Oninowy Dfepential Equations

ADE involving opdinoxy depivative of one oo moo. dependerd

voçable we.t. single independent voxiable is called opdinay
diffexential equation (0DE).
he D.E which aepxesents the family of all steaigh
lines whieh have an intereept of the Coetamt ength
L between the CooRdinate oxis

Am Let, he equatiorn of the st. Aine is

(o, b)

md
(a, o)
bx + ay = ab
Difexentioting () [Link]. x,
b+aY - 0 ’b=- ady
dx dx
Noco fom and
-adY

’ -xY + y = - ay! /(1-)

> a = 1
’ ay'-y Ly' (Am)
VIty?
Vi+y
Lineag/ Non-lineax [Link]
A D.E of the foen f(ryy' y ..y)-0 is called linear iP
:) al the dexivative and dependent vodable is at power |1,
> thoxe is no pxoduct between dependent vooiable and its
dexivotive (No toonscendental Punction of y of its deivafive
Occ)
Othocwise, it Is called mon-line0J D.E
 enoral om
+ an-) y'+ anlx)Y - a()
whoxo ao ()+ 0
a; (x) > Constant ’ L.D.E wih coroton coeficiet
voociable >L:D.E with voxia ble coeficient
’ =0 Homogeneows L·D.E

>}0’ Non-homogeneoA L-D.E

B 8olutions of the D.E
O Genoal So /Complete Solution
Ihe sol" of the D.E in which no. of axbiteoxy eoretont
is equal to the opdox of the D.E is called genoxal sol"
eig (K-a)'+f= is the genexod so of the D.E

OPaxticular Solution
A so" of the D.E obtained Poom the general sol" by taking
some paxticlo vauos of all arbitxory coetant is called
Paxticulox Solution.
eg The paxticulax sol's af the above example
(x-+y'- , ’ ntimie so",

Sngudor Salution,i
A so of D.E which is neithex a genoxal sol" Mop a
paxticu
So/ is called Singular Soution.
g- Y)-3. y)--3 Satisfy the. D.E y'(y')- p if r-3.
3,
Thoce Ue no xbi txoy cootnt in the soutions ,
So theoe co genexal neithoc paticula sol".
Initial Value Poblem
# all of the aosociated supplementoxy condition xalake to
Önex volue, then
then the
the pooblem is Called an IVP.
poblem is
eg ) y+y- 0 , Yo) - 0, Y(o) 1
n) y"+ y'+ty = 0 ,Y() el, y)=2
Bounday Vaue Pxoblem
IR the condition ocelate to two differort x-vaes , then
the poroblem is called BVP.

) y"+44 -0 Yo)-0, YC)-|

 Chapter-1
Fixst Odor Fixst Degree Difaential Equation
Lg [Link]. te Solution
Sepoxation of Vociable
-> dy f, dx
f,(0)

> H()- a() e (genoxal so)

A Solve + xyda=-4xdz
Ane

’ - x (Y+4) dx Y(y+1)
>(t4-Y) dy =-4x dz
Y(y)
dy, ydy
ydy -4xdx
y+ 4
>log Y-log(+1) - 2x+ loge
-2:
ey4

(An)
Q olve xydx +(i-*) dy - 0
Ag
) Reducible to &epxation of Vaciable
Considox the D.E dy
Y (axt by +c)ineor.
Let, aX+ by + C-t
a+[Link]
dx d
dY - - a )

+-a) -f)
dt =at bf) dt
atb f(t)
’F(ax+by+c)=x+D

Ane Let, 4x+y+| - t dY

dx
dt 4
d

dt4 = t? dt
t+4

’ t atom')
n ' t *+e

’ 4x+y+| - 9 tam (2(x+))

