ID: ca47273b

Biologist Jane Edgeloe and colleagues have located what is believed to be the largest individual plant in the world in the
Shark Bay area of Australia. The plant is a type of seagrass called Posidonia australis, and it ______ approximately 200 square
kilometers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. acknowledges

B. produces

C. spans

D. advances
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The work of molecular biophysicist Enrique M. De La Cruz is known for ______ traditional boundaries between academic
disciplines. The university laboratory that De La Cruz runs includes engineers, biologists, chemists, and physicists, and the
research the lab produces makes use of insights and techniques from all those fields.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. epitomizing

B. transcending

C. anticipating

D. reinforcing
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In Nature Poem (2017), Kumeyaay poet Tommy Pico portrays his ______ the natural world by honoring the centrality of nature
within his tribe’s traditional beliefs while simultaneously expressing his distaste for being in wilderness settings himself.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. responsiveness to

B. ambivalence toward

C. renunciation of

D. mastery over
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While scholars believe many Mesoamerican cities influenced each other, direct evidence of such influence is difficult to
ascertain. However, recent excavations in a sector of Tikal (Guatemala) unearthed a citadel that shows ______ Teotihuacán
(Mexico) architecture—including a near replica of a famed Teotihuacán temple—providing tangible evidence of outside
influence in portions of Tikal.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. refinements of

B. precursors of

C. commonalities with

D. animosities toward
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The following text is from Joseph Conrad’s 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the London
streets on his way to a meeting.
Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy main thoroughfare, uproarious with the traffic
of swaying omnibuses and trotting vans, in the almost silent, swift flow of hansoms [horse-drawn carriages]. Under his hat,
worn with a slight backward tilt, his hair had been carefully brushed into respectful sleekness; for his business was with an
Embassy. And Mr. Verloc, steady like a rock—a soft kind of rock—marched now along a street which could with every
propriety be described as private.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole?

A. It qualifies an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.

B. It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.

C. It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.

D. It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.

 ID: c61a7c4a
Some studies have suggested that posture can influence cognition, but we should not overstate this phenomenon. A case in
point: In a 2014 study, Megan O’Brien and Alaa Ahmed had subjects stand or sit while making risky simulated economic
decisions. Standing is more physically unstable and cognitively demanding than sitting; accordingly, O’Brien and Ahmed
hypothesized that standing subjects would display more risk aversion during the decision-making tasks than sitting subjects
did, since they would want to avoid further feelings of discomfort and complicated risk evaluations. But O’Brien and Ahmed
actually found no difference in the groups’ performance.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

It argues that research findings about the effects of posture on cognition are often misunderstood, as in the case of
A. O’Brien and Ahmed’s study.

It presents the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to critique the methods and results reported in previous studies of the effects
B. of posture on cognition.

It explains a significant problem in the emerging understanding of posture’s effects on cognition and how O’Brien and
C. Ahmed tried to solve that problem.

It discusses the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to illustrate why caution is needed when making claims about the effects of
D. posture on cognition.
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In Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford causes the
protagonist Fanny Price to blush; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in
which Fanny not only infers Henry’s mental state through his gestures, but also infers that he is drawing inferences about her
mental state—illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls “deep intersubjectivity,” a technique for representing
interactions between consciousnesses through which Austen’s novels derive much of their social and psychological drama.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

It states a claim about Austen’s skill at representing psychological complexity that is reinforced by an example presented
A. in the following sentence.

It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists from other Austen novels
B. cited in the following sentence.

It describes a recurring theme in Austen’s novels that is the focus of a literary scholar’s analysis summarized in the
C. following sentence.

It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept discussed in the following
D. sentence.
 ID: b4887dae
Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in information theory. His most important paper,
“A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a concept called
a “binary digit” (shortened to “bit”) to measure the amount of information in any signal and determine the fastest rate at
which information could be transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of Shannon’s colleagues,
said that the bit was “[Shannon’s] discovery, and from it the whole communications revolution has sprung.”

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how the name of the concept has changed, and shows how the name has
A. entered common usage.

It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and suggests why the work is historically
B. significant.

