A Thesis on

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
OF KARNATAKA

RAKSHA G
ASD21BVIS001
1
 First Print: January 2025

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Published by,

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND SPATIAL DESIGN,

Acharya School of Design,
Acharya Institutes
Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rd,
Soladevanahalli,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560107
Web: [Link]
2
 A Thesis on

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF KARNATAKA

RAKSHA G
ASD21BVIS001

3
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“I am incredibly thankful to all who contributed to the successful completion of my thesis,

‘Vernacular Architecture of Karnataka.’ Your support and guidance were extermely valu-
able.”

“I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Ar. Shalaka Patil, for
their invaluable guidance, expert advice, and unwavering encouragement throughout this
research journey. Their constructive feedback and support were instrumental in shaping
this study.’’

“I am grateful for the expertise and support provided by the professors and faculty mem-
bers of the Interior and Spatial Design department.”

“I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family and friends, who have been an
unrelenting source of support, encouragement, and motivation throughout this research
endeavor. Their unwavering faith in me has been a constant source of inspiration.”

5
6
ABSTRACT

This research explores the rich heritage of vernacular architecture in Karnataka, India,
examining how traditional building practices evolved in response to the region’s diverse
climatic conditions and socio-cultural contexts This study aims to document and
understand the unique characteristics of vernacular architecture in Karnataka, highlighting
its sustainable design principles and its significant contribution to the region’s cultural
identity. The findings of this research can provide valuable insights for contemporary
architectural practice, promoting sustainable and culturally sensitive design solutions.
This research focuses on three distinct house types: Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and Kodava
House. This style is typically associated with the Bunt community of coastal Karnataka.
Large, inward-looking houses with a central courtyard. They are characterized by their
steeply pitched roofs, often made of Mangalore tiles, and intricate wood carvings. These
houses reflect the social structure and economic status of the Bunt community.

By studying these traditional house types, the research aims to preserve valuable
information about the region’s architectural heritage. Gain a deeper understanding of the
relationship between architecture, culture, and the environment. Offer valuable insights
for contemporary architectural practice, promoting sustainable and culturally sensitive
design solutions.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Preface

2 Acknowledgement

3 Absract

4 Introduction

5 Findings

6 Guttu Mane

7 Thotti Mane

8 Kodava House

8
9 Styles
10 Furnitures

11 Classification

12 Similarities

13 Significance

14 Divergences

15 Functionalities

16 Commonalities

17 Summary

18 Conclusion
9
 INTRODUCTION
The vernacular architecture of feature steeply sloped tiled
Karnataka reflects the rich cultural roofs that help rainwater
heritage, climatic adaptability, drain quickly, an essential
and traditional craftsmanship adaptation for the heavy
of the region. Rooted in local monsoon rains. Coastal
materials, techniques, and a deep areas incorporate sea
understanding of the environment, shells, lime, and coconut
Karnataka’s vernacular buildings timber to build houses that
are characterized by their unique are resistant to humidity
architectural styles that vary across and salt. Additionally, the
its diverse landscape, from the courtyards, or anganas,
coastal areas to the Western Ghats in these homes serve
and the plains. Common materials as communal spaces
include mud, stone, timber, and for family gatherings
thatch, all sourced locally to and rituals, fostering
harmonize with the surroundings. social interaction and
Traditional homes are designed maintaining cultural
with features like open courtyards, traditions. Many of these
sloping roofs, and verandas, homes also reflect the
ensuring natural ventilation and influence of Karnataka’s
protection from the monsoon rains. dynastic history, seen
These structures not only cater to in the intricately carved
functional needs but also embody wooden columns, doors,
the social and cultural ethos of and ceilings. The blend of
different communities. Karnataka’s functionality, aesthetics,
vernacular architecture stands as and respect for natural
a testament to sustainable building resources makes
practices, preserving a sense of Karnataka’s vernacular
place and identity amidst the rapidly architecture a model for
changing urban environment. sustainable and culturally
sensitive design. This
In Karnataka, each region has its own architectural heritage
distinct vernacular style influenced continues to inspire
by climate, geography, and cultural contemporary architects
practices. For instance, in the in the region who seek to
Malnad region, traditional homes Figure 1 Pillar in Olden Houses blend modern needs with
traditional wisdom.
10
FINDINGS
such as granite or Cuddapah stone,
The old Karnataka style of
which provide a natural cooling effect.
interior design is deeply rooted
Terracotta Tiles: These tiles are used on
in the region’s rich cultural and
floors and rooftops, adding a
architectural heritage. Here are
some key elements that define
rustic and earthy feel to the space.
this style:
[Link] Elements:
[Link] Wooden Furniture:
Brass and Copper Artifacts: Traditional
Teak and Rosewood: High-
Karnataka homes often display brass
quality hardwoods like teak and
lamps, deepam, and copper vessels,
rosewood are commonly used in
adding to the vintage ambiance.
furniture, showcasing intricate
Figure 2 Jaali work Mysore Paintings: These are classical
carvings and traditional
paintings featuring Hindu gods and
craftsmanship.
goddesses, often used to adorn walls
Low Seating Arrangements:
Traditional Karnataka homes
Inlay Work: Some furniture and doors
often feature low seating with
may have intricate inlay work, with
wooden or cane furniture
designs of elephants, peacocks, or floral
patterns.
2. Carved Pillars and Beams:
Ornate Wooden Pillars:
[Link] and Textures:
Homes in old Karnataka often
The colour palette is typically warm, with
have intricately carved wooden
deep reds, ochres, and earthy browns**
pillars and beams, reflecting the Figure 3 Handloom silk saree
being dominant. Natural textures,
influence of temple architecture.
including wood grains and stone, play a
These elements add grandeur
significant role in the overall aesthetic.
to the interiors.
Ceiling Designs: Wooden
[Link] Work and Windows:
ceilings with carved patterns,
Lattice or jaali designs in windows and
sometimes painted with natural
doors allow for ventilation while adding
dyes, are common in traditional
a decorative touch. Windows are usually
homes.
framed in wood