Noo Y(o) - I
tom

Soi is

dx
- sin(y)+ cos (*+y).
Am tam (y)) ee
 Homogeneoua Equation
# Afunction f(x,y) is called Homogeneowa function of
degxoo n if f(ar, Ay) X p(ay) >0
f(x,) txy +y
fax, )
> fRy) is homogencmus function off ondor 2.
# Conaider D.E dx

whoxe f, and f, axe homogencaus fumction of same

onde.
>tep-l Put y= x
9 , thom - l9t 2g
dx

Step- 2 Seporote the variablea and , Hhen

integnate.
& Solve (y+Vaty)dk - xdy 0 on d Y() =0.
Ane
Let y =12X
dx du
dx

dx

>0+l C ’ C= |
>(-ex)"- x+y
y() -o

(y-)- +y (Aa)
 6&: Solve (z tom -yYseey)de
se 1xse) dy -0
An
Lot yU
seet -tom )os) dx

’+du -(v ses - tan v) costu

sec9dy
tn ’ log (tom) -Jog +Jog Cc

’zton() -e. (Am)

Solve (ted +e(-)ßy
Arge (Hints.
Reducible to Homggeneoua Equation &
Coroide the D.E
dx axt biy+ (Jineox)
az b () a, b and bËa2
b2 b
OP, a=-b amd b -0
Case - 1 b,
. 8olve (x- 2y+) dx + (4z -3y- G) dy -0
Aa - X+ay-I
dx
4-3y -6
Let, X+h, y- Y+k
whexo -h +ak-| =0 Omd 4h-3k - 6 =0
’h- ak-I >1(ak-)-3K-6 0
>8k -4- 3k - 6 =0

X = X+ 3, = y+2

dy -X-3 t 2y +4 -I
4X+12 -3y -G -6 let, Y VX
-X +2Y du
d dx
dX
4X-3-X + 2%x
dx 4X-Bo X
-| +29 (3041) (-)
4 -319 dX 4-3
4-312 dx
d
X
(30 +1) (u-)
>du dX
X
4 4 319+|

>loglu-i)- 95 log l3u+i| = 4 log X t log c

X ex*(+
’ y-x = C(3y +x)5
e(3y-6 t*-3
’>-*+| =e (3y tx-9)
’ 8 = x-| +e (3y + x -
 Case- 2
b2

Solve
dx

Are Let, ty=t dx dx

dt_ ttL 2E
t-| t-I

dt = 2dz

>t-log t - 2x
2 +C

’- +lo9(aty) + C

:. y- x+ log (x+9) - Ae)

Cose- 3 a -ba & by- a, oP, a =- b2 & bË= - Q2
&olve 2x+y+3
X+ 2y +4

dy +d 2x+y+3 t x+2y +4
dy- d axty+3 --2y -4
> dx+ dy ds
dy + dz 3(2+y) +7
dy-dx Let, -y =
d(x+y) -d(ko-y)
73(xy) +7 -)-1
’du
3ut7
- dy ’log(su+ ?) -dog (u-) + dog C1
-)3ut+7=

(Am)
Total Difer ential
Lt, F be a function oe to xeal voxiobles Such thot F hon
COntinuowa Ist oderx patial doxivotive in domain D. The total
differcemtial dF of F is defined by
JF OF dx + oE dy , ¥ (x, y)¬ D .

ay
e F( y) xy+ax9y,¥ ) ED
+

i dF - ('t6x'y) dx + (xyt 2)dy

S Exact Diffepetial Form
ne xpocoosion Mdx + Ndy is called exact diferential
fonm in domain TD i# tho exists oa function F(«y) ,
deflned on domain D such that
dF - Mdx + Ndy
’ d z +aF dy ==Mdx ++Ndy
The equation Mdxt Ndy = 0 is called exact differcotial
equation.
Lek M, N,OM ON. coce cotinuowa function in domain D,
then the equation MMdx t Ndy -0 is called exact if
ON.

