2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.

4M

SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL ELECTRODES 07

FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

(Identical with AWS Specification A5.4/A5.4M:2006. In case of dispute, the original AWS text applies.)

1. Scope either system may be used for sizing of filler metal or

1.1 This specification prescribes requirements for the packaging or both under A5.4 or A5.4M specifications.
classification of covered stainless steel electrodes for
shielded metal arc welding.1,2
2. Normative References
The chromium content of weld metal deposited by these
electrodes is not less than 10.5 percent and the iron content 2.1 The following AWS standards3 are referenced in
exceeds that of any other element. For purposes of classifi- the mandatory section of this document.
cation, the iron content shall be derived as the balance (a) AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines
element when all other elements are considered to be at (b) AWS A5.5, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-
their minimum specified values. trodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(c) AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Test-
NOTE: No attempt has been made to classify all grades of filler metals ing of Welds
within the limits of the above scope; only the more commonly used
(d) AWS B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical
grades have been included.
Testing of Welds
1.2 Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond
2.2 The following ANSI standard is referenced in the
the scope of this standard and, therefore, are not fully
mandatory section of this document:
addressed herein. Some safety and health information can
be found in Annex Clauses A5 and A11. Safety and health (a) ANSI Z49.1,4 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied
information is available from other sources, including, but Processes
not limited to ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, 2.3 The following ASTM standards5 are referenced in
and Allied Processes, and applicable state and federal regu- the mandatory section of this document.
lations. (a) ASTM A 36, Specification for Structural Steel
1.3 This specification makes use of both U.S. Custom- (b) ASTM A 240, Specification for Heat-Resisting
ary Units and the International System of Units [SI]. The Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate,
measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore, each Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels
system must be used independently of the other without (c) ASTM A 285, Specification for Pressure Vessel
combining in any way when referring to material proper- Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile
ties. The specification with the designation A5.4 uses U.S. Strength
Customary Units. The specification A5.4M uses SI Units.
The latter are shown in brackets [ ] or in appropriate col- 3
ASTM standards are published by the American Society for Testing
umns in tables and figures. Standard dimensions based on and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550
1
Due to possible differences in composition, core wire from covered N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
4
electrodes should not be used as bare filler wire. ANSI Z49.1 is published by the American Welding Society, 550
2
Classifications E502, E505, and E7Cr are no longer specified by this N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
5
document. They are specified in AWS A5/5/A5.5M:2006, designated as ASTM standards are published by the American Society for Testing
follows: E502 as E801X-B6 and E801X-B6L, E505 as E801X-B8 and and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken,
E801X-B8L, and E7Cr as E801X-B7 and E801X-B7L. PA 19428-2959.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
73
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

(d) ASTM A 515, Specification for Pressure Vessel 6. Rounding-Off Procedure

Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and Higher-Tem-
For the purposes of determining conformance with this
perature Service
specification, an observed or calculated value shall be
(e) ASTM E 29, Standard Practice for Using Significant rounded to the nearest 1000 psi [1 ksi] for tensile strength
Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Speci- for A5.4, or to the nearest 10 MPa for tensile strength for
fications A5.4M, and to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place
(f) ASTM E 1032, Standard Test Method for Radio- of figures used in expressing the limiting value for other
graphic Examination of Weldments quantities in accordance with the rounding-off method
(g) ASTM E 353, Standard Test Methods for Chemical given in ASTM E 29.
Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other
Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloys
7. Summary of Tests
The tests required for each classification are specified
3. Classification in Table 4. The purpose of these tests is to determine the
3.1 The welding electrodes covered by this A5.4/ chemical composition, mechanical properties and sound-
A5.4M specification are classified using the system that is ness of the weld metal, and the usability of the electrodes.
independent of U.S. Customary Units and the International The base metal for the weld test assemblies, the welding
System of Units (SI), and are classified according to: and testing procedures to be employed, and the results
(a) chemical composition requirements for undiluted required are given in Clause 9, Weld Test Assemblies;
weld metal (Table 1) Clause 10, Chemical Analysis; Clause 11, Radiographic
(b) type of welding current and position of welding Test; Clause 12, Tension Test; and Clause 13, Fillet
(Table 2) Weld Test.
3.2 Materials classified under one classification may be
classified under any other classification of this specification 8. Retest
provided they meet all the requirements for those classifi- If the results of any test fail to meet the requirement,
cations, except that a material may not be classified under that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both retests
more than one of the following EXXX-15, EXXX-16, shall meet the requirement. For chemical analysis, retest
EXXX-17, or EXXX-26 designations. Table 3 lists a num- material may be taken from the original test sample or
ber of examples of such dual classification. from a new sample. Retest for chemical analysis need be
only for those specific elements that failed to meet the test
NOTE: The test requirements of this specification establish minimum
quality levels which will assure suitability of the electrodes for the usual
requirement.
applications. The guide appended to this specification describes the more If the results of one or both retests fail to meet the
common applications and suggests testing procedures for those applica- requirement, the material under test shall be considered as
tions which warrant tests that are beyond those included in this specifi- not meeting the requirements of this specification for that
cation. classification.
In the event that, during preparation or after completion
of any test, it is clearly determined that specified or proper
4. Acceptance
procedures were not followed in preparing the weld test
Acceptance6 of the material shall be in accordance with assembly or test specimen(s) or in conducting the test, the
the provisions of AWS A5.01. test shall be considered invalid, without regard to whether
the test was actually completed, or whether test results
met, or failed to meet, the requirement. That test shall be
5. Certification repeated, following proper specified procedures. In this
case the requirement for doubling of the number of test
By affixing the AWS specification and classification
specimens does not apply.
designations to the packaging, or the classification to the
product, the manufacturer certifies that the product meets
the requirements of this specification.7 9. Weld Test Assemblies
9.1 One, two, or three weld test assemblies are required
depending on electrode diameter as shown in Table 4.
6
See A3, Acceptance (in Annex A) for further information on accept- (a) The weld pad in Fig. 1 for chemical analysis of the
ance, testing of material shipped, and AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procure-
ment Guidelines.
undiluted weld metal
7
See A4, Certification (in Annex A) for further information concerning (b) The groove weld in Fig. 2 for Tension and Radio-
certification and the tests called for to meet this requirement. graphic tests

74
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
TABLE 1
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR UNDILUTED WELD METAL

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Weight Percent(A,B)
AWS UNS Nb (Cb)
Classification(C) Number(D) C Cr Ni Mo Plus Ta Mn Si P S N Cu Other

E209-XX W32210 0.06 20.5–24.0 9.5–12.0 1.5–3.0 ... 4.0–7.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.10–0.30 0.75 V p 0.10–0.30
E219-XX W32310 0.06 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.0 0.75 ... 8.0–10.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.10–0.30 0.75 ...
E240-XX W32410 0.06 17.0–19.0 4.0–6.0 0.75 ... 10.5–13.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.10–0.30 0.75 ...
E307-XX W30710 0.04–0.14 18.0–21.5 9.0–10.7 0.5–1.5 ... 3.30–4.75 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E308-XX W30810 0.08 18.0–21.0 9.0–11.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E308H-XX W30810 0.04–0.08 18.0–21.0 9.0–11.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E308L-XX W30813 0.04 18.0–21.0 9.0–11.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E308Mo-XX W30820 0.08 18.0–21.0 9.0–12.0 20–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E308LMo-XX(E) W30823 0.04 18.0–21.0 9.0–12.0 20–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E309-XX W30910 0.15 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E309H-XX W30910 0.04–0.15 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...

75
E309L-XX W30913 0.04 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E309Nb-XX(F) W30917 0.12 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 0.75 0.70–1.00 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E309Mo-XX W30920 0.12 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E309LMo-XX(E) W30923 0.04 22.0–25.0 12.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E310-XX W31010 0.08–0.20 25.0–28.0 20.0–22.5 0.75 ... 1.0–2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
2007 SECTION II, PART C

E310H-XX W31015 0.35–0.45 25.0–28.0 20.0–22.5 0.75 ... 1.0–2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 ... 0.75 ...

Not for Resale

E310Nb-XX(F) W31017 0.12 25.0–28.0 20.0–22.0 0.75 0.70–1.00 1.0–2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E310Mo-XX W31020 0.12 25.0–28.0 20.0–22.0 2.0–3.0 ... 1.0–2.5 0.75 0.03 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E312-XX W31310 0.15 28.0–32.0 8.0–10.5 0.75 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E316-XX W31610 0.08 17.0–20.0 11.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E316H-XX W31610 0.04–0.08 17.0–20.0 11.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E316L-XX W31613 0.04 17.0–20.0 11.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E316LMn-XX W31622 0.04 18.0–21.0 15.0–18.0 2.5–3.5 ... 5.0–8.0 0.90 0.04 0.03 0.10–0.25 0.75 ...
E317-XX W31710 0.08 18.0–21.0 12.0–14.0 3.0–4.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E317L-XX W31713 0.04 18.0–21.0 12.0–14.0 3.0–4.0 ... 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E318-XX W31910 0.08 17.0–20.0 11.0–14.0 2.0–3.0 6 ⴛ C, min 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
to 1.00 max
E320-XX W88021 0.07 19.0–21.0 32.0–36.0 2.0–3.0 8 ⴛ C, min 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 3.0–4.0 ...
to 1.00 max
SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M
Copyright ASME International
TABLE 1 (CONT’D)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS FOR UNDILUTED WELD METAL (CONT’D)

Provided by IHS under license with ASME

Weight Percent(A,B)
SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

AWS UNS Nb (Cb)

Classification(C) Number(D) C Cr Ni Mo Plus Ta Mn Si P S N Cu Other

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

E320LR-XX W88022 0.03 19.0–21.0 32.0–36.0 2.0–3.0 8 ⴛ C, min 1.50–2.50 0.30 0.020 0.015 ... 3.0–4.0 ...
to 0.40 max
E330-XX W88331 0.18–0.25 14.0–17.0 33.0–37.0 0.75 ... 1.0–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E330H-XX W88335 0.35–0.45 14.0–17.0 33.0–37.0 0.75 ... 1.0–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E347-XX W34710 0.08 18.0–21.0 9.0–11.0 0.75 8 ⴛ C, min 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
to 1.00 max
E349-XX W34910 0.13 18.0–21.0 8.0–10.0 0.35–0.65 0.75–1.20 0.5–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 V p 0.10–0.30
Ti p 0.15 max
W p 1.25–1.75
E383-XX W88028 0.03 26.5–29.0 30.0–33.0 3.2–4.2 ... 0.5–2.5 0.90 0.02 0.02 ... 0.6–1.5 ...
E385-XX W88904 0.03 19.5–21.5 24.0–26.0 4.2–5.2 ... 1.0–2.5 0.90 0.03 0.02 ... 1.2–2.0 ...
E409Nb-XX W40910 0.12 11.0–14.0 0.6 0.75 0.50–1.50 1.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E410-XX W41010 0.12 11.0–13.5 0.7 0.75 ... 1.0 0.90 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E410NiMo-XX W41016 0.06 11.0–12.5 4.5–5.0 0.40–0.70 ... 1.0 0.90 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E430-XX W43010 0.10 15.0–18.0 0.6 0.75 ... 1.0 0.90 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...

76
E430Nb-XX W43011 0.10 15.0–18.0 0.6 0.75 0.50–1.50 1.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
E630-XX W37410 0.05 16.00– 4.5–5.0 0.75 0.15–0.30 0.25–0.75 0.75 0.04 0.03 ... 3.25– ...
16.75 4.00
E16-8-2-XX W36810 0.10 14.5–16.5 7.5–9.5 1.0–2.0 ... 0.5–2.5 0.60 0.03 0.03 ... 0.75 ...
2007 SECTION II, PART C

E2209-XX W39209 0.04 21.5–23.5 8.5–10.5 2.5–3.5 ... 0.5–2.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.08–0.20 0.75 ...
E2553-XX W39553 0.06 24.0–27.0 6.5–8.5 2.9–3.9 ... 0.5–1.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.10–0.25 1.5–2.5 ...
E2593-XX W39593 0.04 24.0–27.0 8.5–10.5 2.9–3.9 ... 0.5–1.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.08–0.25 1.5–3.0 ...

Not for Resale

E2594-XX W39594 0.04 24.0–27.0 8.0–10.5 3.5–4.5 ... 0.5–2.0 1.00 0.04 0.03 0.20–0.30 0.75 ...
E2595-XX W39595 0.04 24.0–27.0 8.0–10.5 2.5–4.5 ... 2.5 1.2 0.03 0.025 0.20–0.30 0.4–1.5 W p 0.4–1.0
E3155-XX W73155 0.10 20.0–22.5 19.0–21.0 2.5–3.5 0.75–1.25 1.0–2.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 ... 0.75 Co p 18.5–21.0
W p 2.0–3.0
E33-31-XX W33310 0.03 31.0–35.0 30.0–32.0 1.0–2.0 ... 2.5–4.0 0.9 0.02 0.01 0.3–0.5 0.4–0.8 ...

