· MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
The growth of plants occurs only in certain
specific regions. This is because the dividing
tissue, also known as meristematic tissue, is
located only at these points. Depending on
the region where they are present,
meristematic tissues are classified as apical,
lateral and intercalary (Fig. 6.2). New cells
produced by meristem are initially like those
of meristem itself, but as they grow and
mature, their characteristics slowly change and
they become differentiated as components of
other tissues.
· APICAL MERISTEM
Apical meristem is present at the growing
tips of stems and roots and increases the
length of the stem and the root.
· LATERAL MERISTEM
The girth of the stem or root increases due to lateral
meristem (cambium).
· INTERCALARY MERISTEM
Intercalary meristemseen in some plants is located near the
[Link] of meristematic tissue are very active,they have
dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei.
They lack vacuoles.
· PERMANENT TISSUE
They take up a specificrole and lose the ability to divide. As a
result,they form a permanent tissue. This process of taking up a
permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation.
Differentiation leads to the development of various types of
permanent tissues.
· SIMPLE PARMANENT TISSUE
1 Parenchyma (Simple Permanent Tissue)
· Few layers beneath the [Link] of relatively
unspecialised, thin-walled, living cells.
· Loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces.
2 Chlorenchyma: Contains chlorophyll, performs
photosynthesis.
· Aerenchyma: Found in aquatic plants, has large air cavities
for floating.
3 Collenchyma (Permanent Tissue for Flexibility)
· Provides flexibility and mechanical support.
· Found in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
· Living, elongated cells with irregular thickening at corners.
· Very little intercellular space.
4 Sclerenchyma (Permanent Tissue for Strength)
· Provides hardness and stiffness.
· Found in coconut husk, stems, vascular bundles, leaf veins,
and seed coverings.
· Dead cells with thickened walls due to lignin.
· No internal space inside the cells.
4 Epidermis (Outermost Layer of Cells)
· Usually a single layer of cells; thicker in dry habitat plants.
· Covers the entire plant surface, protects plant parts.
· Secretes a waxy, water-resistant layer to prevent water
loss, mechanical injury, and fungal invasion.
· Forms a continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
· Most cells are flat, outer and side walls are thicker than the
inner wall.
5 Stomata
· Small pores in the epidermis of leaves.
· Enclosed by two kidney-shaped guard cells.
· Help in gas exchange and transpiration.
6 Epidermal Cells in Roots
· Bear long hair-like structures.
· Increase the surface area for water absorption.
7 Adaptation in Desert Plants
· Thick waxy cutin coating on the epidermis.
· Prevents water loss.
8 Cork (Protective Tissue in Older Plants)
· Outer layer changes as plants age.
· Formed by secondary meristem in the cortex.
· Made of dead, compactly arranged cells without
intercellular spaces.
· Contains suberin, making it impervious to gases and water.
connective tissue
Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue)
Blood has a liquid matrix called plasma,
which contains red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
It helps in the transportation of gases,
digested food, hormones, and waste
materials throughout the body.
It plays an essential role in immunity and
clotting.
Bone (Rigid Connective Tissue)
Forms the framework of the body, supports
internal organs, and provides a surface for
muscle attachment.
The matrix is hard and composed of calcium
and phosphorus compounds, making it
strong and nonflexible.
Protects vital organs like the brain and
lungs.
Ligaments (Bone to Bone Connection)
Very elastic and strong connective tissue.
Connects bones to bones and allows
flexibility in joints.
Contains very little matrix but is highly
stretchable.
Tendons (Muscle to Bone Connection)
Strong and fibrous connective tissue with
limited flexibility.
Connects muscles to bones, helping in
movement.
Provides great strength to withstand
tension.
Cartilage (Flexible Connective Tissue)
Made up of widely spaced cells in a solid
matrix of proteins and sugars.
Smoothens bone surfaces at joints to
reduce friction.
Found in nose, ear, trachea, and larynx;
gives shape and flexibility.
Areolar Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
Fills spaces inside organs, supports internal
structures, and helps in tissue repair.
Found between skin and muscles, around
blood vessels and nerves, and in bone
marrow.
Provides elasticity and cushioning.
Adipose Tissue (Fat-Storing Tissue)
Found below the skin and around internal
organs.
Stores fat globules, providing insulation and
energy storage.
Helps cushion and protect organs from
shock.
· masculer tissue
Muscular Tissue (Detailed 4 Marks Answer)
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells
called muscle fibres, which are responsible
for movement in the body. Muscles contain
special contractile proteins that enable
them to contract and relax, causing
movement. Based on structure, function,
and location, muscular tissue is classified
into three types: striated (skeletal), smooth
(involuntary), and cardiac muscles.
Types of Muscular Tissue:
Striated Muscles (Skeletal Muscles)
Also called voluntary muscles as they
function under conscious control.
Attached to bones, helping in body
movement.
Show alternating light and dark bands
(striations) under a microscope.
Structure: Long, cylindrical, unbranched,
and multinucleate (having many nuclei).
Example: Found in arms, legs, and other
body parts involved in voluntary movement.
Smooth Muscles (Involuntary Muscles)
Control involuntary movements such as
food movement in the alimentary canal and
contraction of blood vessels.
Found in iris of the eye, ureters, bronchi of
the lungs, and walls of internal organs.
Do not show striations, hence called
unstriated muscles.
Structure: Long, spindle-shaped, and
uninucleate (having a single nucleus).
Example: Present in digestive tract, blood
vessels, and urinary bladder.
Cardiac Muscles (Heart Muscles)
Found only in the heart and control
rhythmic contraction and relaxation.
Function involuntarily, ensuring the
continuous beating of the heart throughout
life.
Structure: Cylindrical, branched, and
uninucleate.
Exhibit striations like skeletal muscles but
function involuntarily like smooth muscles.