Results
Let, Mdx + Ndy =0 be om exact D.E , then the So

i) Mdz t J
N foxee from x
 N dy t
JMae
X- constant MPocoa fpom y
Solve -y sin 2x dx t cosx dy 0.
A» dM--Sim 2x =-2(Osx Sin x = - Sln 2z

OM.
oy ON ’D.E is exact.
-ysin 2x dz t cos dy = 0
’ -y sin 22 dz +(i+ cos9x) dy 0
’ -yJain 2a da t *Jay
cos 2 +
’ y(+Cos 2x) - C Am)
Bolve (y e ) dx + (2ryesy) dy ro
2

Are 2ye 2xy = ON,

’ D.E is exact.
Its Solution is

Y coet.
y3

a. Solve ede t (eay) dy

 Lntegeating Factor 0

Let, Mdx + Ndy 0 be the mon -exact D.E omd Qet, g(,y)
be
a Punction Such that pn(Mda,
(x) t Ndy) - 0 be exact DE,
then o(x,v) is called I.F.
# i) xdy t y dx - d(*y)
n) xdy ydx
)2dy y2- Ydx - o ’d-=0.)
I)xdy-y dx o ’
v) xdy-y dx dto)) o
-0
Wonking ule fop findingIE
(0 1P xM +yN 0 amd DE is homogencoua then
I.F - XM +yN
1f xM -yN+0 Cnd D.E can be wRrtten
oprten a
$,(xy) y dx +falay) x dy -0
then IF -
XIM- YN

NMy -N) f ) ’ I F
f() >IF- e' Jf) dy
N- My)
6 *yb (my da t nxdy) + y (m'ydx +n'x dy) =0
IF = yk whoco h amd k axo.
giva by
ath+| b+k+l a'tht| b'+k +|
n n'
&. 8olve xdy- [()ty]de -0
Am zdy - ( ) 1 ]da - o

6 Solve (y - 2xy)dk - (- 3y)dy e0

An IF = 1
Mx +Ny 'y- 2xy) x+ (3r'y-)
y-2ay+ 3zy"-y
Mutiply ng D.E by I.F,
= 0

’Ydx-dy dx t
y

a (+xy) Yydk +(1-xy) xdy o

Are I.F =
Ma-Ny
Multiplyyg D.E by IF

Ycomtomt toomo not containing

)1 logz -lagY ’ log
 is
f() M by
[Link] Arp
(k-og)
o dy +dxy)log (
dy
00 =+2yS dy&xy +dy2xy y°dx+ t dx zy
TF, Mutipying
by
IF=e
+y^) 2(y+(xyy)dxt
o dy Solve
a.
(Ae*e
n)
+
dx
C =+0
Y
c dy
contaning
) not N(tof
exms + dzCoet.M
- dx X3
IF, Muttiplyig
by
=I.F .'.
-4nx
f() Xy - N
ON. OM
o dy
(xy-e)
x'y -da Solve 6.
Q Find the IF of the D.E
(y'+ ay) dx +(3ady- x) dy 0
Ae Lel, IF is

Muttiplying D.E by 1.F,

M N

OM
(n+2) mH3,yl + 3(n+i) my" 3(m+*) " yh - (n+) 2"y
Compairing both side
n+2 = 3(m+4) 3M+3 = - m-|
’ Mt2=3m +12 ’9m +30 +3 + m=-1
’ n= 3m +10 >10 m = -34 m= -
'. n= -5+10 =
I.F =

6 Solve Y(ky +2*y3)dx + x(y- xy)dy 0

h-3 = k I.F=

so" >
N Fiest ordex Finst degee Linea D.E
Grenoxal Fopm
Integeating factoR of the lineax D.E 00) is
[Link]
and solution Is
Y e JPdz JPdx
Jae dx +
D.E is n y , then IF= e
I D.E is i-e. +P(y)z - 6()
then I.F. JPNay
and so lution is dy + c