3. Natural Materials:
[Link] Silk and Fabric:
Stone Flooring or Red oxide
Mysore silk curtains and cushions with
flooring: Floors are often made
Figure 4 Mysore painting traditional patterns
from locally sourced stones,
11
 GUTTU MANE

•Gutthu Mane traditional homes of bunt The design is adapted to withstand the
community of coastal Karnataka. extremities of Dakshina Kannada climate marked
•A rather square complex with ample space for by cycles of hot summers and torrential rainfall.
storage all around. Only traditional artisans who are well versed
•The pillars are made of wood. in this type of work are capable of building the
•There are usually 4 doors, one on each side of Guthu House. The construction materials used
the square complex. primarily comprise of Hard Wood, Laterite and
•The roof is of Mangalore tiles. Clay. The woodwork comprising ceiling, doors/
•The inner square is an open area - A place windows and intricately carved pillars are a
often used to dry stuff the natural way using tribute to the skill of the carpenters.
sun.
•Royal houses of the Bunts are called ARA
MANE (the natural way with sunlight)

Guthu House is the traditional manor house of

the coastal landlords. The spacious house has
clearly demarcated areas for various functions
and rituals.
The Guthu House is the traditional manor
house of the coastal landlords. The house
is constructed at a vantage location giving
a commanding view of the lush green paddy
fields. The entire complex comprises of
separate wings for household, bath, cattle
shed, store house and servant quarters. The
spacious house too has clearly demarcated
areas for various functions and rituals. Due to
the high costs involved, only the rich landlords
could afford to build and maintain this type of
Figure 5 Guttu Mane
dwelling. The design of the house is attractive
and it is built on the model of Aya

12
THOTTI MANE
The term ‘Thotti Mane’ in Kannada refers to This type of home embodies Karnataka’s cultural leg-
a courtyard house. This residence wrapped acy and sense of community, as families coexist side
around the courtyard takes cues from the by side and celebrate daily life and seasonal customs
Chettinad-style home. The traditional elements in a single, communal area. Many Thotti Manes are
throughout the home, coexist in perfect harmo- still standing as heritage buildings today, and others
ny. have been converted into homestays to give tourists
Thotti Mane is a traditional architectural style a flavor of traditional Karnataka culture. Many people
from the Malnad region of Karnataka, India. find that living in a Thotti Mane is a singular experi-
The term translates to “courtyard house” in ence that arouses strong feelings of nostalgia and
Kannada. Thotti Mane homes are known for provides a unique chance to interact with the archi-
their large verandahs and are often built with a tectural heritage and warm familial ties of this area’s
central courtyard that serves as a focal point history.
for the home. The courtyard can be used for
everyday activities, hosting guests, and creating
visual connections.

A Thotti Mane is a distinctive type of traditional

Karnataka home that is especially prevalent
in the Malnad and coastal areas. The name,
which translates to “house with a courtyard” in
Kannada, highlights the home’s distinguishing
feature: an open courtyard, or thotti, in the mid-
dle of the house. This courtyard is more than
just a structural feature; it is the center of fam-
ily life, where people congregate for routines,
socializing, and everyday activities. It serves as
a location for ceremonies, the drying of spices, Figure 6 Thotti Mane
and family bonding.

With strong timber pillars, carved beams, and

a sloping tiled roof that efficiently distributes
rainfall during the monsoon season, a Thotti
Mane’s construction is tailored to the tropical
climate. .

