THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY SMIT 1
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
CO-ORDINATE AXES, CO-ORDINATE PLANES AND CO-ORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACE
Three dimensional Geometry is a geometry of space. To find the position of a point in the space, we take three fixed
axes XOX’, YOY’ and ZOZ’ which are mutually perpendicular to each other. These lines are x-axis, y-axis and z-axis
respectively. The point ‘O’ is called origin. Due to these three axes, we get three coordinate planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX
which are mutually perpendicular to each other. These are known as xy-plane, yz-plane and zx-plane respectively.
These three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts.
.
Let P be a point in the space. From P, let‘s draw a perpendicular PM
to xy-plane. From M, let’s draw a perpendicular MN to x-axis.
Let ON , NM , MP , the co-ordinates of P are .
The co-ordinates of N are ( ). Let’s produce PM to P’ such that
PM = MP’ = . The co-ordinates of P’ are . The point
P’ is called the image of P w.r.t. xy-plane.
Note-1: The image of ( ) w.r.t. xy-plane is ( ).
The image of ( ) w.r.t. yz-plane is ( ).
The image of ( ) w.r.t. zx-plane is ( ).
Note 2: On xy-plane,
On yz-plane,
On zx-plane,
Note 3: On x-axis, ,
On y-axis, ,
On z-axis, ,
Note 4: On a plane parallel to xy-plane,
On a plane parallel to yz-plane,
On a plane parallel to zx-plane,
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO GIVEN POINTS
The distance between two points P and Q whose co-ordinates are ( ) and ( ) respectively is
√
Note 1: The distance of the point ( ) from the origin is √
Note 2: The distance of the point ( ) from (i) x-axis is √
(ii) y-axis is √
(iii) z-axis is √
DIVISION FORMULA
The co-ordinates of a point which divides a line joining two points ( ) and ( ) internally in
the ratio is .
The co-ordinates of a point which divides a line joining two points ( ) and ( ) externally in
the ratio is .
The co-ordinates of the midpoint of a line joining two points ( ) and ( ) is
( ).
DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE
If a line makes the angle with the positive direction of x-axis, y-axis
and z-axis respectively, then are called the direction cosines
([Link]) of the line. They are denoted by
Note (i) The direction cosines of x-axis are
(ii) The direction cosines of y-axis are
(iii) The direction cosines of z-axis are
Thm : if are the direction cosines of a line then
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY SMIT 2
DIRECTION RATIOS OF A LINE
Suppose we have three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line AB. These numbers
are called direction numbers or direction ratios ([Link]) of the line AB. They are written in the form
or .
By definition of direction ratios of a line, are proportional to direction cosines of a line.
(say)
----------------(1) where k is the constant of proportionality.
Squaring and adding these equations, we get
( )
But
√
From (1),
√ √ √
Taking ve sign, we get the [Link] of the line AB and taking ve sign, we get the dcs of the line BA.
Thm: The [Link] of a line passing through two points and are
.
PROJECTION OF A POINT ON A LINE
Let P be a point and AB be a line.
From the point P, let’s draw a perpendicular PL to the LINE AB.
Here L is called the projection of the point P on the line AB.
PROJECTION OF A LINE SEGMENT ON ANOTHER LINE
Let AB be a line segment and CD be a line. From A and B, let’s draw perpendiculars AP
and BQ to the line CD.
Here PQ is called the projection of the line segment AB on the
line CD. Let be an angle between AB and CD. Then is the
angle between AB and AM, Where AM is perpendicular to BQ.
Thus, the projection of a line segment AB on another line CD is
where is the angle between AB and CD.
Note : The sum of the projection of the line segment
on a line is equal to
the projection of the line segment on the line.
Thm : The projection of a line segment joining two points and on a line with dcs
is .
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
Thm : The angle between two lines whose [Link] are and is given by
If and be the drs of two lines, then the corresponding [Link] are
〈 〉 and 〈 〉
√ √ √ √ √ √
Hence by the above formula, we have
√ √
√
√
√ √
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY SMIT 3
Note1: If two lines are perpendicular then ,
And
√ √
Note2: If two lines are parallel, then
√
√
If two lines are parallel then their [Link] are equal.
√
√ √
√
Thus, if two lines are parallel, then their [Link] are proportional.
Note 2 : If three points P, Q, R be collinear then the angle between PQ and PR is Zero.
The [Link] of PQ and PR are proportional.
Exercise- 15 (a)
1. Fill in the blanks in each of the following questions by choosing the appropriate answer
from the given ones.
(a) The distance of the point P from z-axis is --------. √ √ √ ]
Ans. √ (Hints- Two given points are and
(b) The no. of lines making equal angles with co-ordinate axes is ---------. [ one, two, four, eight]
Ans. Eight
(c) If a line is perpendicular to z-axis and makes an angle measuring with x-axis then the angle it makes
with y-axis measures -------. [ ]
Ans. (Hints- )
(d) The projection of the line segment joining and on z-axis is ------. [1, 3, 4, 5]
Ans. 5 (Hints- [Link] of z-axis 〈 〉)
(e) The image of the point w.r.t. yz-plane is -----. [ ]
Ans. (Hints- The image of w.r.t yz-plane is )
(f) If the distance between the points and is 2 then ----. [1, , 2, 0 ]
Ans. 1. (Hints- Distance formula)
A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH BRIEF NOTES PREPARED BY SANJAY DAS (MOB-9853624122)