It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the mathematician’s career at the company,
C. and provides an example of the recognition he received there.

D. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paper’s findings, and presents a researcher’s commentary on the paper.
 ID: c4737d6a
Text 1
Africa’s Sahara region—once a lush ecosystem—began to dry out about 8,000 years ago. A change in Earth’s orbit that
affected climate has been posited as a cause of desertification, but archaeologist David Wright also attributes the shift to
Neolithic peoples. He cites their adoption of pastoralism as a factor in the region drying out: the pastoralists’ livestock
depleted vegetation, prompting the events that created the Sahara Desert.
Text 2
Research by Chris Brierley et al. challenges the idea that Neolithic peoples contributed to the Sahara’s desertification. Using
a climate-vegetation model, the team concluded that the end of the region’s humid period occurred 500 years earlier than
previously assumed. The timing suggests that Neolithic peoples didn’t exacerbate aridity in the region but, in fact, may have
helped delay environmental changes with practices (e.g., selective grazing) that preserved vegetation.

Based on the texts, how would Chris Brierley (Text 2) most likely respond to the discussion in Text 1?

By pointing out that given the revised timeline for the end of the Sahara’s humid period, the Neolithic peoples’ mode of
A. subsistence likely didn’t cause the region’s desertification

By claiming that pastoralism was only one of many behaviors the Neolithic peoples took part in that may have
B. contributed to the Sahara’s changing climate

C. By insisting that pastoralism can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on a region’s vegetation and climate

By asserting that more research needs to be conducted into factors that likely contributed to the desertification of the
D. Sahara region
 ID: 8d802289
Text 1
Dance choreographer Alvin Ailey’s deep admiration for jazz music can most clearly be felt in the rhythms and beats his
works were set to. Ailey collaborated with some of the greatest jazz legends, like Charles Mingus, Charlie Parker, and
perhaps his favorite, Duke Ellington. With his choice of music, Ailey helped bring jazz to life for his audiences.
Text 2
Jazz is present throughout Ailey’s work, but it’s most visible in Ailey’s approach to choreography. Ailey often incorporated
improvisation, a signature characteristic of jazz music, in his work. When managing his dance company, Ailey rarely forced
his dancers to an exact set of specific moves. Instead, he encouraged his dancers to let their own skills and experiences
shape their performances, as jazz musicians do.

Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?

A. Dancers who worked with Ailey greatly appreciated his supportive approach as a choreographer.

B. Ailey’s work was strongly influenced by jazz.

C. Audiences were mostly unfamiliar with the jazz music in Ailey’s works.

D. Ailey blended multiple genres of music together when choreographing dance pieces.
 ID: 5eda42a3
The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson’s 1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this poem, the speaker is addressing
Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black author.
Thou, with stroke of mighty pen, The language of the flowers,
Hast told of joy and mirth, Thou hast read them all,
And read the hearts and souls of men And e’en the little brook
As cradled from their birth. Responded to thy call.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature

B. To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics

C. To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process

D. To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer

 ID: 0b696a0c
NASA’s Cassini probe has detected an unusual wobble in the rotation of Mimas, Saturn’s smallest moon. Using a computer
model to study Mimas’s gravitational interactions with Saturn and tidal forces, geophysicist Alyssa Rhoden and colleagues
have proposed that this wobble could be due to a liquid ocean moving beneath the moon’s icy surface. The researchers
believe other moons should be examined to see if they too might have oceans hidden beneath their surfaces.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Rhoden and colleagues were the first to confirm that several of Saturn’s moons contain hidden oceans.

B. Research has failed to identify signs that there is an ocean hidden beneath the surface of Mimas.

Rhoden and colleagues created a new computer model that identifies moons with hidden oceans without needing to
C. analyze the moons’ rotation.

Research has revealed that an oddity in the rotation of Mimas could be explained by an ocean hidden beneath its
D. surface.
 ID: 23a7038f
Shimmering is a collective defense behavior that researchers have observed in giant honeybee colonies. When shimmering,
different groups of bees flip their bodies up and down in what looks like waves. This defense is initiated when hornets hover
near a colony, serving to deter the hornets from approaching the bees. Researchers hypothesize that this behavior is a
specialized defense response to hornets, as it is not observed when other, larger predators approach the colony.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Researchers are unsure how giant honeybees defend against predators larger than hornets.