NOTES:
(A) Analysis shall be made for the elements for which specific values are shown in the table. If, however, the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of analysis, further analysis
shall be made to determine that the total of these other elements, except iron, is not present in excess of 0.50 percent.
(B) Single values are maximum percentages.
(C) Classification suffix -XX may be -15, -16, -17, or -26. See Clause A8 of Annex A for an explanation.
(D) ASTM DS-56H/SAE HS-1086, Metal & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
(E) E308LMo-XX and E309LMo-XX were formerly named E308MoL-XX and E309MoL-XX, respectively.
(F) E309Nb-XX and E310Nb-XX were formerly named E309Cb-XX and E310Cb-XX. The change was made to conform to the worldwide designation of the element niobium.
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

TABLE 2 E385, E630, E2209, E2593, E2594, E2595, and E33-31.

TYPE OF WELDING CURRENT AND POSITION OF For chemical analysis of these low-carbon classifications,
WELDING the base metal shall be steel of 0.03 percent maximum
AWS carbon. Other steels having a carbon content of 0.25 percent
Classification(A) Welding Current(B) Welding Position(C) maximum may be used with the further restrictions speci-
fied in 10.6.
EXXX(X)-15 dcep All(D)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

EXXX(X)-16 dcep and ac All(D) 9.2.2 For the all-weld-metal tension test and radio-
EXXX(X)-17 dcep and ac All(D) graphic test, the steel to be used shall be of a matching
EXXX(X)-26 dcep and ac F, H-fillet
type or either of the following:
NOTES: (a) For E4XX and E630 classifications — Types 410,
(A) See Clause A8, Classification as to Usability, for explanation of 430A or 430B
positions. (b) For all other classifications — Types 304 or 304L.
(B) dcep p direct current electrode positive (reverse polarity) Optionally, the steel may conform to one of the following
ac p alternating current
specifications or their equivalents, providing two buttering
(C) The abbreviations F and H-fillet indicate welding positions as
follows:
layers of filler metal as shown in Fig. 2A, are deposited
F p Flat in stringer beads using electrodes of the same classification
H-fillet p Horizontal fillet as that being classified: ASTM A 285, ASTM A 36, or
(D) Electrodes 3⁄16 in. [4.8 mm] and larger are not recommended for ASTM A 515.
welding in all positions.
9.2.3 For the fillet weld test, the steel to be used shall
be of a matching type or shall conform to the following
TABLE 3 specifications:
EXAMPLES OF POTENTIALLY OCCURRING DUAL (a) For E4XX and E630 classifications — ASTM A
CLASSIFIED ELECTRODES AND SUGGESTED 240, Type 410 or Type 430 A or B
MARKING (b) For all other classifications — ASTM A 240, Type
Primary Alternate Suggested Electrode 304 or Type 304L.
Classification Classification Marking(A)
9.3 Weld Pad. A weld pad shall be prepared as specified
E308L-XX E308-XX E308/E308L-XX in Fig. 1 except when one of the alternatives in 9.1 (taking
E308H-XX E308-XX E308/E308H-XX the sample from the broken tension test specimen or from
E316L-XX E316-XX E316/E316L-XX a corresponding location or any location above it in the
weld metal in the groove weld in Fig. 2 or from the weld
NOTE:
(A)
This abbreviated, suggested marking is permitted only on the elec- pad used for ferrite determination in Fig. A.1) is selected.
trode (the E may be omitted). All packaging and packing labels Base metal shall be of any convenient size, of the type
and certifications must list the complete designation for all classifi- specified in 9.2.1. The surface of the base metal on which
cations intended. the filler metal is deposited shall be clean. The pad shall
be welded in the flat position, using as short an arc length
as practical and at a current as agreed upon between con-
(c) The fillet weld in Fig. 3 for usability of the electrode
sumer and manufacturer. Multiple layers shall be used to
Optionally, the sample for chemical analysis may be
obtain undiluted weld metal. The preheat temperature shall
taken from the reduced section of the fractured tension
not be less than 60°F [15°C] After depositing each layer,
specimen or from a corresponding location (or any location
the weld pad shall be immersed in water (temperature
above it) in the weld metal in the groove weld in Fig. 2 or
unimportant) for approximately 30 seconds. The slag shall
from the weld pad used for ferrite determination (Fig. A.1),
be removed after each pass. The completed pad shall be
thereby avoiding the need to make the weld pad. In the
as shown in Fig. 1 for each size of the electrode. Testing
case of dispute, the weld pad of Fig. 1 shall be the referee
of the assembly shall be as specified in Clause 10, Chemical
method.
Analysis.
9.2 Preparation of each weld test assembly shall be as
prescribed in 9.3, 9.4, and 9.5. Base metal for each assem- 9.4 Groove Weld for Mechanical Properties and
bly shall conform to the following, or an equivalent: Soundness
9.2.1 For the chemical analysis pad, the base metal 9.4.1 A test assembly shall be prepared and welded
to be used shall be carbon steel, alloy steel, or stainless as specified in [Link], [Link], Fig. 2, and the All Weld
steel of 0.25 percent carbon maximum for all electrode Metal Tension Test and/or Radiographic Test columns of
classifications except E308L, E308LMo, E309L, Table 4 using base material of the appropriate type as
E309LMo, E316L, E316LMn, E317L, E320LR, E383, specified in 9.2.2. Preheat and interpass temperatures shall

77
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

TABLE 4
TESTS REQUIRED FOR CLASSIFICATION
Position of Welding(A)
Electrode Diameter
Type of Chemical Radiographic All Weld Metal Fillet
Classification in. mm Current(B,C) Analysis Test Tension Test Weld Test
1
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄16 1.6 dcep F NR NR NR
5
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄64 2.0 dcep F NR NR NR
3
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄32 2.4 dcep F NR NR NR
EXXX(X)-15 2.5 dcep F NR NR NR
1
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄8 3.2 dcep F F F H, V, OH
5
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄32 4.0 dcep F F F H, V, OH
3
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄16 4.8 dcep F F F H
EXXX(X)-15 5.0 dcep F F F H
7
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄32 5.6 dcep F F F H
EXXX(X)-15 6.0 dcep F F F H
1
EXXX(X)-15 ⁄4 6.4 dcep F F F H
1
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄16 1.6 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
5
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄64 2.0 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
3
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄32 2.4 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
EXXX(X)-16, -17 2.5 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
1
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄8 3.2 ac and dcep F F F H, V, OH
5
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄32 4.0 ac and dcep F F F H, V, OH
3
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄16 4.8 ac and dcep F F F H
EXXX(X)-16, -17 5.0 ac and dcep F F F H
7
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄32 5.6 ac and dcep F F F H
EXXX(X)-16, -17 6.0 ac and dcep F F F H
1
EXXX(X)-16, -17 ⁄4 6.4 ac and dcep F F F H
1
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄16 1.6 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
5
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄64 2.0 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
3
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄32 2.4 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
EXXX(X)-26 2.5 ac and dcep F NR NR NR
1
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄8 3.2 ac and dcep F F F H
5
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄32 4.0 ac and dcep F F F H
3
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄16 4.8 ac and dcep F F F H
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

EXXX(X)-26 5.0 ac and dcep F F F H

7
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄32 5.6 ac and dcep F F F H
EXXX(X)-26 6.0 ac and dcep F F F H
1
EXXX(X)-26 ⁄4 6.4 ac and dcep F F F H

NOTES:
(A) The abbreviations F, H, OH, and V indicate welding positions as follows:
F p Flat
H p Horizontal
V p Vertical
OH p Overhead
The abbreviation NR indicates that the test is not required.
(B) ac p alternating current; dcep p direct current, electrode positive (reverse polarity).
(C) Where both alternating and direct current are specified, only ac is required for classification testing.

78
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. 1 PAD FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UNDILUTED WELD METAL

Weld metal L, length

W, width
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

H, height

Base metal

Weld Pad Size, minimum Minimum Distance of

Sample from Surface of
Electrode Size L W H Base Plate
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
1
⁄16 1.6
5
⁄64 2.0 11⁄2 38 1
⁄2 13 1
⁄2 13 3
⁄8 10
3
⁄32 2.4
... 2.5
1
⁄8 3.2
5 1 5 1
⁄32 4.0 2 50 ⁄2 13 ⁄8 16 ⁄2 13
3
⁄16 4.8
... 5.0
7
⁄32 5.6
... 6.0 21⁄2 64 1
⁄2 13 3
⁄4 19 5
⁄8 16
1
⁄4 6.4

79
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

FIG. 2 GROOVE WELD ASSEMBLY FOR TENSION AND RADIOGRAPHIC TESTS FOR ELECTRODES 1⁄8 IN. (3.2 MM)
DIAMETER AND LARGER

Buttering
layers
T/2
CL of
tensile CL
specimen

Buttering
C
layers

B After buttering
R R
(For carbon steel test plates)

A
Buttering
layers Buttering
layers
CL of
tensile CL
specimen
5 deg max
after welding 45 deg C T/2
± 5 deg
B After buttering
T
(For carbon steel test plates)
C
D B D
E
CL of
tensile CL
specimen

C
T/2
B

(For test plates of matching composition

or as permitted by 9.2.2)

Section R–R

Dimensions of Test Assembly

Electrode Diameter T(A) A, min.(B) B(C) C, min. D, min. E, min.
1 1
in. ⁄8 ⁄2 31⁄2 1
⁄4 3
⁄16 31⁄2 1
mm 3.2 12 90 6.5 5 90 25
5
in. ⁄32 to 1⁄4 incl. 3
⁄4 51⁄2 1
⁄2 1
⁄4 31⁄2 1
mm 4.0 to 6.4 incl. 20 140 12 6.5 90 25

NOTES:
(A) For the radiographic test either 1⁄2 in. [12 mm] or 3⁄4 in. [20 mm] plate thickness may be used.
(B) Minimum length must be 8 in. [200 mm] if being used for radiographic test.
(C) Tolerance shall be +1⁄8 in. [3 mm], −0.

80
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. 3 FILLET WELD TEST ASSEMBLY

Axis of weld
vertical

Axis of weld Axis of weld

horizontal horizontal

90 deg

90 deg
Plate
Plate horizontal
horizontal 90
deg
(a) Horizontal Fillet Welds (b) Vertical Fillet Welds (c) Overhead Fillet Welds

(A) POSITIONS OF TEST PLATES FOR WELDING FILLET-WELD TEST SPECIMENS

1 in. [25 mm] approx.

Cut here

T End of deposit
with first electrode

2 in. [50 mm]

min.

T 10 in. [250 mm] min.

Start

2 in. [50 mm]

min.

(B) PREPARATION OF FILLET-WELD TEST ASSEMBY

Electrode Diameter Plate Thickness, T Maximum Fillet Size

Position of
in. mm in. mm Welding in. mm
1 1 1
⁄8 3.2 ⁄4 6 V ⁄4 6.5
3
H and OH ⁄16 5
1 (A)
⁄8 3.2(A) 3
⁄8 10 V 3
⁄8 10
1
H and OH ⁄4 6.5
5 3 5
⁄32 4.0 ⁄8 10 V ⁄16 8
1
H and OH ⁄4 6.5
5
⁄32(A) 4.0(A) 1
⁄2 12 V 1
⁄2 13
5
H and OH ⁄16 8
3 3 5
⁄16 4.8 or 5.0 ⁄8 10 H ⁄16 8
7 3 3
⁄32 5.6 ⁄8 10 H ⁄8 10
1 3 3
⁄4 6.0 or 6.4 ⁄8 10 H ⁄8 10

NOTE:
(A) For EXXX-17 electrodes only.