4 &olve (+y)dx t (r-tan')dy 0

Ano (ty) dx + (*- tamy)dy =o
’ (i1y)-ton'y -*
dy 1+y l+y?
dy
IF =
py2 -e
tam'y
Mutiplying both sides by I.F, we gt
dx + I+y2 tom'y
tom'Y dy
etom'y 1+y
tam Ydy +e Let, tomy =Z
tom'y t C
 X-x3
z. limear
m
(R-)z
ax =
dz
+Cz,(-x)-
Putting
y°
= Are
D.E the dx 8y Cm
d Z
dx 8olve
(+**: Y
= -4-2 25 ’
|, Y2) Now
+
4
dxt C
get we by
IF, Multiplyig
(* -
2log(i+) Jd =IF .".
4
dx Ana
|. y2) X, t4xy (+) Solve 6
(ayn) Ce -|+ tom'y
tamly - X
(tani'y-i)e
+C
,ton'y 2etom'y
(z-)e >xtam'y=
+
 P«) dx
2x-1
It*)(rx)
-log x- lg(i+)*log(i-)
- log | Vi-x*
.. I.F : e
- log (xJi-)

The so" of
of the D. E is

2.(I.F) I.F dx t C
a

J(-x)a
2
- aa x(1-*) dz tc Let |-= t
’-2x dz = dt
’xd= -dt
= a(l-*)2 +

The oequied sol" is

y3 (A)
Solve yAog Y) dx t (x-log )dy
Ae I.F = log y
Soj?
 N Reducible to L.D.E
8olve Secy dY + 2x ton y x
e Let tamy = t ’ Secy dy -dt
d

dt
2

.'.I.F = e
The so|n
sol" is
2

t. e

’teue
-Jue"du tc
(u-)e +c
e
--)e
’ tom y ( * ) + ce (An)
Becnoulli 's Equation
Conside the D.E dy + P) Y = Q) y
dx
Eon. ) is called Bernoulli's Equation.
y dy + P«) y Let, yn t

dk
> (-n) y"y.
dx dt

dt
’ (1-n) P() tt - (-n) aa)
which Is Ilneax n t.
& Find the genecal sol" of the D.E
xy'- (logx) y+ y 0
Ane y'+y = (log «) y" ’ y dx yJog
Let,y-t ’-yY d
t

in t.
t - Sag ’’ lineax

The soluion is

=
let
du
>-ue"du tc
- (l+u)e+c ’y(+log)
- (+ logx)++Cx (An)
A. Solve Yx
dx sin 2y - ? cosy.
Ana |F =

Soltion tany -t(-) + ce-**

 Chapter
Seeond Oroder [Link] With Constant Coe Sficiets
S Auxiliopy Equation
The genocal foem of nd. opdex Jinea difecertial
equation (homogeneous) with constomt Coefficierts is
ydy + oa Y + by 0 ) a,b e R
> (B+ aD+ b)Y = 0
> L(D) Y 0 wheoce L(D) = Dt aD +b
Lot, y e be the solution of y"+ay'+by 0
(m+ am tb)e" =o
’ m+ am + b = 0 (a em +o)

Hexe, m+am+b =0
= is
the ailiaxy equafion (A.E).
Complementay Function
@ 1P +he A.E haa too xeal omd distinct oots , say
say
m, anmd m where m,+ m , then the general solution
of the L.D.E is
Y() = c, e"+ c, e
2) P the A.E hoe too ceal amd equal ooots ,i-e.,
m, = M2 then the genoral sol ution of D.E
Y) -(Ct Gz)e"*
(3) IP +he A.E has complex oots , Say, m, = otiß,
m, = a-ie, then the genoTal solution of the D.E is
Y(*) = e(c, cos Bx tG sinßx)
Q Find the genoxal solution of y 3 Y -54y - 0
Aa A.E is n+ 3m -54 =0
m+ Om Gm-54 = 0

’ (m-c)(m +9) =0
> m=6
6 -9

Roots re xeal and distinct hence the genoxal solution

is -9x
Y«) = G,, eCo
Ca e
whoe C, omd arbitpoxy constant.
4. Bolve y"- Gy'+ 9y =0
Ae A-E’ m-Gm +9 -0 ’m-3)- 0
> m= 3,3
Roots ooce Scoal
scoal amd
and equal
equal, So
8o the general solution
is 3x

Q Find the solution of y"+y'+ 2y 0, Yo) - 0, y'o) -2

A.E ’ m+m +2 =0
> m = -|ty|- 8

Y) e (e, cos (Fx) + e, sin())