B. Researchers think that shimmering in giant honeybees is a specific defense against hornets.

C. Hornets are known to be the main predator of giant honeybees.

D. Several different species of insects use shimmering to defend against hornets.

 ID: 08ff903e
A museum curator is writing a biographical statement about Trinidadian-born Chinese dancer, choreographer, and teacher
Dai Ailian for a new exhibit on Chinese dance. The curator claims that some of the pieces Dai created shortly after arriving in
mainland China in 1941, such as the solo dance Yao Drum, reflect a desire to represent the dances of local communities Dai
visited during her travels through China.

Which quotation from a work by a dance historian would be the most effective evidence for the curator to include in support
of this claim?

“There is no sound or music accompanying Dai’s movements in Yao Drum, aside from the sounds of drumsticks beating
A. against a drum and against each other.”

“Unlike some of the works Dai created in the early 1940s, Yao Drum does not feature a narrative structure, humorous
B. elements, or references to real-life events.”

“Yao Drum was inspired by a ceremonial dance Dai witnessed during her time performing field research among the Yao
C. people in the province of Guizhou in 1941 or 1942.”

“Yao Drum is notable for its intense physicality, with Dai performing sharp jumps, swift turns, and dramatic sweeps of her
D. legs through the air as she moves in circles on the stage.”
 ID: dd349efc

Participants’ Evaluation of the Likelihood That Robots Can Work Effectively in Different Occupations

Occupation Somewhat or very unlikely (%) Neutral (%) Somewhat or very likely (%)

television news anchor 24 9 67

teacher 37 16 47

firefighter 62 9 30

surgeon 74 9 16

tour guide 10 8 82
Rows in table may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Georgia Tech roboticists De’Aira Bryant and Ayanna Howard, along with ethicist Jason Borenstein, were interested in people’s
perceptions of robots’ competence. They recruited participants and asked them how likely they think it is that a robot could
do the work required in various occupations. Participants’ evaluations varied widely depending on which occupation was
being considered; for example, ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

47% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a teacher, but 37% of
A. respondents believe that it is somewhat or very unlikely that a robot could do so.

9% of participants were neutral about whether a robot could work effectively as a television news anchor, which is the
B. same percent of participants who were neutral when asked about a robot working as a surgeon.

82% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work effectively as a tour guide, but only
C. 16% believe that it is somewhat or very likely that a robot could work as a surgeon.

D. 62% of participants believe that it is somewhat or very unlikely that a robot could work effectively as a firefighter.
 ID: 2c06139b

Tadpole Body Mass and Toxin Production after Three Weeks in Ponds

Average bufadienolide
Average tadpole Average number of Average amount of concentration (nanograms
Population body mass distinct bufadienolide bufadienolide per per milligram of tadpole
density (milligrams) toxins per tadpole tadpole (nanograms) body mass)

High 193.87 22.69 5,815.51 374.22

Medium 254.56 21.65 5,525.72 230.10

Low 258.97 22.08 4,664.99 171.43

Ecologist Veronika Bókony and colleagues investigated within-species competition among common toads (Bufo bufo), a
species that secretes various unpleasant-tasting toxins called bufadienolides in response to threats. The researchers tested
B. bufo tadpoles’ responses to different levels of competition by creating ponds with different tadpole population densities
but a fixed amount of food. Based on analysis of the tadpoles after three weeks, the researchers concluded that increased
competition drove bufadienolide production at the expense of growth.

Which choice uses data from the table to most effectively support the researchers’ conclusion?

The difference in average tadpole body mass was small between the low and medium population density conditions and
A. substantially larger between the low and high population density conditions.

Tadpoles in the low and medium population density conditions had substantially lower average bufadienolide
B. concentrations but had greater average body masses than those in the high population density condition.

Tadpoles in the high population density condition displayed a relatively modest increase in the average amount of
bufadienolide but roughly double the average bufadienolide concentration compared to those in the low population
C. density condition.