81
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

TABLE 5 length of 2 in. [50 mm]. Additional electrodes, if necessary,

WELDING CONDITIONS FOR PREPARATION OF THE shall then be used to complete the weld for the full length
GROOVE WELD of the joint, consuming each electrode completely as stated
Preheat and Interpass Temperature above, insofar as permitted by the length of the assembly.
Minimum Maximum 9.5.4 When welding in the vertical position, the
AWS
Classification °F °C °F °C welding shall progress upward.
E409Nb 300 150 500 260
E410NiMo 10. Chemical Analysis
E430
10.1 The top surface of the weld pad described in 9.3
E430Nb
E630 and shown in Fig. 1 shall be removed and discarded and
a sample for analysis shall be obtained from the underlying
E410 400 200 600 315
metal by any appropriate mechanical means. The sample
All Others 60 15 300 150 shall be free of slag.
10.2 Weld pads, which are too hard for sample removal
in the as-welded condition, may be given an annealing
be as specified in Table 5. Testing of this assembly shall be heat treatment.
as specified in Clause 11, Radiographic Test and Clause 12,
10.3 Alternatively, the sample taken from the reduced
Tension Test.
section of the fractured tension specimen or from the
[Link] The plates shall be welded in the flat posi- groove weld (see 9.1) may be prepared for analysis by any
tion, and they shall be preset or sufficiently restrained suitable mechanical means. A sample taken from the weld
during welding to prevent warping more than 5 deg. A test pad used for ferrite determination (A6.9.1 through A6.9.4)
plate that has warped more than 5 deg shall be discarded. shall be taken after draw filing, or grinding, and the height
Test assemblies shall not be straightened. above the base plate for sample removal shall be consistent
[Link] The test assembly shall be within the tem- with the requirements of Fig. 1 for the standard weld pad.
perature ranges specified in Table 5 before starting each 10.4 The sample shall be analyzed by accepted analyti-
pass, including depositing of any buttering layer, as mea- cal methods. In case of dispute, the referee method shall
sured on the assembly at a distance of 1 in. [25 mm] from be ASTM E 353.
the weld at the midlength of the test plate. If, after any
pass, the maximum temperature specified is exceeded, 10.5 The results of the analysis shall meet the require-
plates shall be allowed to cool in air (do not cool in water) ments of Table 1 for the classification of the electrode
to a temperature within the range shown. The assembly under test.
shall be tested in the as-welded or postweld heat-treated 10.6 If steel base metal other than those that have
condition as specified in Table 6. 0.03 percent maximum carbon are used for the low carbon
electrodes,8 the sample shall come from material above
9.5 Fillet Weld the eighth layer.
9.5.1 A test assembly shall be prepared and welded
as shown in Fig. 3, using base metal of the appropriate 11. Radiographic Test
type specified in 9.2.3. The welding position and conditions 11.1 When required in Table 4 the groove weld
shall be as specified in the fillet weld column of Table 4 described in 9.4 and shown in Fig. 2, shall be radiographed
for the different electrode sizes and classifications. Testing to evaluate the soundness of the weld metal. In preparation
of the assembly shall be as specified in Clause 13, Fillet for radiography, the backing shall be removed and both
Weld Test. surfaces of the weld shall be machined or ground smooth
9.5.2 In preparing the two plates forming the test and flush with the original surfaces (except as noted) of
assembly, the standing member (web) shall have one edge the base metal or with a uniform reinforcement not
prepared throughout its entire length so that when the web exceeding 3⁄32 in. [2.5 mm]. It is permitted on both sides
is set upon the base plate (flange), which shall be straight of the test assembly to remove base metal to a depth of
1
and flat, there will be intimate contact along the entire ⁄16 in. [1.5 mm] nominal below the original base metal
length of the joint. surface in order to facilitate backing and/or buildup
9.5.3 A single-pass fillet weld shall be deposited on 8
Low-carbon electrodes are as follows: E308L, E308LMo, E309L,
one side of the joint. The first electrode shall be continu- E309LMo, E316L, E316LMn, E317L, E320LR, E383, E385, E630,
ously consumed to within the maximum permissible stub E2209, E2593, E2594, E2595, and E33-31.

82
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

TABLE 6
ALL-WELD-METAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
Tensile Strength, min
AWS Classification ksi MPa Elongation min. Percent Heat Treatment

E209-XX 100 690 15 None

E219-XX 90 620 15 None
E240-XX 100 690 15 None
E307-XX 85 590 30 None
E308-XX 80 550 35 None
E308H-XX 80 550 35 None
E308L-XX 75 520 35 None
E308Mo-XX 80 550 35 None
E308LMo-XX(A) 75 520 35 None

E309-XX 80 550 30 None

E309H-XX 80 550 30 None
E309L-XX 75 520 30 None
E309Nb-XX(A) 80 550 30 None
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

E309Mo-XX 80 550 30 None

E309LMo-XX(A) 75 520 30 None
E310-XX 80 550 30 None
E310H-XX 90 620 10 None
E310Nb-XX(A) 80 550 25 None
E310Mo-XX 80 550 30 None
E312-XX 95 660 22 None
E316-XX 75 520 30 None
E316H-XX 75 520 30 None
E316L-XX 70 490 30 None
E316LMn-XX 80 550 20 None
E317-XX 80 550 30 None
E317L-XX 75 520 30 None
E318-XX 80 550 25 None
E320-XX 80 550 30 None
E320LR-XX 75 520 30 None
E330-XX 75 520 25 None
E330H-XX 90 620 10 None
E347-XX 75 520 30 None
E349-XX 100 690 25 None
E383-XX 75 520 30 None
E385-XX 75 520 30 None
E409Nb-XX 65 450 20 (D)
E410-XX 75 520 20 (B)
E410NiMo-XX 110 760 15 (C)

E430-XX 65 450 20 (D)

E430Nb-XX 65 450 20 (D)
E630-XX 135 930 7 (E)
E16-8-2-XX 80 550 35 None
E2209-XX 100 690 20 None
E2553-XX 110 760 15 None
E2593-XX 110 760 15 None
E2594-XX 110 760 15 None
E2595-XX 110 760 15 None
E3155-XX 100 690 20 None
E33-31-XX 105 720 25 None

83
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

TABLE 6 (CONT’D)
ALL-WELD-METAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

NOTES:
(A) E308LMo-XX, E309LMo-XX, E309Nb-XX, and E310Nb-XX were formerly named E308MoL-XX, E309MoL-XX, E309Cb-XX, and
E310Cb-XX, respectively. The change was made to conform to the worldwide uniform designation of the element niobium.
(B) Heat to 1350°F to 1400°F [730°C to 760°C], hold for one hour (−0, +15 minutes), furnace cool at a rate not exceeding 200°F [110°C]
per hour to 600°F [315°C] and air cool to ambient.
(C) Heat to 1100°F to 1150°F [595°C to 620°C], hold for one hour (−0, +15 minutes), and air cool to ambient.
(D) Heat to 1400°F to 1450°F [760°C to 790°C], hold for two hours (−0, +15 minutes), furnace cool at a rate not exceeding 100°F [55°C] per
hour to 1100°F [595°C] and air cool to ambient.
(E) Heat to 1875°F to 1925°F [1025°C to 1050°C], hold for one hour (−0, +15 minutes), and air cool to ambient, and then precipitation harden
at 1135°F to 1165°F [610°C to 630°C], hold for four hours (−0, +15 minutes), and air cool to ambient.

removal. Thickness of the weld metal shall not be reduced 12. Tension Test
by more than 1⁄16 in. [1.5 mm] less than the normal base 12.1 One all-weld metal round tension specimen as
metal thickness. Both surfaces of the test assembly, in the specified in the Tension Test section of AWS B4.0 or
area of the weld, shall be smooth enough to avoid difficulty AWS B4.0M shall be machined from the groove weld
in interpreting the radiograph. described in 9.4 and shown in Fig. 2. For a test plate
thickness of 1⁄2 in. [12 mm], the all-weld-metal tension
11.2 The weld shall be radiographed in accordance
test specimen shall have a nominal diameter of 0.250 in.
with ASTM E 1032. The quality level of inspection shall
[6.25 mm]. For a test plate thickness of 3⁄4 in. [20 mm], the
be 2-2T.
all-weld-metal tension test specimen shall have a nominal
11.3 The soundness of the weld metal meets the require- diameter of 0.500 in. [12.5 mm]. For all plate thickness,
ments of this specification if the radiograph shows: the gage length-to-diameter ratio shall be 4:1.
(a) no cracks, no incomplete fusion and no incomplete 12.2 The specimen shall be tested in the manner
penetration. described in the tension test section of AWS B4.0 or
(b) no slag in excess of the following: AWS B4.0M.
(1) in any 6 in. [150 mm] length of the 1⁄2 in. [12 mm]
12.3 The results of the tension test shall meet the
thick test assembly: no individual slag inclusion longer
requirements specified in Table 6.
than 7⁄32 in. [5.6 mm] and a maximum total length of 7⁄16 in.
[11 mm] for all slag inclusions
(2) in any 6 in. [150 mm] length of the 3⁄4 in. [20 mm] 13. Fillet Weld Test
thick test assembly: no individual slag inclusion in excess 13.1 The fillet weld test, when required in Table 4,
of 9⁄32 in. [7.1 mm] and a maximum total length of 15⁄32 in. shall be made in accordance with 9.5 and Fig. 3. The entire
[12 mm] for all slag inclusions face of the completed fillet weld shall be examined visually.
In evaluating the radiograph, 1 in. [25 mm] of the weld The weld shall be free from cracks or other open defects
on each end of the test assembly shall be disregarded. that would affect the strength of the weld. After the visual
(c) no rounded indications in excess of those permitted examination, a cross section shall be taken from the portion
by the radiographic standards in Fig. 5A, or 5B as appli- of the weld made with the first electrode at approximately
cable. 1 in. [25 mm] from the end of that weld bead, as shown
in Fig. 3. The cross-sectional surface shall be polished and
11.3.1 A rounded indication is an indication (on the etched, and then examined as required in 13.2.
radiograph) whose length is no more than three times its
width. Rounded indications may be circular or irregular in 13.2 Scribe lines shall be placed on the prepared sur-
shape, and they may have tails. The size of a rounded face, as shown in Fig. 4, and the leg length and the convex-
indication is the largest dimension of the indication, includ- ity shall be determined to the nearest 1⁄64 in. [0.5 mm] by
ing any tail that may be present. The indications may be actual measurement.
porosity, or slag inclusions. 13.2.1 The fillet weld shall have complete fusion to
the joint root.
11.3.2 Indications whose largest dimension does not
exceed 1⁄64 in. [0.4 mm] shall be disregarded. Test assem- 13.2.2 Both legs of the fillet weld shall be equal in
blies with indications in excess of the sizes permitted in length within 1⁄16 in. [1.5 mm].
the radiographic standards do not meet the requirements 13.2.3 Convexity of the fillet weld shall be within
of this specification. the limits shown in Fig. 4.

84
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. 4 FILLET WELD TEST SPECIMEN

Actual
throat

Convexity
Leg of
fillet
Theoretical Leg of Theoretical
throat fillet throat

Size of Size of
weld weld
Size of Size of
weld weld
Leg of fillet Leg of
fillet

Measured Fillet Weld Size(A) Maximum Convexity(B)

in. mm in. mm
1 3
⁄8 3.0 ⁄64 1.0
9 3
⁄64 3.5 ⁄64 1.0
5 3
⁄32 4.0 ⁄64 1.0
11 3
⁄64 4.5 ⁄64 1.0
3 1
⁄16 5.0 ⁄16 1.5
13 1
⁄64 5.0 ⁄16 1.5
7 1
⁄32 5.5 ⁄16 1.5
15 1
⁄64 6.0 ⁄16 1.5
1 1
⁄4 6.5 ⁄16 1.5
17 1
⁄64 6.5 ⁄16 1.5
9 1
⁄32 7.0 ⁄16 1.5
19 1
⁄64 7.5 ⁄16 1.5
5 5
⁄16 8.0 ⁄64 2.0
21 5
⁄64 8.5 ⁄64 2.0
11 5
⁄32 8.5 ⁄64 2.0
23 5
⁄64 9.0 ⁄64 2.0
3 5
⁄8 9.5 ⁄64 2.0

NOTES:
(A) Size of fillet weld p leg length of largest inscribed isosceles right triangle.
(B) Fillet weld size, convexity, and leg lengths of fillet welds shall be determined by actual measurement
(nearest 1⁄64 in. [0.5 mm]) on a section laid out with scribed lines shown.

85
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

FIG. 5A ROUNDED INDICATION STANDARDS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC TEST — 1⁄2 IN. PLATE

Size 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld = 13, with the following restrictions:
Maximum number of large 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 2.
Maximum number of medium 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) to 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 4.
Maximum number of small 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 7.
(a) Assorted Rounded Indications

Size 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld = 6.
(b) Large Rounded Indications
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Size 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) to 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld = 10.
(c) Medium Rounded Indications

Size 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld = 20.
(d) Small Rounded Indications
NOTES:
(1) In using these standards, the chart which is most representative of the size of the rounded indications present in the test specimen radiograph
shall be used for determining conformance to these radiographic standards.
(2) Since these are test welds specifically made in the laboratory for classification purposes, the radiographic requirements for these test welds
are more rigid than those which may be required for general fabrication.

86
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. 5B ROUNDED INDICATION STANDARDS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC TEST — 3⁄4 IN. PLATE

Size 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld  18, with the following restrictions:
Maximum number of large 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 3.
Maximum number of medium 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) to 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 5.
Maximum number of small 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) in diameter or in length indications = 10.
(a) Assorted Rounded Indications

Size 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld  8.
(b) Large Rounded Indications

Size 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) to 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld  15.
(c) Medium Rounded Indications

Size 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) to 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) in diameter or in length. Maximum number of indications in any
6 in. (150 mm) of weld  30.
(d) Small Rounded Indications
NOTES:
(1) In using these standards, the chart which is most representative of the size of the rounded indications present in the test specimen radiograph
shall be used for determining conformance to these radiographic standards.
(2) Since these are test welds specifically made in the laboratory for classification purposes, the radiographic requirements for these test welds
are more rigid than those which may be required for general fabrication.