13
 KODAVA HOUSE

Kodava houses, known locally as “Ainmanes,” are Ainmanes are often large, reflecting the Kodava tradi-
traditional ancestral homes of the Kodava com- tion of extended families living together. The interior
munity in Coorg (Kodagu), a district in the Western features carved wooden pillars, intricate doors, and
Ghats of Karnataka, India. Kodavas are an ethnic simple yet elegant designs that represent the Koda-
group with a distinct culture, and their houses va lifestyle, which is deeply rooted in martial history
reflect their rich heritage, values, and connection and agrarian practices. These houses also typically
to nature. The Ainmane is not just a dwelling but a include a machu (small raised platform) or loft area,
cultural symbol, representing unity among family often used to store weapons, hunting gear, or agricul-
members and serving as a gathering place for tural tools, underscoring the martial traditions of the
relatives and community events. Kodava people.
Ainmanes are designed to suit the tropical and of- Today, many Ainmanes are preserved as heritage
ten misty, mountainous climate of Coorg. Built pri- structures, and some serve as cultural landmarks that
marily from natural materials like wood and stone, attract visitors interested in understanding Kodava
they feature sloping roofs covered with terracotta history and traditions. Ainmanes continue to sym-
tiles, a characteristic that allows rainwater to eas- bolize family pride, Kodava identity, and an enduring
ily drain off, especially during the monsoon. The bond with the community’s ancestral roots, making
architecture of a Kodava house is unique, blending them an integral part of Coorg’s cultural and ar-
functionality with traditional aesthetics, making chitectural landscape.
the house resilient to the weather conditions while
staying closely connected to nature

One distinctive feature of an Ainmane is the

mund, or open central courtyard, which is often
surrounded by rooms on all sides. This courtyard
acts as a focal point, allowing natural light and
ventilation to flow throughout the home and serv-
ing as a space for family rituals, gatherings, and
ceremonies. Many Ainmanes also have a kaimada
or family shrine located nearby, where ancestral
spirits are worshiped. This sacred space is integral
to Kodava cultural practices, as the Kodavas
place great importance on ancestral worship
and respect for their lineage.. Figure 7 Kodava House

14
STYLES
GUTTU MANE (Traditional Manor
Houses of Coastal Karnataka)

Origin: Found in the coastal districts of Udupi

and Dakshina Kannada, Guttu Mane were
traditionally the homes of wealthy landlords
or influential families.

Raised Foundation: Built on a raised platform

to prevent flooding during monsoons and
protect from pests.

Central Courtyard (Mane Kone): Acts as the

focal point of the house, used for rituals, so-
cial gatherings, and family interactions.

Architectural Materials: Constructed with lat-

erite stone, mud, and timber, ensuring durabil-
ity against heavy coastal rains.

Intricate Woodwork: Wooden pillars, carved

doorframes, and decorative ceilings highlight
skilled craftsmanship.

Sloping Roofs: Covered with traditional

Mangalore tiles, designed to shed rain-
water efficiently.

Spacious Interiors: Often divided into multiple Figure 8 Guttu Mane style
sections, including granaries, living spaces,
and prayer rooms.

Cultural Relevance: Guttu Mane represents

prosperity and showcases the hierarchical
social structure of the region.
15
 THOTTI MANE (Courtyard Hous-
es of Karnataka)

Philosophy: “Thotti” means courtyard,

and Thotti Mane refers to houses built
around a central open space, promoting
community interaction and functional-
ity.

Features:
Central Courtyard (Thotti): The open
courtyard allows ventilation, natural
light, and a space for daily activities or
religious rituals.

Perimeter Rooms: Surrounding rooms

serve as living quarters, kitchens, or
storage spaces.

Materials Used: Timber for pillars and

beams, along with mud and stone for
walls, keeping the house cool in sum-
mer and protected during monsoons.

Sloping Roofs: Made of tiled or

thatched materials to handle the re-
gion’s heavy rainfall.

Drainage System: The courtyard often Figure 9 Thotti Mane style

features an internal water drainage
design to prevent flooding.

Significance: Symbolizes communal

living and harmony with nature, with a
balance of functionality and aesthetic
appeal.

16
KODAVA HOUSE

Cultural Context: Found in Kodagu (Co-

org), these houses are associated with
the unique Kodava community and their
clan-based living system.

Features : Ain Mane (Ancestral Home):

Built as the residence of a joint family,
reflecting the clan’s heritage and identity.

Large Central Hall: The heart of the

house, used for family meetings, celebra-
tions, and rituals.

Mud and Stone Walls: Thick walls made

of mud and stone to insulate against the
cool and damp climate of the Western
Ghats.

Tiled Sloping Roofs: Designed to handle

Coorg’s heavy rainfall, often with wide
overhangs to protect walls and verandas.

Carved Wooden Structures: Intricate

wood carvings on doors and pillars re-
Figure 10 Kodava house style
flect the Kodava artistic tradition.

Attached Verandas: Open spaces sur-

rounding the house, offering views of the
lush landscape.
17
 FURNIRUES

GUTTU MANE
Key pieces of furniture you might find in a
Furniture in a Guttu Mane reflects the wealth Guttu Mane:
and status of the Bunt community. Here are
some key characteristics: Palkhi: A ceremonial seat, often elaborately
carved, used by the head of the household.