Tadpoles produced approximately the same number of different bufadienolide toxins per individual across the population
D. density conditions, but average tadpole body mass decreased as population density increased.
 ID: 7a895def
Georgia Douglas Johnson wrote many plays in the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, professional theater companies rarely put
on plays by Black women, so few of Johnson’s plays made it to the stage. Only a small number of her plays were published in
her lifetime. But that doesn’t mean that Johnson never learned what other people thought of her plays. Johnson hosted
weekly get-togethers for fellow Black writers and artists in her Washington, D.C., home. Attendees would read and discuss
one another’s work, including Johnson’s own. These gatherings could therefore serve as ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. an occasion for professional theater companies to put on plays.

B. an opportunity for Johnson to get feedback on her plays.

C. a way for Johnson to learn about plays that were produced in other cities.

D. subject matter for future plays by Johnson.

 ID: f27559d4
Volunteering, or giving time for a community service for free, is a valuable form of civic engagement because helping in a
community is also good for society as a whole. In a survey of youths in the United States, most young people said that they
believe volunteering is a way to help people on an individual level. Meanwhile, only 6% of the youths said that they think
volunteering is a way to help fix problems in society overall. These replies suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. many young people think they can volunteer only within their own communities.

B. volunteering may be even more helpful than many young people think it is.

C. volunteering can help society overall more than it can help individual people.

D. many young people may not know how to find ways to volunteer their time.
 ID: fba5d8d1
In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington University psychologist Amani El-Alayli found that, among the study participants who
experienced frisson (a physiological response akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while listening to music, there was
one personality trait that they scored particularly ______ openness to experience.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. high. On

B. high on;

C. high on

D. high on:
 ID: 6fece68e
Emperor Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire in South Asia from roughly 270 to 232 BCE. He is known for enforcing a moral
code called the Law of Piety, which established the sanctity of animal ______ the just treatment of the elderly, and the
abolition of the slave trade.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. life

B. life;

C. life:

D. life,
 ID: 6ea8c23f
In 2018, a team of researchers led by Dr. Caitlin Whalen compiled every available measurement of ocean mixing rates from
the past two decades. With this novel data set, the team was able to determine how current-driven mixing varies across
______ and what impact it has on the distribution of heat and nutrients in the ocean.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. regions,

B. regions:

C. regions;

D. regions
 ID: aab74a3b
Researcher Lin Zhi developed a process for increasing the tensile strength—measured in gigapascals, or GPa—of silkworm
______ dissolving and reweaving the silk in a solution of iron metal ions, zinc, and sugar, Zhi increased the amount of force
required to stretch it from approximately 0.5 GPa to 2 GPa.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. silk, by

B. silk by

C. silk and by

D. silk. By
 ID: dc645172
The artistic talents of Barbara Chase-Riboud, most known for her 1979 historical novel Sally Hemings and the conversation it
inspired, ______ limited to the realm of prose: she first excelled in sculpture, where her affinity for bronze—a material she
described as “timeless” due to its use across eras and cultures—became part of her artistic identity.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. hasn’t been

B. wasn’t

C. isn’t

D. aren’t
 ID: 20733eac
It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. ______
based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have
arrived more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. As a result,

B. Similarly,

C. However,

D. In conclusion,
 ID: 221ecf0f
221
Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his
poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, ______
he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. that is,

B. granted,

C. similarly,

D. by contrast,
 ID: 97e2e364
Okot p’Bitek’s poem Song of Lawino (1966) explores postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a rural
village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology, the poem
inspired a generation of East African writers. ______ those who adopted its style are often referred to as Okot School poets.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Nevertheless,

B. Fittingly,

C. By comparison,

D. Instead,
 ID: b46e0c8a
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair or skin.
The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to observe.
Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades to
detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.
The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.

The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar with environmental DNA. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades for evidence of invasive
A. constrictor snakes, which are difficult to observe.

B. An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species that are difficult to observe, such as constrictor snakes.

Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in water samples; eDNA is the DNA in released cellular
C. materials, such as shed skin cells.

Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is, DNA from cellular materials released by
D. organisms—in water samples from the Florida Everglades.