeros is half of their product.

SECTION C
11. If α and β are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – p (x + 1) – c, show that (α
+1) (β +1) = 1 – c.
12. Find the value of ‘k’ so that the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – kx + 14 are in the
ratio 7:6
13. Find the value of ‘k’ for which the polynomial x4 + 10x3 + 25x2 + 15x + k is exactly divisible
by (x + 7).
14. If αand β are the zeros of the polynomial f (x) = x2 + px + q, find polynomial whose zeros
are (α+β)2 and (α-β)2.
15. Find the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = 4√3x2 + 5x – 2√3 and verify the relationship
between the zeros and its coefficients.
SECTION D
16. While playing in the garden, Sahiba saw a honeycomb and asked her mother what is that.
She replied that it's a honeycomb made by honey bees to store honey. Also, she told her that
the shape of the honeycomb formed is parabolic. The mathematical representation of the
honeycomb structure is shown in the graph.
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Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Graph of a quadratic polynomial is in___________shape.
(a) straight line (b) parabolic
(c) circular (d) None of these
(ii) The expression of the polynomial represented by the graph is

(a) x2-49 (b) x2-64 (c) x2-36 (d) x2-81

(iii) Find the value of the polynomial represented by the graph when x = 6.

(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 1

(iv) The sum of zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 2x - 3 is
(a) -1 (b) -2 (c) 2 (d) 1
(v) If the sum of zeroes of polynomial at2 + 5t + 3a is equal to their product, then find the value of
a.
5 −5
(a) -5 (b) -3 (c) 3 (d) 3

17. Pankaj's father gave him some money to buy avocado from the market at the rate of p(x) =
x2 - 24x + 128. Let , α and β are the zeroes of p(x).
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the value of a and β, where a < β.

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(a) -8, -16 (b) 8,16 (c) 8,15 (d) 4,9

(ii) Find the value of α + β + αβ.
(a) 151 (b) 158 (c) 152 (d) 155
(iii) The value of p(2) is

(a) 80 (b) 81 (c) 83 (d) 84

1 1
(iv) If α and β are zeroes of x + x - 2, then 1α+1β=x2+x−2, then 𝛼 + 𝛽
2

(a) ½ (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/5

(v) If sum of zeroes of q(x)= kx2 + 2x +3k is equal to their product, then k =
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) -2/3 (d) -1/3

18. If p(x) = x3 – 2x2 + kx + 5 is divided by (x – 2), the remainder is 11. Find k. Hence find all
the zeroes of x3 + kx2 + 3x + 1.
19. If α and β are zeroes of p(x) = kx2 + 4x + 4, such that α2 + β2 = 24, find k.
20. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k, satisfying the relation, α2 +
β2 + αβ = 214 then find the value of k.

ANSWERS
SECTION A
1. p(x) = (k2 – 14) x2 – 2x – 12
Here a = k2 – 14, b = -2, c = -12
Sum of the zeroes, (α + β) = 1 …[Given]
−𝑏
⇒ =1
𝑎
−(−2)
⇒ (𝑘2 – 14) = 1
⇒ k2 – 14 = 2
⇒ k2 = 16
⇒ k = ±4
2. Quadratic polynomial is x2 – (α + β) x + α β = 0
⇒ x2 – (-6)x + 5 = 0
⇒ x2 + 6x + 5 = 0
3.
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4.

Sum of zeroes,
S = (3 + √2) + (3 – √2) = 6
Product of zeroes,
P = (3 + √2) x (3 – √2) = (3)2 – (√2)2 = 9 – 2 = 7
Quadratic polynomial = x2 – (α + β) x + α β = x2 – 6x + 7

5. Let α and 1α be the zeroes of P(x).

P(a) = ax2 + bx + c …(given)
𝑐
Product of zeroes = 𝑎
1 𝑐
⇒α×𝛼 =𝑎
𝑐
⇒1=𝑎
⇒ a = c (Required condition)
Coefficient of x2 = Constant term

