1.
Working Principle of DC Generator
A DC generator works on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction. When a conductor cuts a
magnetic field, an EMF is induced. In a DC generator, the armature rotates in a magnetic field,
inducing EMF. A commutator converts AC induced in the armature into DC.
2. EMF Equation of a DC Generator
Let:
P = Number of poles
Z = Total armature conductors
A = Number of parallel paths
N = Armature speed (RPM)
Phi = Flux per pole (Weber)
Then, E = (P * Phi * Z * N) / (60 * A)
3. Build-Up of EMF in Shunt Generator
1. Residual magnetism provides initial flux.
2. Small EMF is generated as armature rotates.
3. EMF drives current through shunt winding.
4. Field strength increases, increasing EMF.
5. Process continues until rated voltage is reached.
4. Construction of a DC Generator
Main parts:
- Yoke: Mechanical support and magnetic path.
- Pole Core and Shoe: Create magnetic field.
- Field Windings: Produce magnetic flux.
- Armature Core: Rotating part cutting flux.
- Armature Windings: Where EMF is induced.
- Commutator: Converts AC to DC.
- Brushes: Maintain contact with commutator.
5. Load Characteristics of DC Generators
(i) DC Series Generator:
- Voltage increases with load, then drops due to saturation.
- Not suitable for constant voltage applications.
(ii) DC Shunt Generator:
- Nearly constant voltage.
- Slight drop with load due to armature reaction.
- Good for lighting and battery charging.
(iii) DC Compound Generator:
- Cumulative: Constant or slightly rising voltage.
- Differential: Voltage drops with load.
- Used where constant voltage under varying load is needed.