Heavily Carved Wood: Vakil Bench: A long, low bench used for seat-
Furniture pieces, like chairs, benches, and ing guests.
chests, are often made from high-quality
wood like teak or rosewood. Intricate carv- Chests: Used for storing valuables and cloth-
ings adorn these pieces, showcasing the skill ing, often decorated with intricate carvings.
of local artisans.
Beds: Typically made of wood with ornate
headboards and footboards.
Emphasis on Comfort and Status:
Furniture was designed for comfort and to
display the family’s social standing. You’d
find cushioned seating, ornate tables, and
opulent beds.

Traditional Craftsmanship:
Techniques like inlay work, using ivory or
other materials, were often incorporated,
adding to the aesthetic appeal and value of
the furniture.

Focus on Durability:
Furniture was built to last generations,
reflecting the value placed on craftsmanship
and longevity.

18
THOTTI MANE
Common types of furniture you might find
Furniture in a Thotti Mane, reflecting the needs
in a Thotti Mane:
of the hilly Malnad region, often prioritizes func-
tionality and adaptability to the climate. Here are
Wooden Benches: Used for seating and
some common features:
often doubling as sleeping platforms.

Bamboo Chairs and Stools: Lightweight and

Simple and Functional:
easy to move around.
Furniture tends to be more utilitarian and less
ornate compared to Guttu Mane.
Cane Furniture: Woven cane chairs and
tables provide ventilation and are suitable
for the humid climate.
Use of Locally Available Materials:
Wood, bamboo, and cane are commonly used for
Simple Wooden Beds: Often raised slightly
crafting furniture.
off the ground for better ventilation
.
Chests and Baskets: Used for storage and
Emphasis on Portability:
made from woven materials like bamboo or
Some pieces might be designed to be easily
cane.
moved or stored away, given the potential for
shifting weather conditions.

Focus on Comfort and Versatility:

Furniture often serves multiple purposes, such as
a bench that can also be used as a bed.

Color palette:
The furniture may be in neutral colors, such as
white, beige, or gray, or feature pops of color to
complement the overall design scheme.

19
 KODAVA HOUSE

Furniture in a Kodava House reflects the unique cultural identity and the region’s climatic conditions.
Here’s a glimpse:

Bamboo and Wood:

These are the primary materials used, reflecting the abundance of these resources in the region.

Simple and Functional:

Furniture is often designed with practicality in mind.

Influence of Martial Arts:

The Kodava people are known for their martial arts traditions.1 You might find furniture that reflects
this, such as sturdy benches or stools that could be used for training

Color palette:
The furniture may be in natural wood tones or painted in bright colors, adding a cheerful and vibrant
atmosphere.

Textiles:
Cushions, rugs, and throws may be used to add color, texture, and warmth.

Decorative elements: Brass and copper vessels, traditional Kodava handicrafts, and other decorative
items may be used to personalize the space.

Common types of furniture you might find in a Kodava House:

Bamboo Chairs and Stools: Lightweight and easy to move around, suitable for the region’s humid cli-
mate.

Wooden Benches: Used for seating and sometimes as beds.

Simple Wooden Beds: Often raised slightly off the ground for better ventilation.

Chests and Baskets: Made from woven materials like bamboo or cane, used for storage.
20
Figure 11 Sofa set in olden house

Figure 12 Single Sofa in olden house

Figure 13 Cane chairs in olden house

Figure 14 Bed in olden house

21
 CLASSIFICATIONS

GUTTU MANE THOTTI MANE

Guttu Manes are classified as traditional Thotti Mane, meaning “Courtyard House” in Kanna-
manor houses found in the Tulunadu region da, is classified as a traditional architectural style of
homes predominantly found in the state of Karnata-
of Karnataka, India. They are known for their
ka, India.
distinctive architectural features and histor-
ical significance, representing the past life- Its classification includes
style and administrative system of the region.
Vernacular Architecture
Key features that classify Guttu Manes in- Thotti Mane represents a type of vernacular archi-
cludes tecture, which refers to building styles that have
evolved organically over time within a specific
Architectural Style culture or region. These structures often reflect the
They are characterized by their sloping tiled local climate, available materials, and cultural needs.
roofs, spacious courtyards, and intricate
woodwork. Courtyard Houses
The defining feature of Thotti Mane is the central
Historical Significance courtyard. This open space serves multiple purpos-
They were once the residences of powerful es:
landlords and played a crucial role in the
region’s social and economic structure. Ventilation and Natural Light
The courtyard allows for natural light and ventilation
Inheritance and Administration throughout the house, crucial in the hot and humid
The ownership and management of Guttu climate of Karnataka.
Manes were often tied to specific lineages
and followed unique inheritance practices Social and Family Space
It acts as a gathering place for family members
Today, many Guttu Manes have been pre- and guests, a space for social interaction and daily
served as heritage sites, offering a glimpse activities.
into the rich history and culture of Tulunadu.
They are characterized by their distinctive ar- Privacy
chitectural style, featuring sloping tiled roofs, The courtyard provides a degree of privacy within
spacious courtyards, and intricate woodwork. the home, separating different living areas Court-
These houses reflect the region’s matrilineal yard houses are found in various parts of the world,
social structure and feature: each with its own unique characteristics.
22
In essence, Thotti Mane is classified as a Open Verandas
distinct style of vernacular architecture char- Large verandas provide shade and a place for
acterized by its central courtyard, adaptation social interaction and outdoor activities
to the local climate, and use of traditional
building techniques. Cultural Significance
Ainmanes hold significant cultural importance for
the Kodava people. They are not just dwellings
KODAVA HOUSE but also symbols of family lineage and social sta-
tus. Each Ainmane is associated with a specific
Kodava houses, also known as Ainmanes, are clas- “Okka” (clan), reflecting the strong clan-based
sified as a distinct style of vernacular architecture social structure
found in the Kodagu region of Karnataka, India.