87
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

TABLE 7
STANDARD SIZES AND LENGTHS
Electrode Size
(Diameter of Core Wire)(A) Standard Lengths(B,C)
in. mm in. mm
1
⁄16 1.6 9.10 225, 250
5
⁄64 2.0 9, 10 225, 250
3
⁄32 2.4(E) 9, 10, 12, 14(D) 225, 250, 300, 350(D)
2.5 9, 10, 12, 14(D) 225, 250, 300, 350(D)
1
⁄8 3.2 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

5
⁄32 4.0 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
3
⁄16 4.8(E) 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
5.0 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
7
⁄32 5.6(E) 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
6.0 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)
1
⁄4 6.4(E) 14, 18(D) 350, 450(D)

NOTES:
(A) Tolerance on the diameter shall be ±0.002 in. [±0.05 mm].
(B) Tolerance on length shall be ±1⁄4 in. [±6 mm].
(C) Other sizes and lengths shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
(D) These lengths are intended only for the EXXX-26 type.
(E) These sizes are not standard in ISO 544.

13.2.4 The fillet weld shall show no evidence of (b) Five percent of the mean dimension in sizes 1⁄8 in.
cracks. [3.2 mm] and 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm]
13.2.5 The fillet weld shall be reasonably free from (c) Four percent of the mean dimension in sizes 3⁄16 in.
undercutting, overlap, trapped slag, and porosity. [4.8 mm] and larger
The concentricity may be measured by any suitable
means.
14. Method of Manufacture
The welding electrodes classified according to this speci-
fication may be manufactured by any method that will 17. Exposed Core
produce electrodes conforming to the requirements of this
specification. 17.1 The grip end of each electrode shall be bare (free
of covering) for a distance of not less than 1⁄2 in. [12 mm],
nor more than 11⁄4 in. [30 mm] for electrodes 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm]
15. Standard Sizes and Lengths and smaller, and not less than 3⁄4 in. [19 mm], nor more
than 11⁄2 in. [38 mm] for electrodes 3⁄16 in. [4.8 mm] and
Standard sizes (diameter of the core wire), standard
larger, to provide for electrical contact with the electrode
lengths and tolerances of electrodes shall be as shown in
holder.
Table 7.
17.2 The arc end of each electrode shall be sufficiently
16. Core Wire and Covering bare and the covering sufficiently tapered to permit easy
striking of the arc. The length of the bare portion (measured
16.1 The core wire and covering shall be free of defects
from the end of the core wire to the location where the
that would interfere with uniform deposition of the weld
full cross section of the covering is obtained) shall not
metal.
exceed 1⁄8 in. [3 mm] or the diameter of the core wire,
16.2 The core wire and the covering shall be concentric whichever is less. Electrodes with chipped coverings near
to the extent that the maximum core-plus-one-covering the arc end, baring the core wire no more than the lesser
dimension does not exceed the minimum core-plus-onec- of 1⁄4 in. [6 mm] or twice the diameter of the core wire,
overing dimension by more than the following: meet the requirements of this specification, provided no
(a) Seven percent of the mean dimension in sizes 3⁄32 in. chip uncovers more than 50 percent of the circumference
[2.5 mm] and smaller of the core.

88
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

18. Electrode Identification 19.2 Standard package weights shall be as agreed

between purchaser and supplier.
All electrodes shall be identified as follows:
18.1 At least one imprint of the electrode classification 20. Marking of Packages
shall be applied to the electrode covering starting within
20.1 The following product information (as a mini-
21⁄2 in. [65 mm] of the grip end of the electrode. The prefix
mum) shall be legibly marked on the outside of each unit
letter “E” in the electrode classification may be omitted
package:
from the imprint.
(a) AWS specification and classification designations
18.2 The numbers and letters of the imprint shall be (year of issue may be excluded)
of bold block type and of a size large enough to be legible. (b) Supplier’s name and trade designation
18.3 The ink used for imprinting shall provide sufficient (c) Standard size and net weight
contrast with the electrode covering so that, in normal use, (d) Lot, control, or heat number
the numbers and letters are legible both before and after 20.2 The appropriate precautionary information9 as
welding. given in ANSI Z49.1, latest edition (as a minimum), or its
equivalent, shall be prominently displayed in legible print
on all packages of electrodes, including individual unit
19. Packaging
packages enclosed within a larger package.
19.1 Electrodes shall be suitably packaged to protect
them from damage during shipment and storage under 9
Typical example “warning labels” are shown in figures in ANSI
normal conditions. Z49.1 for some common or specific consumables using certain processes.

89
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

Annex A (Informative)
Guide to AWS Specification for Stainless Steel
Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(This annex is not a part of AWS A5.4/A5.4M:2006, Specification for Stainless Steel
Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding, but is included for informational only.)

A1. Introduction temperatures, may be required as agreed upon between

supplier and purchaser (see A9).
The purpose of this guide is to correlate the electrode
classifications with their intended applications so the speci- A2.2 Request for New Classification
fication can be used effectively. Appropriate base metal (a) When a new classification that is different from
specifications or welding processes are referred to when- those in this specification achieves commercial signifi-
ever that can be done and when it would be helpful. Such cance, the manufacturer, or the user, of this new classifica-
references are intended only as examples rather than com- tion may request that a classification be established for it
plete listings of the materials or welding processes for and that it be included in this specification.
which each welding material is suitable. (b) A request to establish a new classification must be
a written request, and it needs to provide sufficient detail
A2. Classification System to permit the Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materi-
2.1 The system for identifying the electrode classifica- als or the Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Filler Metals
tion in this specification follows the standard pattern used to determine whether the new classification or the modifi-
in other AWS filler metal specifications. The prefix letter cation of an existing classification is more appropriate, and
“E” at the beginning of each classification designation whether either is necessary to satisfy the need. In particular,
stands for electrode. The first three digits designate the the request needs to include:
classification as to its composition. (Occasionally, a num- (1) all classification requirements as given for
ber of digits other than three is used and letters may follow existing classifications, such as chemical composition
the digits to indicate a specific composition.) The last two ranges, mechanical property requirements, and usability
digits designate the classification as to usability with test requirements
respect to position of welding and type of current as (2) any testing conditions for conducting the tests
described in A8. The smaller sizes of EXXX(X)-15, used to demonstrate that the product meets the classifica-
EXXX(X)-16, or EXXX(X)-17 electrodes up to and includ- tion requirements (It would be sufficient, for example, to
ing 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm] included in this specification are used state that welding conditions are the same as for other
in all welding positions. classifications.)
A2.1.1 The mechanical tests measure strength and (3) information on Description and Intended Use,
ductility. In corrosive and high temperature applications which parallels that for existing classifications, for that
where there may be no load-carrying or pressure-retaining section of the annex
requirement, mechanical properties are often of lesser A request for a new classification without the above
importance than the corrosion and heat resisting properties. information will be considered incomplete. The Secretary
These mechanical test requirements, however, provide an will return the request to the requestor for further infor-
assurance of freedom from weld metal flaws, such as check mation.
cracks and serious dendritic segregation which, if present, (c) The request should be sent to the Secretary of the
may cause failure in service. Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials at AWS
A2.1.2 It is recognized that for certain applications, Headquarters. Upon receipt of the request, the Secretary
supplementary tests may be required. In such cases, addi- will:
tional tests to determine specific properties, such as corro- (1) assign an identifying number to the request. This
sion resistance, scale resistance, or strength at elevated number will include the date the request was received.

90
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

(2) confirm receipt of the request and give the identi- TABLE A.1
fication number to the person who made the request COMPARISON OF CLASSIFICATION IN ISO 3581:2003
(3) send a copy of the request to the Chair of the AWS A5.4/A5.4M ISO 3581A ISO 3581B
Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, and to
E209 ... ES209
the Chair of the Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Filler
E219 ... ES219
Metals E240 ... ES240
(4) file the original request
E307 E18 9 Mn Mo ES307
(5) add the request to the log of outstanding requests
E308 E19 9 ES308
(d) All necessary action on each request will be com- E308H E19 9H ES308H
pleted as soon as possible. If more than 12 months lapse, E308L E19 9L ES308L
the Secretary shall inform the requestor of the status of E308Mo E20 10 3 ES308Mo
the request, with copies to the Chairs of the Committee E308LMo ... ES308LMo
E309 E22 12 ES309
and the Subcommittee. Requests still outstanding after 18
E309H ... ES309H
months shall be considered not to have been answered in E309L E22 12 L ES309L
a timely manner and the Secretary shall report these to E309Nb E23 12 Nb ES309Nb
the Chair of the Committee on Filler Metals and Allied E309Mo ... ES309Mo
Materials for action. E309LMo E23 12 L ES309LMo
(e) The Secretary shall include a copy of the log of all E310 E25 20 ES310
requests pending and those completed during the preceding E310H E25 20H ES310H
year with the agenda for each Committee on Filler Metals E310Nb ... ES310Nb
E310Mo ... ES310Mo
and Allied Materials meeting. Any other publication of
E312 E29 9 ES312
requests that have been completed will be at the option of E316 E19 12 2 ES316
the American Welding Society, as deemed appropriate. E316H ... ES316H
E316L E19 12 3 L ES316L
A2.3 International Classification System. Table A.1
E316LMn E20 16 3 Mn N L ES316LMn
shows the classifications of welding filler metals in E317 ... ES317
ISO 3581:2003 corresponding to those in this specification. E317L ... ES317L
In accordance with the generic system being adopted in E318 E19 2 3 Nb ES318
many ISO specifications, the initial letter “E” designates E320 ... ES320
a covered electrode, and the letter “S” the alloy system. E320LR ... ES320LR
The subsequent designators follow the AWS system. This E330 E18 36 ES330
system applies to classifications in ISO 3581B. The desig- E330H ... ES330H
nations used in Europe for the closely corresponding classi- E347 E19 9 Nb ES347
E349 ... ES349
fications in ISO 3581A appear in Table A.1.
E409Nb ... ES409Nb
A3. Acceptance E410 E13 ES410
E410NiMo E13 4 ES410NiMo
Acceptance of all welding materials classified under this E430 E17 ES430
specification is in accordance with AWS A5.01, Filler E430Nb ... ES430Nb
Metal Procurement Guidelines, as the specification states. E630 ... ES630
Any testing a purchaser requires of the supplier, for mate- E16-8-2 E16 82 ES16-8-2
rial shipped in accordance with this specification, must E2209 E22 93NL ES2209
be clearly stated in the purchase order, according to the E2553 ... ES2553
provisions of AWS A5.01. In the absence of any such E2593 E25 9 3 Cu N L ...
E2594 E25 9 4 Cu N L ...
statement in the purchase order, the supplier may ship the
E2595 ... ...
material with whatever testing is normally conducted on E3155 ... ...
material of that classification, as specified in Schedule F, E33-31 ... ...
Table 1, of AWS A5.01. Testing in accordance with any
other Schedule in that Table must be specifically required
by the purchase order. In such cases, acceptance of the
material shipped will be in accordance with those require- or the classification on the product itself, constitutes the
ments. supplier’s (manufacturer’s) certification that the product
meets all of the requirements of the specification. The only
A4. Certification testing requirement implicit in this certification is that the
The act of placing the AWS specification and classifica- manufacturer has actually conducted the tests required by
tion designations on the packaging enclosing the product, the specification on material that is representative of that