Nooo yo) -0 > =o]
Y«) = C e sin()
2

- e VF cos(x) - sin(
:y'o) = 2 ’ N)
2 2
’ unique solution
.. Y)= e sin *)
Q Solve 4 y +a0y =0
Ane A-E ’ n+ 4m + a0 = 0(
-20

.The genaral so" is

Y) = e (C, cos 1z +t CyGsh 4x)
cohece C, amd ca anbitrary comtants.
Solve (D'- GD + 13) y
3x
Are (e, cos 2x+ G sin 2x)
Y) = e (e,
 NPoxticulor Integnal
Considen the second. ondor non- homogeneoua L- D.E with
constamt coeficients

dx2y+a dy.
d
+ by- Q() i-e., L(D) Y- )
Ihen the genoxal so|" of D.E is
Y) = C.F + P.I
P.I does not Contain
any xbitn aoy constont.
.. P.I = 8p = L(D) )
enexal Method;
(Apply only when D.E
D.E is with
with constant coeficients)

D-a ,- a(2) = e
e*a) d
a Find the P.I of the D.E (D+)(D+2) y- Sin e.
Am P.I = sin e
(D+D(O+2)
D+2
Sine*f

(D+2) }eJe sime dx

b2s(-eos
D+2) e")

e e cos e dz
esineX sìne?xe (ar
 p?

Q Find the P.I. of the D.E. y"+ 3y' +2y e.

e
Ane (+3D +2) y =e > (D+)(D+2) Y- ee
e

Rules foro finding the PI

Q) e
=
provided F(a) #0
F(D) F(a)
JP Fa) -0
P.I = e ek pocovided Fa)+0
F(D) F'(D) F'(a)

P.I = pocovided F"a) +o

F"O) F"(a)
Q Find P.I of (D+4D+4) y 9sinhz te-2X
Aa (D'+4D+4) y= e-e+e
P.I = fek -e+e*
-22

e-e R(D+2)
-2x

t e -e 4 Ae)
I) Q)-
A) sin ax /co0s ax
P.I A() sin ax/cos ax
F(O)
We oeplace D by - a in F(D)

1P F(D) =0 after ceplacing D by -a then

P.I = K sin az /Cos ax
F(D)
6 Find P.I
(D- 20 -2) y= Cosx t Sin 2x
Ane P.I
D-2D-2 s0n 2x
D-2D-R
-1-20-2
COS tt - 4-2D
Sin 2x
COS X sin 2x
RD+3
R(D+3)
-kD-3).
4D-9 cosK D-3sin
R(D)
2x
3-2D_ COSX
-4-9
+ 3-D sin 2x
A4-)
eD-3) cosx + (D-) sim 2x]
-asinz-- 3cosx + COS 2x - sin 2x

(TI) Q() - x", me NU

P.I =
FD)
Bring out the lorgezd lowe
loawest degxoe toom in # FO).
 P.I
DP[+ YO)
Note
0 (1+) -

() (1+) - )-2x+ 3z-4x?+-

( = |+2x + 2+4+
Q Find P.I of (p+D+2)Y = .
Ane P.I
D+ D+2

|+

= - D'+D

+( t2) t(o+a +o) +o

(IV) -e y Vis knoon Punction of x.

P.I =
F(D) F(D+a)
(V) Q)=- xV,
x V is the known function of xx,
P.I
F(D)
F(D)
Q. Find P.I of (D°-1)y - e cosz ta.
Are P . D-|
I - ecosx t p-| = I t II

e cosX =
ex
(DH)-1
ex COSx
D+aD
e COS X

4D-I
=

-5

= - e -2sinx t Cos
- e (asin x -C0sx)
D- I
e (log.)
=

(log,a)-1
ax
(og, a -I
:. P.I =
e (asin x - Cosx)
(og,a) -1
6 Find the complete soltion of (D+ 4D+4)yy- sinx
Ane C.F
A.E m'+ Am + 4 =0 ’ in+2)= o
>M = -2,-2
SCO ots axe Keal amd equal, So
C.F = (c, +;x)e-22
P.I