Its classification includes In essence, Kodava houses are classified as a unique

style of vernacular architecture, deeply intertwined
Vernacular Architecture with the cultural identity and environment of the
Like Thotti Mane and Guttu Mane, Ainmanes repre- Kodava people. They stand as testaments to the rich
sent a type of vernacular architecture, deeply rooted cultural heritage and architectural traditions of the
in the local culture and environment of the Kodava Kodagu region.
people.

Unique Architectural Style

Ainmanes have a distinctive architectural style
characterized by:

Sloped Roofs
The roofs are steeply pitched to shed heavy rainfall,
a common feature in the hilly region of Kodagu
.
Wooden Construction:
Traditionally, Ainmanes were primarily constructed
using wood, reflecting the abundance of timber re-
sources in the region. It reflects the region’s abun-
dance of timber resources and the skilled crafts-
manship of the Kodava people.
23
 SIMILARITIES OF ALL THREE SIGNIFICANCE
HOUSES
GUTTU MANE
Climate Adaptation
Guttu Manes hold significant historical, cultural, and
Sloping Roofs with Mangalore tiles or similar materi- architectural importance in the Tulunadu region of Kar-
als effectively drain rainwater and prevent water log- nataka, India. Here’s a breakdown of their significance
ging. Use of elevated platforms or solid foundations
to protect against flooding and damp conditions. Historical Significance:

Use of Local Materials Symbol of Power and Status

Guttu Manes were the residences of powerful landlords
Construction relies on locally available, eco-friendly and administrative officials, reflecting the social hierar-
materials such as: chy and power structure of the region.
Laterite stones, mud, and timber for walls and struc-
tural elements. Wood for beams, pillars, and carvings, Centres of Local Administration
showcasing traditional craftsmanship . These ma- They often served as centers for local administration,
terials provide durability and insulation, keeping the with the landlords playing a key role in governing the
interiors cool in summer and warm during monsoons. surrounding areas.

Central Open Spaces Witnesses to History

Guttu Manes provide valuable insights into the past
All three feature a central focal area for ventilation, lifestyle, social structure, and administrative system of
light, and community interaction: Tulunadu.
Guttu Mane and Thotti Mane have a central courtyard
for rituals and daily activities. Kodava Houses (Ain Cultural Significance:
Mane) have a spacious central hall for family gather-
ings and celebrations. Heritage and Identity
They represent a significant part of the cultural heritage
Family and Community-Oriented Design of Tulunadu and are closely associated with the Bunt
community, a prominent social group in the region.
The layouts emphasize joint family living and com-
munity: Family Lineage and Traditions
Guttu Mane symbolizes the status and unity of large The ownership and management of Guttu Manes were
landlord families. Thotti Mane encourages shared often tied to specific lineages, reflecting the importance
spaces around the courtyard for communal activities. of family and ancestral traditions in the region.
Kodava Houses serve as ancestral homes for Kodava
clans, preserving cultural ties and clan identity.
24
Social and Cultural Hubs
Guttu Manes served as social and cultural Figure 15Pillar house
hubs, hosting various events and gatherings
within the community

Architectural Significance:

Unique Architectural Style

The distinctive architectural style of Guttu
Manes, with their sloping tiled roofs, spacious
courtyards, and intricate woodwork, reflects
the region’s unique architectural traditions.

Adaptation to Climate
The design of Guttu Manes reflects adapta-
tions to the local climate, with features such
as deep eaves and thick walls helping to keep
the interiors cool during hot summers.

Preservation of Traditional Craftsmanship

The construction of Guttu Manes involved the
use of traditional building techniques and local
materials, showcasing the skills and crafts-
manship of local artisans.

Architectural Innovation:
Guttu Manes showcase innovative architectur-
al techniques and design principles. The use
of local materials, the integration of ventila- Figure 16 Exterior of the olden House
tion and natural light, and the emphasis on
creating a comfortable and functional living
space demonstrate the ingenuity of traditional
builders.
25
 THOTTI MANE

Thotti Mane, meaning “Courtyard House” in Sustainable Practices

Kannada, holds significant cultural, social, and Traditional Thotti Mane often incorporated sustain-
architectural importance in Karnataka able building practices, utilizing locally available
materials and minimizing environmental impact.