91
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

being shipped and that material met the requirements of High-Alloys Committee of the Welding Research Council
the specification. Representative material, in this case, is (WRC) established that the lack of a standard calibration
any production run of that classification using the same procedure resulted in a very wide spread of readings on a
formulation. “Certification” is not to be construed to mean given specimen when measured by different laboratories.
that tests of any kind were necessarily conducted on sam- A specimen averaging 5.0 percent ferrite based on the data
ples of the specific material shipped. Tests on such material collected from all the laboratories was measured as low
may or may not have been conducted. The basis for the as 3.5 percent by some and as high as 8.0 percent by others.
certification required by the specification is the classifica- At an average of 10 percent, the spread was 7.0 to 16.0
tion test of “representative material” cited above, and the percent.
“Manufacturer’s Quality Assurance Program” in AWS In order to substantially reduce this problem, the WRC
A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines. Subcommittee published on July 1, 1972, Calibration Pro-
cedure for Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Con-
tent of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal.10 In 1974,
A5. Ventilation the American Welding Society extended this procedure and
A5.1 Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes prepared AWS A4.2, Standard Procedure for Calibrating
in the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content
are exposed during welding. They are: of Austenitic Steel Weld Metal. All instruments used to
(a) dimensions of the space in which the welding is measure the ferrite content of AWS classified stainless
done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling) electrode products are to be traceable to this AWS standard.
(b) number of welders and welding operators working
A6.3 The WRC Subcommittee also adopted the term
in that space
Ferrite Number (FN) to be used in place of percent ferrite,
(c) rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, according
to clearly indicate that the measuring instrument was cali-
to the materials and processes used
brated to the WRC procedure. The Ferrite Number, up to
(d) the proximity of the welders or welding operators 10 FN, is to be considered equal to the percent ferrite term
to the fumes, as these fumes issue from the welding zone, previously used. It represents a good average of commer-
and to the gases and dusts in the space in which they are cial U.S. and world practice on the percent ferrite. Through
working the use of standard calibration procedures, differences in
(e) the ventilation provided to the space in which the readings due to instrument calibration are expected to be
welding is done reduced to about ±5 percent, or at the most, ±10 percent
A5.2 American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety of the measured ferrite value.
in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (published by A6.4 In the opinion of the WRC Subcommittee, it has
the American Welding Society), discusses the ventilation been impossible, to date, to accurately determine the true
that is required during welding and should be referred to absolute ferrite content of weld metals.
for details. Attention is drawn particularly to the section
on Ventilation in that document. A6.5 Even on undiluted pads, ferrite variations from
pad to pad must be expected due to slight changes in
welding and measuring variables. On a large group of pads
A6. Ferrite in Weld Deposits from one heat or lot and using a standard pad welding
A6.1 Ferrite is known to be very beneficial in reducing and preparation procedure, two sigma values indicate that
the tendency for cracking or fissuring in weld metals; how- 95 percent of the tests are expected to be within a range
ever, it is not essential. Millions of pounds of fully austen- of approximately ±2.2 FN at about 8 FN. If different pad
itic weld metal have been used for years and provided welding and preparation procedures are used, these varia-
satisfactory service performance. Generally, ferrite is help- tions will increase.
ful when the welds are restrained, the joints are large, and
A6.6 Even larger variations may be encountered if the
when cracks or fissures adversely affect service perform-
welding technique allows excessive nitrogen pickup, in
ance. Ferrite increases the weld strength level. Ferrite may
which case the ferrite can be much lower than it should
have a detrimental effect on corrosion resistance in some
be. High nitrogen pickup can cause a typical 8 FN deposit
environments. It also is generally regarded as detrimental
to drop to 0 FN. A nitrogen pickup of 0.10 percent will
to toughness in cryogenic service, and in high-temperature
typically decrease the FN by about 8.
service where it can transform into the brittle sigma phase.
A6.2 Ferrite can be measured on a relative scale by
means of various magnetic instruments. However, work 10
WRC documents are published by Welding Research Coiuncil, P.O.
by the Subcommittee for Welding of Stainless Steel of the Box 201547, Shaker Heights, OH 44120.

92
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

A6.7 Plate materials tend to be balanced chemically to cooled by quenching in water not sooner than 20 seconds
have inherently lower ferrite content than matching weld after the completion of each pass. The last pass should be
metals. Weld metal diluted with plate metal will usually air cooled to below 800°F [430°C] prior to quenching in
be somewhat lower in ferrite than the undiluted weld metal, water.
though this does vary depending on the amount of dilution
A6.9.4 The completed weld pad when the anticipated
and the composition of the base metal.
ferrite is 30 FN or less should be draw filed to provide
A6.8 In the E3XX classifications, many types such as sufficient finished surface to make the required ferrite read-
E310, E310Mo, E310Nb, E316LMn, E320, E320LR, ings. Draw filing should be performed with a 14 in.
E330, E383, E385, and E3155, and E31-33 are fully austen- [360 mm] mill bastard file held on both sides of the weld
itic. The E316 group can be made with little or no ferrite with the long axis of the file perpendicular to the long axis
and generally is used in that form because it has better of the weld. (Other methods of surface preparation have
corrosion resistance in certain media. It also can be been shown to result in work hardening and/or overheating,
obtained in a higher ferrite form, usually over 4 FN, if causing false measurements.) Files should either be new
desired. Many of the other E3XX classifications can be or should have been used only on austenitic stainless steel.
made in low ferrite versions, but commercial practice usu- Filing should be accomplished by smooth draw filing
ally involves ferrite control above 4 FN. Because of compo- strokes (one direction only) along the length of the weld
sition limits covering these grades and various while applying a firm downward pressure. Cross filing,
manufacturing limits, most lots will be under 10 FN and i.e., filing in two different directions, should not be permit-
they are unlikely to go over 15 FN, E308LMo and E309L ted. The finished surface should be smooth with all traces
can have ferrite levels in excess of 15 FN. E168-2 generally of weld ripple removed and should be continuous in length
is controlled at a low ferrite level, under 5 FN; E309LMo, where measurements are to be taken. The width of the
E312, E2209, E2553, E2593, and E2594, and E2595 gener- prepared surface should not be less than 1⁄8 in. [3 mm]. For
ally are quite high in ferrite, usually over 20 FN. anticipated ferrite levels greater than 30 FN, the surface
A6.9 When it is desired to measure ferrite content, the should be ground with successfully finer abrasives to 600
following procedure is recommended to minimize variation grit or finer. Care should be taken during grinding to pre-
in measured ferrite content and avoid false low or false vent overheating or burning. The completed weld pad
high values. should have the surface prepared so that it is smooth with
all traces of weld ripple removed and should be continuous
A6.9.1 Weld pads as detailed in Fig. A.1 are prepared
in length where measurements are to be taken. This can
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

as described in A6.9.2 through A6.9.4. The base plate

be accomplished by any suitable means providing the sur-
should be Type 301, 302, or 304 conforming to ASTM
face is not heated in excess during the machining operation
Specification A 167 or A 240. Carbon steel may be used
(excessive heating may affect the final ferrite reading). The
provided that the weld pad is built up to the minimum
width of the prepared surface should not be less than 1⁄8 in.
height specified in A6.9.2.
[3 mm].
A6.9.2 The weld pad should be built up between
two copper bars laid parallel on the base plate by depositing A6.9.5 A total of at least six ferrite readings should
single weld bead layers, one on top of the other to a be taken on the finished surface along the longitudinal axis
minimum height of 1⁄2 in. [13 mm]. The spacing between of the weld pad with an instrument calibrated in accordance
the copper bars for the size of the electrode being tested with the procedures specified in AWS A4.2M, Standard
should be as specified in Fig. A.1. An optional welding Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instru ments to Mea-
fixture is shown in Fig. A.2. If carbon steel is used as the sure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex
base plate, the weld pad should be built up to a minimum Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal (latest edi-
height of 5⁄8 in. [16 mm]. tion). The readings obtained should be averaged to a single
value.
A6.9.3 Typical welding currents used for the size of
the electrode being tested are shown in Fig. A.1. The arc A6.10 The ferrite content of welds may be calculated
length should be as short as practicable. The weld bead from the chemical composition of the weld deposit. This
layers may be deposited with a weave, if necessary, to fill can be done from the WRC-1992 Diagram (Fig. A.3).
the space between the copper bars. The arc should not be
A6.10.1 The WRC-1992 Diagram11 (Fig. A.3) pre-
allowed to impinge on the copper bars. The welding direc-
tion should be alternated from pass to pass. The weld stops dicts the ferrite content in Ferrite Number (FN). It is a
and starts should be located at the ends of the weld buildup.
Each pass should be cleaned prior to depositing the next 11
Kotecki, D.J. and Siewert, T.A. 1992. WRC-1992 Constitution Dia-
weld bead. The maximum interpass temperatures should gram for Stainless Steel Weld Metals: A Modification of the WRC-1988
be 200°F [95°C]. Between passes, the weld pad may be Diagram. Welding Journal 71(5): 171-s to 178-s.

93
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

FIG. A1 WELD PAD FOR FERRITE TEST

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Ferrite shall be
measured in this
area—free of
W
arc starts and
craters
Copper Copper Copper
bar bar bar
approx.
1  1  3 in.
[25  25 
75 mm]
3/ in.
8
[10 mm] min.
Base plate

1 in. 2-1/2 in.

[25 mm] min. [64 mm] min.

Welding Current Approximate Dimensions of Deposit

Amperes(A)
Width, W Length, L
Electrode Size
in. mm −15,−16,−17,−26 in. mm in. mm
1
⁄16 1.6 35–50 0.25 6.5 11⁄4 32
5
⁄64 2.0 45–60 0.25 6.5 11⁄4 32
3
⁄32 2.4, 2.5 65–90 0.3 7.5 11⁄2 38
1
⁄8 3.2 90–120 0.4 10 11⁄2 38
5
⁄32 4.0 120–150 0.5 13 11⁄2 38
3
⁄16 4.8, 5.0 160–200 0.6 15 11⁄2 38
7
⁄32 5.6 200–240 0.7 18 11⁄2 38
6.0 220–260 0.7 18 11⁄2 38
1
⁄4 6.4 240–280 0.7 18 11⁄2 38

NOTE:
(A) Recommended welding current will vary widely depending on the type of core wire employed. Consult the manufacturer for specific recommenda-
tions. Welding current used to produce the test specimen should be reported.

slight modification of the WRC-1988 Diagram12 to take agreement between the calculated and measured ferrite
into account the effect of copper as originally proposed by values is also strongly dependent on the quality of the
Lake. Studies within the WRC Subcommittee on Welding chemical analysis. Variations in the results of the chemical
of Stainless Steel and within Commission II of the Interna- analyses encountered from laboratory to laboratory can
tional Institute of Welding show a closer agreement have significant effects on the calculated ferrite value,
between measured and predicted ferrite contents using the changing it as much as 4 FN to 8 FN.
WRC-1988 Diagram than when using the previously used
DeLong Diagram. The WRC-1992 Diagram may not be
applicable to compositions having greater than 0.3 percent A7. Description and Intended Use of Filler Metals
nitrogen, one percent silicon or greater than ten percent A7.1 E209. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
manganese. For stainless steel compositions not alloyed weld metal is 22 Cr, 11 Ni, 5.5 Mn, 2 Mo, and 0.20 N.
with Cu, the predictions of the 1988 and 1992 diagrams Electrodes of this composition are most often used to weld
are identical. AISI Type 209 (UNS S20910) base metals. The alloy is
a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel exhibiting
A6.10.2 The differences between measured and cal-
high strength with good toughness over a wide range of
culated ferrite are somewhat dependent on the ferrite level
temperatures. Nitrogen alloying reduces the tendency for
of the deposit, increasing as the ferrite level increases. The
intergranular carbide precipitation in the weld area by
12 inhibiting carbon diffusion and thereby increasing resist-
McCowan, C.N., Siewert, T.A., and Olson, D.L. 1989. WRC Bulletin
342, Stainless Steel Weld Metal: Prediction of Ferrite Content. Welding ance to intergranular corrosion. Nitrogen alloying coupled
Research Council, New York, NY. with the molybdenum content provides superior resistance

94
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 `,,`,,`,`,,`---
2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. A2 OPTIONAL WELDING FIXTURE FOR WELDING FERRITE TEST PADS

Copper bar 3-3/8 in. [90 mm]

long of cross section as
A
shown in A-A below
Copper bar
Copper bar 5/8 in. [16 mm] ar
b same as
high  3/8 in. [10 mm] er
pp shown at
thick  2 3/4 in. [70 mm] long Co
opposite
end
ar
e rb
pp A
Co

Threaded studs or bolts

one side being adjustable

Type 1 Type 2
For 5/32 in. [4 mm] dia. electrodes and smaller For 3/16 in. [4.8 mm] and larger dia. welding
electrodes and for any pads on carbon
3/ in. [10 mm] steel base plate.
8

Copper
1 in. 1 in. square Copper
Copper 5/ Copper bar
[25 mm] 8in. bar
bar bar
[16 mm] [25 mm]

1 in.
[25 mm]
This design allows increased visibility,
making it easier to hold a short arc length.
Cross-section A-A

to pitting and crevice corrosion in aqueous chloride-con- of this composition are most often used to weld AISI
taining media. Type E209 electrodes have sufficient total Type 240 and 241 base metals. These alloys are nitrogen-
alloy content for use in joining dissimilar alloys, like mild strengthened austenitic stainless steels exhibiting high
steel and the stainless steels, and also for direct overlay strength with good toughness over a wide range of tempera-
on mild steel for corrosion applications. tures. Significant improvement in resistance to wear in
particle-to-metal and metal-to-metal (galling) applications
A7.2 E219. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
is a desirable characteristic when compared to the more
weld metal is 20 Cr, 6 Ni, 9 Mn, and 0.20 N. Electrodes
conventional austenitic stainless steels like Type 304.
of this composition are most often used to weld AISI Type
Nitrogen alloying reduces the tendency for intergranular
219 (UNS S21900) base metals. This alloy is a nitrogen-
carbide precipitation in the weld area by inhibiting carbon
strengthened austenitic stainless steel exhibiting high diffusion and thereby increasing resistance to intergranular
strength with good toughness over a wide range of tempera- corrosion. Nitrogen alloying also improves resistance to
tures. Nitrogen alloying reduces the tendency for intergran- pitting and crevice corrosion in aqueous chloride-con-
ular carbide precipitation in the weld area by inhibiting taining media. In addition, weldments in Alloys AISI 240
carbon diffusion, and thereby increases resistance to inter- and AISI 241 when compared to Type 304, exhibit
granular corrosion. Nitrogen alloying also improves resist- improved resistance to transgranular stress corrosion crack-
ance to pitting and crevice corrosion in aqueous chloride ing in hot aqueous chloride-containing media. The E240
containing media. The E219 electrodes have sufficient total electrodes have sufficient total alloy content for use in
alloy content for use in joining dissimilar alloys like mild joining dissimilar alloys like mild steel and the stainless
steel and the stainless steels, and also for direct overlay steels, and also for direct overlay on mild steel for corrosion
on mild steel for corrosion applications. and wear applications.
A7.3 E240. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this A7.4 E307. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
weld metal is 18 Cr, 5 Ni, 12 Mn, and 0.20 N. Electrodes weld metal is 19.8 Cr, 9.8 Ni, 4 Mn and 1 Mo. Electrodes of