SECTION B
6. We have, 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
= 2x2 – 6x + x – 3
= 2x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= (x – 3) (2x + 1)
Zeroes are:
x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0
1
⇒ x = 3 or x = −
2
Since the zeroes of the required polynomial are double of the given polynomial.
Zeroes of the required polynomial are:
1
3 × 2, (− 2 × 2), i.e., 6, -1
Sum of zeroes, S = 6 + (-1) = 5
Product of zeroes, P = 6 × (-1) = -6
Quadratic polynomial is x2 – (Sum )x + Product
⇒ x2 – 5x – 6 …(i)
Comparing (i) with x2 + px + q
p = -5, q = -6
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7. p(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 …[Given]

= 2x2 – 4x + 3x – 6
= 2x (x – 2) + 3 (x – 2)
= (x – 2) (2x + 3)
Zeroes are:
x – 2 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
3
x = 2 or x = − 2
Verification:
Here a = 2, b = -1, c = -6

8.

9.
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10. Sum of the zeros = half of product

SECTION C
11.

12. Let the zeros are 7p and 6p.

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13.

14.

15.
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SECTION D
16. (i) (b): Graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabolic in shape.
(ii) (c): Since the graph of the polynomial cuts the
x-axis at (-6,0) and (6, 0). So, the zeroes of the polynomial are -6 and 6.
∴∴ Required polynomial is p(x) = x2 - (-6 + 6)x + (-6)(6) = x2 - 36
(iii) (c) : We have, p(x) = x2 - 36
Now, p( 6) = 62 - 36 = 36 - 36 = 0
(iv) (b): Let f (x) = x2 + 2x - 3. Then,
Sum of zeroes =−2
(v) (d): The given polynomial is at2+ 5t + 3a Given, sum of zeroes = product of
zeroes.
5 3𝑎
−𝑎 = 𝑎

5
−3 = a

17. (i) (b): Given, α and β are the zeroes of

p(x)= = x2 –24 x +128
P(x) = 0
x2 –8x-16 x +128 = 0
⇒x(x-8)-16(x-8) =0
⇒(x−8)(x−16)=0⇒x=8 or x=16
α=8,β=16
(ii) (c) : α+β+αβ=8+16+(8)(16)=24+128=152
(iii) (d) : p(2)=22−24(2)+128=4−48+128=84
(iv) (a): Since , α and β are the zeroes of
p(x)= =x2 + x -2
∴α+β=−1 and αβ=−2
1 1
Now, 𝛼+ 𝛽
𝛽+𝛼 −1 1
= =−2=2
𝛼𝛽
−2
(v) (c): Sum of zeroes = 𝑘
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3𝑘
Product of zeroes = 𝑘 =3
−2
According to question, we have − 𝑘 =3
−2
=k
3
18. p(x) = x3 – 2x2 + kx + 5,
When x – 2,
p(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 + k(2) + 5
⇒ 11 = 8 – 8 + 2k + 5
⇒ 11 – 5 = 2k
⇒ 6 = 2k
⇒k=3
Let q(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3x + 1
= x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
= x3 + 1 + 3x2 + 3x
= (x)3 + (1)3 + 3x(x + 1)
= (x + 1)3
= (x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1) …[∵ a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) = (a + b)3]
All zeroes are:
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1
Hence zeroes are -1, -1 and -1
19. We have, p(x) = kx2 + 4x + 4
Here a = k, b = 4, c = 4

⇒ 24k2 = 16 – 8k
⇒ 24k2 + 8k – 16 = 0
⇒ 3k2 + k – 2 = 0 …[Dividing both sides by 8]
⇒ 3k2 + 3k – 2k – 2 = 0
⇒ 3k(k + 1) – 2(k + 1) = 0
⇒ (k + 1)(3k – 2) = 0
⇒ k + 1 = 0 or 3k – 2 = 0
2
⇒ k = -1 or k = 3
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20. Given polynomial is p(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k

Here a = 2, b = 5, c = k