Cultural Significance: Influence on Modern Architecture

The principles of Thotti Mane, such as passive cool-
Symbol of Tradition ing and the importance of natural light and venti-
Thotti Mane represents a deeply rooted tradi- lation, continue to influence modern architectural
tion in Karnataka, showcasing the region’s rich design.
architectural heritage and cultural values.

Social Hub Social Significance:

The central courtyard serves as a vital social
space, fostering interaction within the family Community Building
and with the community. It’s a place for gather- The courtyard often served as a space for community
ings, celebrations, and daily activities gatherings, fostering social cohesion and a sense of
belonging.
Family Values
The design emphasizes the importance of fam- Privacy and Security
ily and community, with spaces designed for The inward-facing design of Thotti Mane provided a
collective living and shared experiences. degree of privacy and security for the inhabitants.

Architectural Significance:

Climate Responsive Design

The design of Thotti Mane demonstrates a
remarkable understanding of the local climate.
The central courtyard, sloping roofs, and thick
walls provide natural ventilation and cooling,
making the houses comfortable in the hot and
humid climate of Karnataka.
Figure 17 Pillar of thotti mane
26
KODAVA HOUSE

Kodava houses, or Ainmanes, hold deep cultural, so- Architectural Significance:

cial, and architectural significance within the Kodagu
region of Karnataka Unique Architectural Style
The distinctive architectural style of Ainmanes, with
their steeply pitched roofs, wooden construction,
Cultural Significance: and open verandas, reflects the region’s unique
climatic and environmental conditions.

Symbol of Lineage and Identity Adaptation to Environment

Ainmanes are more than just dwellings; they are The design of Ainmanes is well-adapted to the hilly
symbols of family lineage and social status. Each terrain and humid climate of Kodagu, providing a
Ainmane is associated with a specific “Okka” (clan), comfortable and functional living space
reflecting the strong clan-based social structure of
the Kodava community. Traditional Craftsmanship
The construction of Ainmanes often involved tra-
Cultural Heritage ditional building techniques and the use of locally
They represent a vital part of the Kodava cultural available materials, showcasing the skills and
heritage, embodying their traditions, values, and way craftsmanship of local artisans.
of life.

Ancestral Legacy
Ainmanes are often seen as ancestral homes, con-
necting the present generation to their forefathers
and preserving family history.

Social Significance:

Community HubsAinmanes often served as social

and cultural hubs for the local community, hosting
various events and gatherings.
Social StatusThe size and grandeur of an Ainmane Figure 18 Exterior of the Kodava house
often reflected the social and economic status of the
family within the community.
27
 DIVERGENCES

What are the differences between Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and Kodava House?

GUTTU MANE THOTTI MANE

Guttu Manes are unique to the Tulunadu region • The defining characteristic of Thotti Mane is the
of Karnataka, unlike Thotti Manes which are central courtyard, unlike Guttu Manes or Koda-
widespread, and Kodava Houses confined to the va Houses where the courtyard might not be as
Kodagu district. prominent.

• Historically, Guttu Manes were closely as- • Unlike Guttu Manes, which are specific to Tulun-
sociated with the powerful landlord class, adu, or Kodava Houses, which are found only in
particularly the Bunt community, reflecting a Kodagu, Thotti Mane is a widespread architectur-
distinct social hierarchy prevalent in Tulun- al style found throughout Karnataka.
adu.
• Thotti Mane exhibits a strong emphasis on cli-
• Architecturally, Guttu Manes often exhibit mate-responsiveness, with features like the cen-
a greater scale and grandeur compared to tral courtyard designed to provide natural cooling
Thotti Manes, showcasing intricate carvings and ventilation, unlike some other house types.
and decorative elements.
• The central courtyard of Thotti Mane fosters a
• The inheritance and ownership patterns strong sense of community and family together-
of Guttu Manes might have specific tradi- ness, emphasizing shared living spaces, unlike
tions within the Bunt community, potentially other house types that may have different social
differing from those associated with other and spatial arrangements.
house types
• Thotti Mane has shown remarkable adaptability,
• Culturally, Guttu Manes are strongly linked evolving over time while retaining its core prin-
to the Bunt community and their traditions, ciples, unlike some other traditional house types
while Thotti Manes represent a broader cul- that may have become less common or under-
tural identity across Karnataka gone significant changes.
28
 KODAVA HOUSE

• Unlike Thotti Mane, which is wide-

spread, and Guttu Mane, specific to
Tulunadu, Kodava Houses are exclu-
sively found in the Kodagu region,
reflecting the unique cultural identity
of the Kodava people

• Characterized by extensive use of

wood in their construction, reflecting
the region’s abundant timber resourc-
es, Kodava Houses differ from Thotti
Manes, which utilize a wider range of
materials, and Guttu Manes that may
also incorporate stone or brick.