(0"+4D+1) -cos24)
D+4D+4 ( (os2x)
2

L )
D+4D +4 At4D+4 (tcos 2x)
+t- (t cos2x)
Jcos 2x de
= s n Rx 2-sin 2x)
:. Hence, the complete solution of the D.E is
y) = C.F + P.I
-2x
’> 8) -(c,+2)e T2-sin 2)
whee CiC and cbitoary constants
dy
a Solve + yy= (1-e).
e
ATe Y() = e (C; cos x t GSin x)+I - e t
N Method of Vxiation of Paxameteps
Let, u and axe to L.I solution o the D.E
y"+ P(«) y'+ ax) y- 0 --..0
Let, gereral solution of the D.E y'+ Pa) y'+ 6() y R&)
is
Y<) = Au t Bg
-. y'&) =Au' + A'u t By'+ B'u such that A'ut Bu = 0
.)
’y'= Au' t By'
y" = Au'"+ A'u + By"+ B'u'
.. Feom 0)
Au'+ A'u'+ By'+ 8''+ P() (Au'+ Bv) + a) (Aut B) = R(a)
’A;u" +P)u'+ Q(x) u] + B["+ Pa) u'+ Q(0) u]+ A'u'+ B'y'
- R()
’Au' + B'u' R()
FRom (m) omd ()
A' B'
A'.B
-19R uR -0R uR

A'- VR.
W W

Gronexal so"
Yx) =

W
uR.
W
-dx
C.F P.I
 Hee, W(u. w) - y is called Waon skian of u and .
dz2 t ay = S e ax by using Vooiation of
Pooxamatox method
Ae Let, yy- e be the tojal solution of the D.E.
A.E ’ m'+ a = 0

C.F = C, cos ax t C2 Sin ax.

P.I = A(«) Cos ax t B(x) sln ax = Au + By

Hexe
W
(u, ) = Cos az s0n aX = a (cos'ax + Sin'az)
-asin ax a cosax

AG) =-sim ax Sec az

sin ax
a
dx =-tom ar dz
o log leos ax]
B(*) = dx =

.. P.I = loal Cos ax cos ax + sin ax

The complete solution of the D.E is

Y(x) = C, COSDx t C, Sln ax + lg|cos ox| Cos ax +sin ax
by the
Q Solve by method of vaxiation of paxanetexs
(D'-aD+I)y e*ag x.
A A.E > mm+|= O

:. CF- (e,tC,x) e
P.I- A e + Bx e Au t B
. W= e xe
e (z+) e

B -dx

P.I - (-zsog
4 z) e + (z sog -) xe*
)e
- x*e

The complete solution of the D.E is

Y) -(C, +2) e + e (a Sog -3)
Solve by the method of Vaxiatlon of parametor :
4y = 1 sec 2z.

Arg y(x) = CCos 2x + C, sin22 + Sin 2x log Sec 22t tom 2x]-|
N Cauchy -Euler Equation
Conside the D.E of Hhe forom
dx2 dy
d + by - a)
Let, x= e Z =

dx =y
d dz2 dy.
dz

Fnom 0,
dz2 dz tay+
dz by = Øe)
’ dz2 + (a-) dd2 t by =pe)
which is a Iineax D.E with Constoant coeffcient
& Solve (s-3xD+5)y - sinlogz)
2

An Lek, =e ’Z=og 2.

Then the given D.E K0duces to

+3-)y +5y
=esin z whexa D'=
A.E-’ m 4 m+5 =0

> m= a t i
C.F = cos Z t C2 sim z)
2e, cos (sog 1) + C, sin(og))
 P.I esinz = 1
-4D +5 (p'+a)-4 (o+2) t5
Stn z

Z-sim z
e.z-sinz dzd
--zecos z
--log x cos(og x).
. The complete soution is
Y(*) -=

(e, cos (ogx) + Gsin (ogz)) -logz cos (log 2).

dx Sin(og)
Ave Y() - e, eos (og ) +e sin (sog)- g) cos (og )
4

tgx. sin (og *).