95
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

FIG. A3 WRC-1988 (FN) DIAGRAM FOR STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL

this composition are used primarily for moderate strength stabilizers such as niobium or titanium. A carbon content
welds with good crack resistance between dissimilar steels of 0.04 percent maximum has been shown to be adequate
such as austenitic manganese steel and carbon steel forg- in weld metal, even though it is recognized that similar
ings or castings. base metal specifications require a 0.03 percent limitation.
This low-carbon alloy, however, is not as strong at elevated
A7.5 E308. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
temperature as E308H or E347.
weld metal is 19.5 Cr, and 10 Ni. Electrodes of this compo-
sition are most often used to weld base metal of similar A7.8 E308Mo. These electrodes are the same as E308,
composition such as AISI Types 301, 302, 304, and 305. except for the addition of molybdenum. E308Mo electrodes
are recommended for welding ASTM CF8M stainless steel
A7.6 E308H. These electrodes are the same as E308
castings, as they match the base metal with regard to chro-
except that the allowable weld metal carbon content has
mium, nickel, and molybdenum. They may also be used
been restricted to eliminate the lowest carbon levels. Car-
for welding wrought materials such as Type 316 stainless
bon content in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 percent provides
when increased ferrite is desired beyond that attainable
higher tensile and creep strengths at elevated temperatures.
with E316 electrodes.
These electrodes are used for welding Type 304H base
metal. Weld metal ferrite content is normally targeted for A7.9 E308LMo. These electrodes are recommended
5 FN to minimize the effect of sigma embrittlement in for welding ASTM CF3M stainless steel castings, as they
high-temperature service. match the base metal with regard to chromium, nickel, and
molybdenum. E308LMo electrodes may also be used for
A7.7 E308L. The composition of the weld metal is
welding wrought materials such as Type 316L stainless
the same as E308, except for the carbon content. The
when increased ferrite is desired beyond that attainable
0.04 percent maximum carbon content of weld metal
with E316L electrodes.
deposited by these electrodes reduces the possibility of
intergranular carbide precipitation and thereby increases A7.10 E309. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
the resistance to intergranular corrosion without the use of weld metal is 23.5 Cr, 13 Ni with carbon levels allowed

96
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

up to 0.15 percent and typical ferrite levels from 3 FN to A7.14 E309Mo. The composition of this weld metal
20 FN. Electrodes of this composition are used for welding is the same as that deposited by E309 electrodes, except
similar compositions in wrought or cast form. They are for the addition of molybdenum and a small reduction in
also used for welding dissimilar steels, such as joining the carbon limit. These electrodes are used for welding
Type 304 to carbon or low-alloy steel, welding the clad Type 316 clad steels or for the overlay of carbon steels.
side of Type 304-clad steels, making the first layer of a
A7.15 E309LMo. The composition of this weld metal
308 weld cladding and applying stainless steel sheet linings
is the same as that deposited by E309Mo electrodes, except
to carbon steel shells. Embrittlement or cracking can occur
for the restricted carbon content. The lower carbon content
if these dissimilar steel welds are subjected to a postweld
of the weld metal reduces the possibility of intergranular
heat treatment or to service above 700°F [370°C]. Occa-
corrosion and increases the ferrite content. This in turn
sionally, they are used to weld Type 304 and similar base
reduces the potential for solidification cracking when
metals where severe corrosion conditions exist requiring
deposited onto carbon or low alloy steels.
higher alloy weld metal. Essentially, there are two elec-
trodes contained within this specification, E309H and A7.16 E310. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
E309L, and for critical applications their use is encouraged. weld metal is 26.5 Cr, 21 Ni. Electrodes of this composition
See below for their specific applications. are most often used to weld base metals of similar compo-
A7.11 E309H. These electrodes are the same as E309, sition.
except that the allowable weld metal carbon content has A7.17 E310H. The composition of this weld metal is
been restricted to eliminate the lowest carbon levels. The the same as that deposited by E310 electrodes, except that
carbon restriction will provide higher tensile and creep carbon ranges from 0.35 to 0.45 percent. These electrodes
strengths at elevated temperatures. This together with a are used primarily for welding or repairing high-alloy heat
typical ferrite content of about 6 FN make these electrodes and corrosion-resistant castings of the same general compo-
suitable for the welding of 24 Cr 12 Ni wrought and cast sition which are designated as Type HK by the Alloy
steels designed for corrosion and oxidation resistance. High Castings Institute. The alloy has high strength at tempera-
carbon castings to ACI’s HH grade should be welded with tures over 1700°F [930°C]. It is not recommended for
an electrode that is similar to the casting composition. high-sulfur atmospheres or where severe thermal shock is
A7.12 E309L. The composition of this weld metal is present. Long time exposure to temperatures in the approxi-
the same as that deposited by E309 electrodes, except mate range of 1400°F to 1600°F [760°C to 870°C] may
for the lower carbon content. The 0.04 percent maximum induce formation of sigma and secondary carbides which
carbon content of these weld deposits ensures a higher may result in reduced corrosion resistance, reduced ductil-
ferrite content than the E309H, usually greater than 8 FN ity, or both. The composition of this electrode should not
and reduces the possibility of intergranular carbide precipi- be confused with the stainless steel wrought alloy 310H
tation. This thereby increases the resistance to intergranular which has a lower carbon content of 0.04–0.10 percent.
corrosion without the use of niobium (columbium). E309L A7.18 E310Nb. The composition of this weld metal
deposits are not as strong at elevated temperature as the is the same as that deposited by E310 electrodes, except
niobium-stabilized alloy or E309H deposits. E309L elec- for the addition of niobium and a reduction in carbon limit.
trodes are commonly used for welding dissimilar steels, These electrodes are used for the welding of heat-resisting
such as joining Type 304 to mild or low-alloy steel, welding castings, Type 347 clad steels, or the overlay of carbon
the clad side of Type 304-clad steels, welding the first steels.
layer of E308L weld cladding and applying stainless steel
sheet linings to carbon steel. Embrittlement or cracking A7.19 E310Mo. The composition of this weld metal
can occur if these dissimilar steel welds are subjected to is the same as that deposited by E310 electrodes, except
a post weld heat treatment or to service above 700°F for the addition of molybdenum and a reduction in carbon
[370°C]. If postweld heat treatment of the carbon steel is limit. These electrodes are used for the welding of heat-
essential, the total procedure, welding and heat treatment, resisting castings, Type 316 clad steels, or for the overlay
should be proven prior to implementation. of carbon steels.
A7.13 E309Nb. The composition of this weld metal A7.20 E312. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
is the same as Type 309, except for the addition of niobium weld metal is 30 Cr, 9 Ni. These electrodes were originally
and a reduction in the carbon limit. The niobium provides designed to weld cast alloys of similar composition. They
resistance to carbide precipitation and thus increases inter- have been found to be valuable in welding dissimilar met-
granular corrosion resistance, and also provides higher als, especially if one of them is a stainless steel, high in
strength in elevated-temperature service. E309Nb elec- nickel. This alloy gives a two-phase weld deposit with
trodes are used also for welding Type 347 clad steels or substantial amounts of ferrite in an austenitic matrix. Even
for the overlay of carbon steel. with considerable dilution by austenite-forming elements,

97
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

such as nickel, the microstructure remains two-phase and 0.2 N. This is normally a fully austenitic alloy with a
thus highly resistant to weld metal cracks and fissures. maximum ferrite content of 0.5 FN. In critical applications
Applications should be limited to service temperature for cryogenic and corrosion resistant service, the purchaser
below 800°F [420°C] to avoid formation of secondary should specify the maximum ferrite allowable. One of the
brittle phases. primary uses of this electrode is for the joining of similar
A7.21 E316. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this and dissimilar cryogenic steels for applications down to
weld metal is 18.5 Cr, 12.5 Ni, 2.5 Mo. These electrodes −452°F [−269°C]. Similar steels include stainless steels
are used for welding Type 316 and similar alloys. They such as UNS S30453 and S31653. This electrode also
have been used successfully in certain applications involv- exhibits good corrosion resistance in acids and seawater,
ing special base metals for high-temperature service. For and is particularly suited to the corrosion conditions found
these high-temperature applications in the past, the carbon in urea synthesis plants. It is also nonmagnetic. The high
level would have been about 0.06%. For similar current Mn-content of the alloy helps to stabilize the austenitic
or future applications, the use of E316H would ensure microstructure and aids in hot cracking resistance.
similar carbon levels. The presence of molybdenum pro- A7.25 E317. The alloy content of weld metal deposited
vides creep resistance and increased ductility at elevated by these electrodes is somewhat higher than that of Type
temperatures. Rapid corrosion of Type 316 weld metal E316 electrodes, particularly in molybdenum. These elec-
may occur when the following three factors coexist: trodes are usually used for welding alloys of similar compo-
(a) the presence of a continuous or semi continuous sition and are utilized in severely corrosive environments
network of ferrite in the weld metal microstructure (such as those containing halogens) where crevice and
(b) a composition balance of the weld metal giving a pitting corrosion are of concern.
chromium-to-molybdenum ratio of less than 8.2 to 1
A7.26 E317L. The composition of this weld metal is
(c) immersion of the weld metal in a corrosive medium
the same as that deposited by E317 electrodes, except for
Attempts to classify the media in which accelerated cor-
the carbon content. The 0.04 percent maximum carbon
rosion will take place by attack on the ferrite phase have
content of weld metal deposited by these electrodes reduces
not been entirely successful. Strong oxidizing and mildly
the possibility of intergranular carbide precipitation and
reducing environments have been present where a number
thereby increases the resistance to intergranular corrosion
of corrosion failures were investigated and documented.
without the use of stabilizers such as niobium or titanium.
The literature should be consulted for latest recommenda-
This low-carbon alloy, however, is not as strong at elevated
tions.
temperatures as the niobium-stabilized alloys or the stan-
A7.22 E316H. These electrodes are the same as E316, dard Type 317 weld metal with higher carbon content.
except that the allowable weld metal carbon content has
been restricted to eliminate the lowest carbon levels. Car- A7.27 E318. The composition of this weld metal is the
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

bon content in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 percent provides same as that deposited by E316 electrodes, except for
higher tensile and creep strengths at elevated temperatures. the addition of niobium. Niobium provides resistance to
These electrodes are used for welding 316H base metal. intergranular carbide precipitation and thus increased
resistance to intergranular corrosion. These electrodes are
A7.23 E316L. This composition is the same as E316, used primarily for welding base metals of similar compo-
except for the carbon content. The 0.04 percent maximum sition.
carbon content of weld metal deposited by these electrodes
reduces the possibility of intergranular carbide precipita- A7.28 E320. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
tion and thereby increases the resistance to intergranular weld metal is 20 Cr, 34 Ni, 2.5 Mo, 3.5 Cu, with Nb added
corrosion without the use of stabilizers such as niobium or to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion. These
titanium. These electrodes are used principally for welding electrodes are primarily used to weld base metals of similar
low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic alloys. Tests composition for applications where resistance to severe
have shown that 0.04 percent carbon limit in the weld metal corrosion is required for a wide range of chemicals includ-
gives adequate protection against intergranular corrosion in ing sulfuric and sulfurous acids and their salts. These elec-
most cases. This low-carbon alloy, however, is not as strong trodes can be used to weld both castings and wrought alloys
at elevated temperatures as Type E316H. This classification of similar compositions without postweld heat treatment.
with maximum ferrite content of 2 FN has traditionally A modification of this grade without niobium, not classi-
been the choice for welding Types 304 and 316 stainless fied herein, is available for repairing castings which do not
steels for cryogenic service at temperatures down to −452°F contain niobium. With this modified composition, solution
[−269°C]. annealing is required after welding.
A7.24 E316LMn. The nominal composition (wt. %) A7.29 E320LR (Low Residuals). Weld metal depos-
of this weld metal is 19.5 Cr, 16.5 Ni, 6.5 Mn, 3 Mo, ited by E320LR electrodes has the same basic composition