• The steeply pitched roofs of Kodava

Figure 19 Diya used in olden house
Houses, designed to effectively shed
heavy rainfall, are a defining feature,
contrasting with the sloping roofs
of Guttu Manes and the varied roof
designs found in Thotti Mane
Figure 20 Wall mounted wod-
den work
• Deeply intertwined with the clan-
based social structure of the Kodava
community, each Kodava House is
associated with a specific “Okka”
(clan), reflecting a strong sense of
lineage and ancestral heritage, unlike
the social and cultural associations of Figure 21 wodden swing
Thotti Manes or Guttu Manes.

• Large verandas are a prominent

feature of Kodava Houses, providing
shade and a space for social interac-
tion.
29
 FUNCTIONALATIES
GUTTU MANE

A Heritage Home: The Guttu Mane is a traditional

house of the Bunt community in Karnataka, espe-
cially in the Tulu Nadu region. These houses were
typically built in the center of a family’s landhold-
ings and were considered symbols of prestige and
status.

Architectural Features:

Central Courtyard: The heart of the house, providing

ventilation and light.
Intricate Woodwork: Elaborate carvings on doors,
pillars, and ceilings.

Mangalore Tiles: A distinctive roofing material.

Vastu Shastra: Adherence to traditional Indian
architectural principles.

Vastu Principles: The construction of Guttu Manes

often adhered to Vastu principles, an ancient Indian
system of architecture that emphasizes harmony
with nature and positive energy flow.

Functionality:

Residential: The primary function was as a dwelling

place for large joint families.
Figure 22 walk way of olden house
Social Gathering: The spacious halls were for gath-
erings

Religious Practices: Many houses had dedicated

spaces for family deities.
30
THOTTI MANE

Courtyard House: The Thotti Mane is a type of

traditional house in Karnataka, characterized by
a central courtyard. It’s a common architectural
style found in many parts of India, but with regional
variations.

Architectural Features:

Central Courtyard: A versatile space for various

activities.

WWVerandahs: Providing shade and ventilation.

Natural Materials: Locally sourced materials like

wood, stone, and mud.

Sloped Roofs: The sloped roofs help to shed rain-

water efficiently, preventing water damage to the
structure.

Compact Design: Thotti Manes are typically built on

small plots of land, maximizing space utilization
.
Functionality:

Residential: The primary function is as a dwelling

place.
Figure 23 Modern thotti mane
Ventilation: The central courtyard ensures good
ventilation.

Adaptability: The design can be adapted to various

climates and lifestyles.
31
 KODAVA HOUSE

Tribal Architecture: The Kodava House is a tra-

ditional dwelling of the Kodavas, a martial tribe
from the Kodagu district of Karnataka.

Architectural Features:

Steep Roof: To withstand heavy rainfall.

Bamboo and Wood: Primary construction mate-
rials.

Verandah: For outdoor activities.

Storage and Utility: Kodava houses often include

dedicated spaces for storing agricultural pro-
duce and other essentials, reflecting the region’s
agrarian past

Adaptability to the Climate: Kodava houses

are designed to withstand the region’s tropical
climate, with features like sloping roofs to shed
rainwater and large verandas to provide shade
and ventilation

Functionality:

Residential: The primary function is as a dwelling

place. Figure 24 Walk way of kodava house

Storage: The raised ground floor often served as

storage for grains.

Defense: Some houses had defensive features

due to the tribe’s martial history.

32
COMMONALATIES

Figure 25 Pillared Thotti mane

The Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and Kodava House,
despite their distinct origins and architectural
styles, share several commonalities:

Central Courtyard: A prominent feature in all three

house types, the courtyard serves as a central
gathering space, providing ventilation and light.

Natural Materials: Locally sourced materials like

wood, stone, and bamboo are extensively used
in the construction of these houses, reflecting a
connection to the environment.

Adaptation to Climate: Each house type is de-

signed to suit the local climate and topography,
with features like steep roofs in the Kodava House
to handle rainfall and verandahs for shade and
ventilation in all three.

Cultural Significance: Beyond their functional

aspects, these houses embody the cultural, social,
and economic values of the communities that built
them, representing a rich architectural heritage

Water Management: These houses had special

systems for collecting and using rainwater, where
Figure 26 stairs of olden house
pure water was collected

Simple Design: The design of these houses was

simple and functional. Unnecessary decorations
were avoided, and the houses were designed to
allow ample light and air circulation.

33
 SUMMARY

GUTTU MANE:

Beyond the Architectural:

Guttu Manes were not just impressive struc-
tures; they were symbols of power and social
status. They often housed extended families,
reflecting the importance of kinship and com-
munity within Bunt society.

Architectural Details:

Sloping Roofs:
These were typically tiled roofs, designed to
withstand the region’s monsoon rains.