 Chepte-3
Higher Onder L.D.E With Constant Coe ficie ntsl
Considg the nth Onder non-homogeneous limeox D.E
with conotnt coefficiets
ao y"+ a, y=+ a, yn-24---+ an y' + an Y = Q%)
a; ¬TR ao +0, a; ae conatats

oR, (ao D" +a,1+ --.

--- + On- D + On)Y= Q«)
L(D) y = a)
:. The general solution is Y) =C,F+ P.I

Auxi liooty equation o! the equation L() y=0 is

a, m"+ a, m+
I) P NOots of the A.E ae xeal omd distimct, say.
then
Y) = e, e + C, e+ --.t

) IP some roots ne zepeated, but some 00ots are

Keal amd distinct , say
., An then
ktimes
-

+G, *)e
 t) 1P Some oots TO complex but some ooots
700ots ae KOal
ond distmct , say)
Dn then
Y(*) = e (e, cos Bx + C, sinB) + e + Ghek
) IP some complex
ooots ae ocepeated , but some zoots
COO JEOa amd diatinct
9-9 An
then
Y)- ee+a) cosßx + ( tG,)singa+ C5 +

Q Find the geneal solution of the Pollocoing D.E

(D'+)y - 0
AYe AE ’ m +|= 0
>m+ &m-QmtI=)

’ (mam ti)(m'+l -Rrm) =0

m = - JatVa-4

M=
-)
m-am +| =0 a t ya-4

al+i)
a--) (+i)-i)
 . Yx) ==e

>Yx) = e

+
(+,e)sin()
(4)
-Qax'"+ a'x = 0
Ang A.E > -2am +a=0
> (m'- a) =0
>m= t a , ta
-at
+ (, t et)
(D'+ 180 +8) y =0
Arn m + 18 n +8| 0

’ m= t g?, t3i
i. Y) =(C, t©,z) eos 8z + (C, +Gx) sin 3x
O(D° +D)Y -0, Y(o) -I, y'o) - o,
y"o)|
Aa A.E’ m+ m =0
’ m (m+) =0
. Y) - (C, te, )e
 y'<) -Ge ) Se
y"x) - e,e*

>|

> C, = 0
Y() - xte A)
(o+4) (D+) y - 0
Am A.E ’’> (m+1)(m+) =0
’ m =0

Y(*) = C, cos 2x+ esln 2x + C COsx + G Sin z

V) (-i (D"-1)(0+a) Y= 0
2x

Ku)(D- D'-9D -MD -1) y -0

A.E ’ (m)°(m- 4) =0
e + e
Se Find the complete solution of
dy3
dx3
+4dY- ay - e+ eosz
Arn he auxiliaxy equation is
3m+ 4m - a = 0

’ m? m-m+ m+am-2=0
’ n'(n-)-am(n -1) +a(m-i) =0
> (m-i)(nm-am +2) =0
mn + =0 m=
at y4 -8 = lti

c.F - e, e+ e* (e, Cos z +Ca sinz)

(bs- 3p°+4D-2) (e +cosz)

:. P.I

e +
(D-i) (D-aD+2) (D-) (o-aD +2)
e COSX
(D-i)(1-2) (0-X-1-aD 2)
(D+r-)1 + -2+ 3D-I
-C0sx
2+ 3D-I
= xe+ 3D-| cOsX

b)3inz -(osx)
(9sinx +(os x)
 Hence, the complete sotion is
Y) = . F + P.I

> Y«) = G,et e (e> CoSx + C sim<) + xeta(3 slnx+ Cosx)

a 8olve :(p-a)y - sle sin 2x +)
Am Y(x) -(e, +ex) e4e+ (os 2x + 22+42+3
Sove (D'+aD+i)y =cos x
Ae A.E ’ (m+i)=o m=+1,ti

C.F = (Ci +C2x) Cos x + (3 +4«) sin x

Now P.I =

(+i)
Let = (o+ slnx
xe
(D"+)
[(o+ 1)"+1]*
ek
(6+2i0)
- elz
4D
+1D3
-- e (i- pi-...)* 2

--(+) 12. 31
 4
(cosx t isinz)(*i4)
Equatiyg ceal pots fnom both sidoo ,

o'icosz sinz +(-)cosx.