98
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

as that deposited by E320 electrodes; however, the ele- A7.33 E349. The normal composition (wt. %) of this
ments C, Si, P, and S are specified at lower maximum weld metal is 19.5 Cr, 9 Ni, 1 Nb, 0.5 Mo, 1.4 W. These
levels, and Nb and Mn are controlled within narrower electrodes are used for welding steels of similar composi-
ranges. These changes reduce the weld metal fissuring tion such as AISI Type 651 or 652. The combination of
(while maintaining the corrosion resistance) frequently niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten with chromium and
encountered in fully austenitic stainless steel weld metals. nickel gives good high-temperature rupture strength. The
Consequently, welding practices typically used to deposit chemical composition of the weld metal results in an appre-
ferrite-containing austenitic stainless steel weld metals can ciable content of ferrite which increases the crack resistance
be used. Type 320LR weld metal has a lower minimum of the weld metal.
tensile strength than Type 320 weld metal.
A7.34 E383. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
A7.30 E330. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this weld metal is 28 Cr, 31.5 Ni, 3.7 Mo, 1 Cu. These electrodes
weld metal is 35 Ni, 15.5 Cr. These electrodes are com- are used to weld base metal of a similar composition to
monly used where heat- and scale-resisting properties itself and to other grades of stainless steel. Type E383
above 1800°F [980°C] are required. However, high-sulfur weld metal is recommended for sulfuric and phosphoric
environments may adversely affect performance at elevated acid environments. The elements C, Si, P, and S are speci-
temperature. Repairs of defects in alloy castings and the fied at low maximum levels to minimize weld metal hot
welding of castings and wrought alloys of similar composi-
cracking and fissuring (while maintaining the corrosion
tions are the most common applications.
resistance) frequently encountered in fully austenitic stain-
A7.31 E330H. The composition of this weld metal is less steel weld metals.
the same as that deposited by E330 electrodes, except that
carbon ranges from 0.35 to 0.45 percent. These electrodes A7.35 E385. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this
are used primarily for the welding and repairing of high- weld metal is 20.5 Cr, 25 Ni, 5 Mo, 1.5 Cu. These electrodes
alloy heat and corrosion-resistant castings of the same gen- are used primarily for welding of Type 904L materials for
eral composition which are designated HT by the Alloy the handling of sulfuric acid and many chloride-containing
Castings Institute. This composition can be used to 2100°F media. Type E385 electrodes also may be used to join
[1150°C] in oxidizing atmospheres and at 2000°F [1090°C] Type 317L material where improved corrosion resistance
in reducing atmospheres. However, high-sulfur environ- in specific media is needed. E385 electrodes also can be
ments may adversely affect performance at elevated tem- used for joining Type 904L base metal to other grades of
perature. stainless. The elements C, Si, P, and S are specified at lower
maximum levels to minimize weld metal hot cracking and
A7.32 E347. The nominal composition (wt. %) of this fissuring (while maintaining corrosion resistance) fre-
weld metal is 19.5 Cr, 10 Ni with Nb or Nb plus Ta quently encountered in fully austenitic weld metals.
added as a stabilizer. Either of these additions reduces the
possibility of intergranular chromium carbide precipitation A7.36 E409Nb. The composition of this weld metal
and thus increases resistance to intergranular corrosion. is very similar to that deposited by E410 electrodes, except
These electrodes are usually used for welding chromium- that niobium has been added which produces a ferritic
nickel alloys of similar compositions stabilized either with microstructure with fine grains. These electrodes are used
niobium or titanium. Electrodes depositing titanium as a for the welding of ferritic stainless steels such as Types
stabilizing element are not commercially available because 405 and 409. They are also used for the second and/or
titanium is not readily transferred across the arc in shielded additional layers in the welding of Type 410 clad stainless
metal arc welding. Although niobium is the stabilizing steel and for the overlay of carbon and low alloy steels.
element usually specified in Type 347 alloys, it should be Preheat and postweld heat treatments are required to
recognized that tantalum also is present. Tantalum and achieve welds of adequate ductility for many engineering
niobium are almost equally effective in stabilizing carbon purposes. This weld deposit cannot be expected to develop
and in providing high-temperature strength. This specifica- the strength and hardness of a fully hardened martensitic
tion recognizes the usual commercial practice of reporting stainless steel alloy such as Type 410.
niobium as the sum of niobium plus tantalum. If dilution
by the base metal produces a low-ferrite or fully austenitic A7.37 E410. This 12 Cr alloy is an air-hardening steel.
weld metal deposit, crack sensitivity of the weld may Preheat and postheat treatments are required to achieve
increase substantially. welds of adequate ductility for many engineering purposes.
Some applications, especially those involving high-tem- The most common application of these electrodes is for
perature service, are adversely affected if the ferrite content welding alloys of similar compositions. They are also used
is too high. Consequently, a high ferrite content should not for surfacing of carbon steels to resist corrosion, erosion,
be specified unless tests prove it to be absolutely necessary. or abrasion.

99
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

A7.38 E410NiMo. These electrodes are used for weld- solution-treated condition. These electrodes depend on a
ing ASTM CA6NM (CA-6NM) castings or similar materi- very carefully balanced chemical composition to develop
als, as well as light-gauge Type 410, 410S, and 405 base their fullest properties. Corrosion tests indicate that Type
metals. Weld metal deposited by these electrodes is modi- 16-8-2 weld metal may have less corrosion resistance than
fied to contain less chromium and more nickel than weld Type 316 base metal depending on the corrosive media.
metal deposited by E410 electrodes. The objective is to Where the weldment is exposed to severely corrosive
eliminate ferrite in the microstructure, as ferrite has a dele- agents, the surface layers should be deposited with a more
terious effect on mechanical properties of this alloy. Final corrosion-resistant weld metal.
postweld heat treatment should not exceed 1150°F [620°C].
A7.43 E2209. The nominal composition (wt. %) of
Higher temperatures may result in rehardening due to
this weld metal is 22.5 Cr, 9.5 Ni, 3 Mo, 0.15 N. Electrodes
untempered martensite in the microstructure after cooling
of this composition are used primarily to weld duplex
to room temperature.
stainless steels which contain approximately 22 percent of
A7.39 E430. The weld metal deposited by these elec- chromium. Weld metal deposited by these electrodes has
trodes contains between 15 and 18 Cr (wt. %). The compo- “duplex” microstructure consisting of an austenite-ferrite
sition is balanced by providing sufficient chromium to give matrix. Weld metal deposited by E2209 electrodes com-
adequate corrosion resistance for the usual applications and bines increased tensile strength with improved resistance
yet retain sufficient ductility in the heat-treated condition to pitting corrosive attack and to stress corrosion cracking.
to meet the mechanical requirements of the specification. If postweld annealing is required this weld metal will
(Excessive chromium will result in lowered ductility.) require a higher annealing temperature than that required
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Welding with E430 electrodes usually requires preheat and by the duplex base metal.
postheat. Optimum mechanical properties and corrosion
A7.44 E2553. The nominal composition (wt. %) of
resistance are obtained only when the weldment is heat
this weld metal is 25.5 Cr, 7.5 Ni, 3.4 Mo, 2 Cu and 0.17 N.
treated following the welding operation.
These electrodes are used primarily to weld duplex stainless
A7.40 E430Nb. The composition of this weld metal steels which contain approximately 25 percent of chro-
is the same as that deposited by E430 electrodes, except mium. Weld metal deposited by these electrodes has a
for the addition of niobium. The weld deposit is a ferritic “duplex” microstructure consisting of an austenite-ferrite
microstructure with fine grains. Preheat and postweld heat matrix. Weld metal deposited by E2553 electrodes com-
treatments are required to achieve welds of adequate ductil- bines increased tensile strength with improved resistance
ity for many engineering purposes. These electrodes are to pitting corrosive attack and to stress corrosion cracking.
used for the welding of Type 430 stainless steel. They are
A7.45 E2593. The nominal composition (wt. %) of
also used for the first layer in the welding of Type 405
this weld metal is 25 Cr, 9.5 Ni, 3.4 Mo, 2.5 Cu and 0.2 N.
and 410 clad steels.
These electrodes are used primarily to weld duplex stainless
A7.41 E630. The nominal composition (wt. %) of these steels which contain approximately 25 percent chromium.
electrodes is 16.4 Cr, 4.7 Ni, 3.6 Cu. These electrodes are Weld metal deposited by these electrodes has a “duplex”
primarily designed for welding ASTM A 564, Type 630, microstructure consisting of an austenite-ferrite matrix.
and some other precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Weld metal deposited by E2593 electrodes combines
The weld metal is modified to prevent the formation of increased tensile strength with improved resistance to pit-
ferrite networks in the martensite microstructure which ting corrosive attack and to stress corrosion cracking. If
could have a deleterious effect on mechanical properties. postweld annealing is required this weld metal will require
Dependent on the application and weld size, the weld metal a higher annealing temperature than that required by the
may be used either as-welded, welded and precipitation E2553 classification or the duplex base metal.
hardened, or welded, solution treated and precipitation
A7.46 E2594. The nominal composition (wt. %) of
hardened.
this weld metal is 25.5 Cr, 10 Ni, 4 Mo, and 0.25 N. The
A7.42 E16-8-2. The nominal composition (wt. %) of sum of the Cr + 3.3 (Mo + 0.5 W) + 16 N, known as the
this weld metal is 15.5 Cr, 8.5 Ni, 1.5 Mo. These electrodes Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), is at least
are used primarily for welding stainless steel, such as Types 40, thereby allowing the weld metal to be called a “superdu-
16-8-2, 316, and 347, for high-pressure, high-temperature plex stainless steel.” This number is a semi-quantitative
piping systems. The weld deposit usually has a Ferrite indicator of resistance to pitting in aqueous chloride-con-
Number no higher than 5 FN. The deposit also has good, taining environments. It is designed for the welding of
hot ductility properties which offer relative freedom from Type 2507 super-duplex stainless steels UNS S32750
weld or crater cracking even under high-restraint condi- (wrought) and UNS J93404 (cast), and similar composi-
tions. The weld metal is usable in either the as-welded or tions. It can also be used for the welding of carbon and

100
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

low alloy steels to duplex stainless steels as well as to A8.3 Usability Designation -15. The electrodes are
weld “standard” duplex stainless steels such as Type 2205 usable with dcep (electrode positive) only. While use with
although the weld metal impact toughness may be inferior alternating current is sometimes accomplished, they are
to that from E2209 electrodes. If post weld annealing is not intended to qualify for use with this type of current.
required this weld metal will require a higher annealing Electrode sizes 5⁄32 in. [4.0 mm] and smaller may be used
temperature than that required by the duplex base metal. in all positions of welding.
A7.47 E2595. The nominal composition (wt. %) of A8.4 Usability Designation -16. The covering for
this weld metal is 25.5 Cr, 9 Ni, 3.8 Mo, 0.7 Cu, 0.7 W, these electrodes generally contains readily ionizing ele-
and 0.25 N. The sum of the Cr + 3.3 (Mo + 0.5 W) + ments, such as potassium, in order to stabilize the arc for
16 N, known as the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number welding with alternating current. Electrode sizes 5⁄32 in.
(PREN), is at least 40, thereby allowing the weld metal to [4.0 mm] and smaller may be used in all positions of
be called a “superduplex stainless steel.” This number is welding.
a semi-quantitative indicator of resistance to pitting in
A8.5 Usability Designation -17. The covering of these
aqueous chloride-containing environments. It is designed
electrodes is a modification of the -16 covering in that
for the welding of superduplex stainless steels
considerable silica replaces some of the titania of the -16
UNS S32550, S32750, and S32760 (wrought), and
covering. Since both the -16 and the -17 electrode coverings
UNS J93370, J93380, J93404, CD4MCuN (cast), and simi-
permit ac operation, both covering types were classified
lar compositions. It can also be used for the welding of
as -16 in the past because there was no classification alter-
carbon and low alloy steels to duplex stainless steels as native until the 1992 revision of AWS A5.4. However, the
well as to weld “standard duplex stainless steel” such as operational differences between the two types have become
UNS S31803 and UNS S32205. significant enough to warrant a separate classification.
A7.48 E3155. The nominal chemical composition of On horizontal fillet welds, electrodes with a -17 covering
this weld metal is 21.25 Cr, 19.75 Co, 20 Ni, 3.0 Mo, tend to produce more of a spray arc and a finer rippled
2.5 W. These electrodes are used primarily for welding weld-bead surface than do those with the -16 coverings.
parts fabricated from material of similar or dissimilar com- A slower freezing slag of the -17 covering also permits
position, particularly when the weld zone is required to improved handling characteristics when employing a drag
have corrosion and heat resistance comparable to that of the technique. The bead shape on horizontal fillets is typically
parent metal. It is used in aerospace applications including flat to concave with -17 covered electrodes as compared
tailpipes and tail cones, afterburner parts, exhaust mani- to flat to slightly convex with -16 covered electrodes. When
folds, combustion chambers, turbine blades, buckets, and making fillet welds in the vertical position with upward
nozzles. Its high-temperature properties are inherent and progression, the slower freezing slag of the -17 covered
are not dependent upon age hardening. electrodes requires a slight weave technique to produce
the proper bead shape. For this reason, the minimum leg-
A7.49 E33-31 The nominal chemical composition size fillet that can be properly made with a -17 covered
(wt. %) of weld metal produced by electrodes of this classi- electrode is larger than that for a -16 covered electrode.
fication is 31 Ni, 32 Fe, 33 Cr, 1.6 Mo, and low carbon. While these electrodes are designed for all-position opera-
The filler materials are used for welding nickel-chromium- tion, electrode sizes 3⁄16 in. [4.8 mm] and larger are not
iron alloy (UNS R20033) to itself, and to weld to carbon recommended for vertical or overhead welding.
steel. The ASTM specifications for this alloy are B 625,
B 649, B 366, B 472, B 564, B 619, B 622, and B 626. A8.6 Usability Designation -26. This designation is
The electrodes are generally used in the flat position. for those electrodes that are designed for flat and horizontal
fillet welding and that have limited out of position charac-
teristics. In practice most of these electrodes give higher
A8. Classification as to Usability deposition rates than their all-positional counterparts owing
A8.1 Four basic usability classifications are provided to their thicker coatings that contain higher levels of metal
in this specification, as shown in Table 2. powders. The thicker coating gives larger fillet welds that
are typically flat to concave. It also reduces the effects
A8.2 The type of covering applied to a core wire to of core wire overheating, making 18 in. long electrodes
make a shielded metal arc welding electrode typically possible for the larger electrodes, even with stainless steel
determines the usability characteristics of the electrode. core wire. Higher currents are usually required to achieve
The following discussion of covering types is based upon the necessary penetration compared to the all-positional
terminology commonly used by the industry; no attempt types.
has been made to specifically define the composition of The slag system of these electrodes is similar to those
the different covering types. of the -16 and -17 designations. The resulting slag may be
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
101
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