Courtyard:
The courtyard was not just an open space; it
often featured a well, a place for religious of-
ferings, and sometimes even a small temple.

Intricate Carvings: These went beyond dec-

oration; they often incorporated motifs with
religious or cultural significance

Preservation:
Many Guttu Manes are facing the challeng-
es of urbanization and neglect. Efforts are
underway to preserve these architectural
gems, recognizing their historical and cultural
importance.
Figure 27 pillar carvings of olden house
Intricate Carvings: Elaborate carvings adorn
the walls and pillars, showcasing the region’s
artistic traditions.

34
THOTTI MANE:

Adaptability :
While the central courtyard is a defining
feature, the specific layout of Thotti Manes
varied depending on factors like family size,
social status, and available land.

Modern Interpretations:
The core principles of Thotti Mane – nat-
ural ventilation, natural light, and a focus
on community living – continue to inspire
modern architects and designers.

Sustainability:
Traditional Thotti Manes often incorporat-
ed sustainable building practices, utilizing
locally available materials and minimizing
their environmental impact. This emphasis
on sustainability resonates with contempo-
rary concerns about eco-friendly living.

Regional Variations:
While the central courtyard is a defining fea-
ture, variations in design can be observed
across different regions where Thotti Manes
are found. Some may have more elaborate
courtyards with fountains or small gardens, Figure 28 Old Thotti mane
while others may be simpler in design.
The design might incorporate features to
mitigate the effects of humidity and coastal
winds.

35
 KODAVA HOUSE :

Cultural Significance:
Beyond their architectural features, Kodava
Houses are deeply intertwined with the cul-
tural practices of the Kodava people. They
are often associated with specific rituals,
ceremonies, and social gatherings.

Materials and Craftsmanship:

The construction of Kodava Houses show-
cased the skills of local artisans. Tradi-
tional building techniques, such as wood
joinery and thatching, were passed down
through generations.

Impact of Modernity:
While many traditional Kodava Houses still
exist, modern influences have also impact-
ed their design and construction. Some
contemporary Kodava homes incorporate
modern amenities while retaining elements
of traditional architecture.

Intricate Carvings:
Wood carvings are a prominent feature of
Ainmanes, adorning pillars, doors, and win-
dow frames. These carvings often depict
traditional motifs and designs.

Conservation Efforts:
Efforts are being made to preserve and Figure 29 Old pillars of kodava house
restore existing Ainmanes and cultural
significance.

36
CONCLUSION

Conclusion: Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and TAKEAWAYS

Kodava House
• Each house type has its own unique cultural
and social context.
Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and Kodava House
occupy unique positions in the architectural his- • These homes exemplify environmentally re-
tory of Karnataka. Each house type has evolved sponsive architecture
within its own cultural, social, and environmental
context. • They represent the history and culture of Kar-
nataka.

Guttu Mane • The wisdom and artistry of these traditional

Reflects the culture and social structure of the homes can still inspire modern architecture.
wealthy landowners in Tulunadu. They were not
just houses but symbols of power and status.

In summary, Guttu Mane, Thotti Mane, and Kodava

Thotti Mane
House are invaluable gems of Karnataka’s archi-
Found throughout Karnataka, Thotti Manes
tectural heritage. Their preservation is of utmost
embody the values of family and community.
importance. These three house types exemplify the
They are excellent examples of environmentally
diverse architectural heritage of Karnataka. Each
responsive architecture.
possesses unique historical, cultural, and architec-
tural significance.
Kodava House
Represents the cultural identity of the Kodava
community in the Kodagu district. Their wooden
construction and sloping roofs are distinctive
features.

These three house types represent the diverse

cultural heritage of Karnataka. While we embrace
modern technology and materials, we should not
forget the wisdom and artistry embodied in these
traditional homes. They remind us of our roots
and offer valuable lessons for future generations.
37
 Table of Figures

Figure 1 Pillar in Olden Houses

Figure 2 Jalli work
Figure 3 Handloom silk saree
Figure 4 Mysore painting
Figure 5 Guttu Mane
Figure 6 Thotti Mane
Figure 7 Kodava House
Figure [Link] Mane style
Figure 9 Thotti Mane style
Figure 10 Kodava style
Figure11 Sofa set in olden house
Figure12 Single sofa in olden house
Figure13 Cane chair in olden house
Figure 14 Bed in olden house
Figure 15 Pillar House
Figure16 Exterior of the olden house
Figure 17 Piller of thotti mane
Figure18 Exterior of kodava house
Figure 19 Diya used in olden house
Figure 20 Wall mounted wodden work
Figure 21 Wodden swing
Figure 22 Walk way if olden house
Figure 23 Modern thotti mane
Figure 24 Walk way of kodava house
Figure 25 Pillared thotti mane
Figure 26 Stairs of olden house
Figure 27 Pillar carvings of olden house
Figure 28 Old thotti mane
Figure 29 Old pillar of kodava house

38
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