48

sinx+ (9-) cosz

he complete soution is
Y(*) -(C +,z) cos x + C, +C4x) slnx+ sinx
+

a. Sove: (D³+ 3D +aD)y = x

Ae H) - C +C,e t Cae+(2x3-9xt
l2. al z)
Find P.I ol
of (D°i)Y
(+)y - Cos (2x-)
Am P.I - Cos (2x-)
De)
D(-4)+1
cos (2x-)
1+4D Cos (2x-)
|-16D
I+4D_ cos(2*-)
|+ G4

osex-) * 40jos (oa-3]

BCos(2x-)- 8 sin
 Chapten4
Systens oP Difepential Eguations
We will discuss the D.E in which numbex oP independent
Vaxiable 1 omd number of dependent vaiable = 2 op
moxe than 2.
To Solve such equotions
No. of eQuations No. of dependent voriable
P.(D) z + Pa(D) = h,)
8.(D) + 8,(D) -h(t)
(Oxa.0)) -@× 0)) we get
F0) 8,(0) - fi(D)8,(o)y =8.(0) h,() - (D) ha(t)
’ L(D) y - at)
= [Link] P.I
Put Y) in eqotion op , Pind xt).
& 8olve the simultaneous equations:
dt

Am (D-)x +y 0 ---)
dt
-2x t (D-5) y 0 --

Multiplyig 0 by 2 Gnd by -), then

ubpaeting e get
a(D-)z +tay 2x(D-)* + (D-5)(o-)y
(D- I2D+ 37)y =0
 A.E m- 12 m+ 37 = 0
> m = 12 t94 - 118
2

yCt) e (e, cost te, sint)

Foom equation
dt
= et-e,sint + , cost]+ 6e"[e,cost + e, sint]
> 2x
-5 efe,cost + e, slnt|
e-C, simt + c, eost + , eost +e, sint
’ x() e[(o+e,) cost +(e- ce) sint
Solve the folloaing system of D.E:
da = 5xt 4y
dt dt
3+
Ane x(t) = -2ee
3+
8t) = e, e e, te
simultoneous equations ay +sint - 0,
Q Solve the simultomeous dt

dy -2% -Cost =0 given that n=0, H| when t=0,

dt
Det oy sint
Are
-2x + Dy Cos t

Mutipling 0 by 2 omd 0 by D then adding,we get

4y + Dy : 2sint - D(Cost)
 >D+4) y -3 sint
C.F
A.E ’ m+ 4 -0
C.F= C, cos 2t + , Sim2t
P.I
D+4 3simt)
=-3 sint =- sint
-]+4

Y+)
yt) G, cos at t G, sin 2t - sint
Now fom (0)
2x =Dy -eost
> 2x = -e, sin & + RC, COs 2t- Cost -Cost

’ xt) -e, sinat + C2 COs aE - Cost

Now x(0) = o
Y(o) = |

Henee , the soution is

xt) = - Sim t + Cos 2t - Cost
(A)
gt) = COs at + Sin at - sint

6 Solve the follooing imultomeous equations :

2t
e -*t 3y =e
Am zt) - (e+Cat)e +a5e t -36e t
- (G 4+ -4t
J) Gt) e +ettet
+2 +Gt) e 36
 Qcost -7sint
-2y
d Y +2x = 4cos t -3slnt
dt

Ae xt) - e, e e, e 3 cost
+3
+ asint
8) -(at)e, et-(a-),e
3) dt2 -3x-4y =0 ) + x+y =0
-t
Ap «) = - 2 (e, +e, te,t) et-2(, - t Ct)e
8) - (e + c)t)et+ (G+Gt)et