more fluid and even slower freezing than that from elec- 6.4 mm] are machined from the top surface of the pad in
trodes with a -17 designation. Core wire compositions are such a way that the 2 in. [50 mm] dimension of the speci-
typically either Type 304L stainless steel or low carbon men is parallel to the 21⁄2in. [65 mm] width dimension of
mild steel. Electrodes with the latter tend to have thicker the pad and the 1⁄2 in. [13 mm] dimension is parallel to the
coatings to accommodate the necessary alloys in order to length of the pad.
attain the required weld metal composition. Such electrodes A9.1.4 The heat treatments, surface finish, and mark-
require even higher currents to compensate for the addi- ing of the specimens prior to testing should be in accor-
tional coating to be melted and the lower resistance of the dance with standard practices for tests of similar alloys in
core wire. the wrought or cast forms. The testing procedure should
Electrodes with the -26 designation are recommended correspond to the ASTM G 4, Standard Method for Con-
for welding only in the flat and horizontal fillet positions. ducting Corrosion Tests in Plant Equipment, or ASTM
The manufacturer’s suggested operating currents should A 262, Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to
be consulted. Out of position welding may be possible Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels, or
with electrode sizes up to 1⁄8 in. [3.2 mm] diameter. ASTM G 48, Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crev-
ice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related
Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution.
A9. Special Tests A9.2 Mechanical Properties Tests for Dissimilar
Metal Welds
A9.1 Corrosion or Scaling Resistance Tests
A9.2.1 Tests for mechanical properties of joint speci-
A9.1.1 Although welds made with electrodes cov- mens may be desired when the intended application
ered by this specification are commonly used in corrosion- involves the welding of dissimilar metals. Procedures for
resisting or heat-resisting applications, it is not practical the mechanical testing of such joints should be in accor-
to require tests for corrosion or scale resistance on welds dance with the latest edition of AWS B4.0 [AWS B4.0M],
or weld metal specimens. Such special tests which are Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds.
pertinent to the intended application may be conducted as A9.2.2 Tests of joint specimens may be influenced
agreed upon between supplier and purchaser. This section by the properties of the base metal and welding procedures
is included for the guidance of those who desire to specify and may not provide adequate tests of the weld metal.
such special tests. Such tests should be considered as tests for qualifying
welding procedures using approved materials rather than
A9.1.2 Corrosion or scaling tests of joint specimens tests for qualifying the electrodes.
have the advantage that the joint design and welding proce- A9.2.3 Where fabrication codes require tests of
dure can be made identical to those being used in fabrica- welds in heat-treated conditions other than those specified
tion. They have the disadvantage of being a test of the in Table 6, all-weld-metal tests of heat-treated specimens
combined properties of the weld metal, the heat-affected may be desired. For the preparation of such specimens,
zone of the base metal, and the unaffected base metal. the procedures outlined in Clause 12, Tension Test and
Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain reproducible data if a Clause 13, Fillet Weld Test, should be followed.
difference exists between the corrosion or oxidation rates
of the various metal structures (weld metal, heat-affected A9.3 Impact Property Tests for Welds Intended for
Cryogenic Service
zone, and unaffected base metal). Test samples cannot be
readily standardized if welding procedure and joint design A9.3.1 Fully austenitic stainless steel weld metals
are to be considered variables. Joint specimens for corro- are known to possess excellent toughness at cryogenic
sion tests should not be used for qualifying the electrode temperatures such as −320°F [−196°C]. To ensure freedom
but may be used for qualifying welding procedures using from brittle failure, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
approved materials. Pressure Vessel Code requires weldments intended for
cryogenic service be qualified by Charpy V-notch testing.
A9.1.3 All-weld-metal specimens for testing corro- The criterion for acceptability is the attainment of a lateral
sion or scale resistance are prepared by following the proce- expansion opposite the notch of not less than 15 mils
dure outlined for the preparation of pads for chemical (0.015 in.) [0.38 mm] for each of three specimens.
analysis (see Clause 10). The pad size should be at least A9.3.2 Austenitic stainless steel weld metals usually
3
⁄4 in. [19 mm] in height by 21⁄2 in. [65 mm] wide by 1 + are not fully austenitic but contain some delta ferrite. Delta
5
⁄8n in. [25 + 16n mm] long, where “n” represents the ferrite is harmful to cryogenic toughness. However, fully
number of specimens required from the pad. Specimens austenitic weld metal has a greater susceptibility to hot
measuring 1⁄2 in. ⴛ 2 in. ⴛ 1⁄4 in. [13 mm ⴛ 50 mm ⴛ cracking (see A6). It has been found that such weld metals

102
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 2007 SECTION II, PART C SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M

FIG. A4 ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF OPTIONAL IMPACT SPECIMEN

GENERAL NOTE: Specimen size to be in accordance with AWS B4.0 or AWS B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds.
NOTE:
(a) If buttering is used in preparation of the test plate (see Figure 2) the T/2 dimension may need to be reduced to assure that none of the buttering
becomes part of the notch area of the impact specimen.

require judicious compositional balances to meet the into the weld metal than that provided by titania-covered
15 mils [0.38 mm] lateral expansion criterion even at mod- electrodes. Nitrogen, as noted above, has significantly
erately low temperatures such as −150°F [−100°C]. adverse effects on weld toughness.
A9.3.3 Electrode classifications which can be used A9.[Link] Lime-covered SMAW electrodes
if special attention is given to the weld deposit composition appear to produce weld metals of lower oxygen levels and
content to maximize toughness are E308L-XX, E316L-XX, inclusion population, i.e., cleaner weld metal, or both. The
and E316LMn-XX. Published studies of the effect of com- above suggestions are particularly important when the
position changes on weldment toughness properties for intended application involves very-low temperatures such
these types have shown the following: as −320°F [−196°C].
A9.3.3.1 Both carbon and nitrogen contents have A9.3.4 Limited SMAW electrode weld metal data
strong adverse effects on weld metal toughness so that have indicated that welding in the vertical position, as
their contents should be minimized. Low-carbon weld met- compared to flat position welding, does not reduce tough-
als with nitrogen content below 0.06 percent are preferred. ness properties, providing good operator’s technique is
employed.
A9.3.3.2 Nickel appears to be the only element
whose increased content in weld metal improves weld A9.3.5 Where cryogenic service below −150°F
metal toughness. [−100°C] is intended, it is recommended that each lot of
electrodes be qualified with Charpy V-notch impact tests.
A9.3.3.3 Delta ferrite is harmful; therefore, min- When such tests are required, the test specimens must be
imizing ferrite in weld metal (3 FN maximum) is recom- taken from a test plate prepared in accordance with Fig. 2.
mended. Weld metal free of ferrite (fully austenitic) is The impact specimens must be located in the test plate as
preferred; the more austenitic, the better. shown in Fig. A.4. The specimens must be prepared and
A9.3.3.4 Fully austenitic E316L weld metal tested in accordance with the impact test sections of the
appears to be the preferred composition because of the ease latest edition of AWS B4.0 [AWS B4.0M], Standard Meth-
in achieving ferrite-free weld metal, while compositionally ods for Mechanical Testing of Welds. The test temperature
conforming to AWS A5.4 and retaining crack resistance. must be selected on the basis of intended service.

A9.3.3.5 Lime-covered, typically the -15 classifi-

cation type, electrodes tend to produce weldments having A10. Discontinued Classifications
slightly superior lateral expansion values for Charpy
Some classifications have been discontinued, from one
V-notch impact specimens than titania-covered, typically
revision of this specification to another. This results either
-16, -17, and -26 classification type, electrodes when weld
from changes in commercial practice or changes in the
metal composition factors are essentially the same. This
classification system used in the specification. The Classi-
appears to be due to two factors:
fications that have been discontinued are listed in Table A.2
A9.[Link] Lime-covered SMAW electrodes along with the year in which they were last included in
usually provide better protection from nitrogen incursion this specification.

103 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 SFA-5.4/SFA-5.4M 2007 SECTION II, PART C

TABLE A.2 be found in Annex Clause A5. Safety and health informa-
DISCONTINUED CLASSIFICATIONS(A) tion is available from other sources, including, but not
AWS Classification Last A5.4 Publication Date limited to Safety and Health Fact Sheets listed in A11.3,
ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
EXXX-25 1948, 1992(B)
cesses,13 and applicable federal and state regulations.
EXXX-26 1948(C)
A11.2 Safety and Health Fact Sheets. The Safety
E308ELC-XX 1955(D)
E316ELC-XX 1955(D)
and Health Fact Sheets listed below are published by the
American Welding Society (AWS). They may be dow-
E502-XX 1992(E) nloaded and printed directly from the AWS website at
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

E505-XX 1992(F)
E7Cr-XX 1992(G)
[Link] The Safety and Health Fact Sheets
E308MoL-XX 1992(H) are revised and additional sheets added periodically.
E309MoL-XX 1992(H) A11.3 AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets Index
E309Cb-XX 1992(I) 1992(I)
E310Cb-XX 1992(I)
(SHF)14
No. Title
NOTES:
1 Fumes and Gases
(A) See A10, Discontinued Classifications (in Annex A). 2 Radiation
(B) The -25 classifications were discontinued with the publication of 3 Noise
the 1955 edition of A5.4, included again in the 1992 edition, and 4 Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fume
then discontinued again in the 2006 edition. 5 Electric Hazards
(C) The -26 classifications were discontinued with the publication of 6 Fire and Explosion Prevention
the 1955 edition of A5.4 and then were included again in the 1992 7 Burn Protection
edition. 8 Mechanical Hazards
(D) Starting with the 1962 edition of A5.4, the designator suffix for 9 Tripping and Falling
the low carbon classifications was changed from “ELC” to “L.” 10 Falling Objects
Thus the E308ELC-XX and E316ELC-XX classifications were not 11 Confined Space
really discontinued; they became E308L-XX and E316L-XX, 12 Contact Lens Wear
respectively. 13 Ergonomics in the Welding Environment
(E) This classification was transferred to ANSI/AWS A5.5 in 1996 14 Graphic Symbols for Precautionary Labels
with the new designation E801X-B6 and E801X-B6L. 15 Style Guidelines for Safety and Health Documents
(F) This classification was transferred to ANSI/AWS A5.5 in 1996 16 Pacemakers and Welding
with the new designation E801X-B8 and E801X-B8L. 17 Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF)
(G) This classification was transferred to ANSI/AWS A5.5 in 1996 18 Lockout/Tagout
with the new designation E801X-B7 and E801X-B7L. 19 Laser Welding and Cutting Safety
(H) These two classifications were not really discontinued but were 20 Thermal Spraying Safety
changed to E308LMo-XX and E309LMo-XX to reflect that the 21 Resistance Spot Welding
“L” for low carbon is the principal modifying suffix. 22 Cadmium Exposure from Welding & Allied Processes
(I) These two classifications were not really discontinued but were 23 California Proposition 65
changed to E309Nb-XX and E310Nb-XX to reflect the adoption 24 Fluxes for Arc Welding and Brazing: Safe Handling and Use
of Nb for niobium instead of Cb for columbium. 25 Metal Fume Fever
26 Arc Viewing Distance
27 Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes
28 Oxyfuel Safety: Check Valves and Flashback Arrestors
29 Grounding of Portable and Vehicle Mounted Welding Generators
30 Cylinders: Safe Storage, Handling, and Use
A11. General Safety Considerations
13
ANSI Z49.1 is published by the American Welding Society, 550
A11.1 Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
the scope of this standard and, therefore, are not fully 14
AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society,
addressed herein. Some safety and health information can 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

104
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale