Battery&charger in detail

Main battery(lead acid battery)

Ups battery (nickel cadmium battery)
Main battery detail
Type-lead acid plante ,YHP29
Make-exide, model-YHP29, Ratting-1500AH,Nominal volt per cell-2volt
UPS battery detail
make-Amco model- Ratting
Main battery bank preventive maintenance
[Link] permit

[Link] month task list of battery charger

[Link] of all battery cell

[Link] of all battery vent cap

[Link] and sulphation of each cell of terminal

6. Take each cell voltage

[Link] specific gravity of each cell .it should be maintain 1200,if it is low specific gravity then make electrolyte with
mix up of acid,if specific gravity is high then add up of DM Water.

[Link] cell terminal varnished with petroleum jelly

[Link] a total bank voltage positive-earth, negative-earth

HT Motor testing

[Link] TEST

[Link] resistance testing.

[Link] index test

[Link] delta testing

Testing of oil type transformer

[Link] test

[Link] balance test

[Link] current test

4. Vector group test

[Link] and turn ratio test

[Link] resistance test

7. BDV test

8. Tan delta test

Testing of Vaccum circuit breaker
1. Insulation resistance test
2. Coil resistance test
3. Timing test
4. Contact resistance measurement test(CRM)
5. Dynamic contact resistance measurement(DCRM)
6. Vaccum bottle intrupter test
Testing of Current transformer(CT)
[Link] resistance measurement

[Link] test of ct

[Link] winding resistance test

[Link] test

5. Knee point voltage test

Potential Transformer(PT)
[Link] resistance test

[Link] winding resistance test

[Link] test

[Link] ratio test

IR testing of motor
insulation resistance test definition is the test that is used to measure the whole resistance between any two points which are separated through
electrical insulation. This test is also known as the megger test. Thus, this test is used to determine how the dielectric or insulation is effective while
restricting the electric current flow.

Insulation resistance is defined as the dc test voltage divided by the total current flowing in an insulator. The total current has four components; capacitive current,
absorption current, conductance current and leakage current.

When we apply a voltage across an insulator, there will be a corresponding current through it.

[Link] current-the initial burst of the current that occurs when voltage is first applied to conductor is called capacitive [Link] typically start
high and then drop quickly once conductor is fully charged.

[Link] current- like capacitive current ,absorption current also start high and then drops, however it fall much slower rate, as voltage build up ,the
absorption level in insulation decreases..this gradual change reflect the storage of potential energy in and along the insulation incidentaly , absorption is
important part of time resistance method of insulation test.

3. Leakage current-commonly referred as conducting current, a small steady current present both through and over the insulation is called leakage
[Link] in leakage current indicate deterioration of insulation.

The two component is decay with [Link] component is determined by presence of moisture or ground fault and is relatively constant with
time,moisture may be with in insulation or condensed on end winding or connection surface. If leakage current much larger then the first two
component of current,then total charging current will not change significantly with [Link] to determine dry and clean the winding IR is measured
after one minute and 10 minute
Polarization index test
Polarization Index Test (PI Value Test) along with Insulation Resistance Test (IR Value Test) is conducted on HV
electrical machine to determine service condition of the insulation. IP test is conducted especially to determine
the dryness and cleanliness of the insulation.

Polarisation index is the ratio of megger value taken for 10 minutes to the megger value taken for 1 minute.

Insulation Condition PI result Poor < 1 Questionable 1 - 2 Acceptable 2 - 4 Good >4

PI results > 1.5 are regarded as acceptable by IEC60085- 01:1984 for thermal class rating A, and PI results > 2.0
for thermal class ratings B, F and H.

For measurement of PI value we use meggar insulation test.

Winding resistance measurement
winding resistance test measurements detect various faults in motors and transformers: shorted turns, loose connections, broken strands,
and malfunctioning tap changer mechanisms.

Winding resistance test measurements detect problems in motors that other

tests may not find.
These problems include:

1. Partial or fully shorted coils.

2. Poor crimps or connections.

3. Imbalance between phases (improper turns on phases) and incorrect coil (phasing) connections.

Microohm meter (25amp),make prestige,model -PE-19RP use to measurement of winding resistance

Tan delta test of motor
Tan delta test
 Tan delta test OF CEP MOTOR 900 KW, 6.6KV
The tip-up value is
derived by
subtracting the
value of power
factor at the lower
test voltage from
that of the value of
power factor at the
higher test voltage
Testing of transformer
[Link] resistance of transformer

IR test is carried out to ensure healthiness of overall insulation system of electrical

power system.

1. Instrument: meggar
2. Ref meggar used 60sec 10 mint PI
3. HV to earth
4. HV to LV
5. LV to earth
 Magnetic balance test
Magnetic balance test is conducted only on 3 phase transformer to check the imbalance in magnetic circuit ,to check the fault in core and to identify interturn
fault in transformer at early stage.

Instrument :digital multimeter

Procedure:

1. Keep the transformer tap changer in normal position.

2. Inject 1 phase supply voltage on One phase out of 3 phase of LV side of transformer.
3. Then measure the voltage on other two phase of LV side of transformer.
4. Summation of voltage between two phase of LV side of transformer should be equal to injected voltage .
5. Repeat the test for each of 3 phase

Rphase Y phase Bphase

Voltage applied Rphase 100% measured -60-90% measured -40-10%

Measured 50% applied-100% measured-50%

Measured 50% measured-50% applied-100%

Based on the result in above table ,if voltage applied on one side is equal to sum of other two side of transformer .this indicate the transformer is
magnatically balance . but if there is any short circuit between the turn .the sum of two voltage may not be equal
Magnetizing current test of transformer
A transformer draw certain amount of magnatizing current from source when transformer secondary is not
connected to load .this current in no load condition set up magnetic flux in the core so it is called magnatization
current.
Magnetizing current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the magnetic core structure, shifting of windings, failure in between
turn insulation or problem in tap changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic circuit, thus affecting the current
required to establish flux in the core.

1. Keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all IV and LV terminals
2. Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three-phase transformers and single phase 230 V supply on
single phase transformers
3. Measure the supply voltage and current in each phase
4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformer test with keeping tap changer in normal position
5. Repeat the test while keeping the tap at highest position

Normally, there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on transformer core and one lower reading on the center limb phase,
in the case of three phase [Link] agreement to within 30% of the measured exciting current with the previous test is usually
considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting current value is 50 times higher than the value measured during factory test, there is a
likelihood of a fault in the winding which needs further analysis.
Voltage and turn ratio test of transformer
Actually the no load voltage ratio of transformer is equal to the turn ratio. So ratio test of transformer.

Procedure of Transformer Ratio Test

1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest position and LV terminals are kept open.
2. Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure the voltages applied on each phase
(Phase-phase) on HV and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap changer of transformer should be
raised by one position and repeat test.
4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.
BDV Test of oil of transformer
There are two main types of transformer oil used in transformers:
1. Paraffin based transformer oil
2. Naphtha based transformer oil

Naphtha oil is more easily oxidized than paraffin oil. But the product of oxidation – i.e. sludge – in the naphtha oil is more soluble than the
sludge from the paraffin oil. Thus sludge of naphtha-based oil is not precipitated in the bottom of the transformer. Hence it does not obstruct
convection circulation of the oil, means it does not disturb the transformer cooling system.

The properties (or parameters) of transformer oil are: Electrical properties: Dielectric strength, specific resistance, dielectric dissipation
factor.

The dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as the breakdown voltage (BDV) of transformer oil. Breakdown voltage is
measured by observing at what voltage, sparking strands between two electrodes immersed in the oil, separated by a specific gap. A low
value of BDV indicates presence of moisture content and conducting substances in the oil.
Vector group test of transformer
The vector group of transformer is an essential property for successful parallel operation of transformers.

Let’s have a YNd11 transformer.

1. Connect neutral point of star connected winding with earth.

2. Join 1U of HV and 2W of LV together.
3. Apply 415 V, three phase supply to HV terminals.
4. Measure voltages between terminals 2U-1N, 2V-1N, 2W-1N, that means voltages between each LV terminal and HV
neutral.
5. Also measure voltages between terminals 2V-1V, 2W-1W and 2V-1W.

For YNd11 transformer, we will find,

2U-1N > 2V-1N > 2W-1N
2V-1W > 2V-1V or 2W-1W .
The vector group test of transformer for other group can also be done in similar way.
Tan delta test of GT Y phase
Circuit breaker test
IR Test of circuit breaker

Voltage level IR tester

650 AC 500 DC

1.1KV AC 1KV DC

3.3 KV AC 2.5KV DC

IR TEST at open condition of circuit breaker

Reference IR value

R-R’ >Gohm

Y-Y’ >Gohm

B-B’ >Gohm
IR Test at closed condition
Phase connection IR value

R-Y >Gohm

Y-B >Gohm

R-B >Gohm

R-E >Gohm

Y-E >Gohm

B-E >Gohm
CB Contact resistance measurement(CRM)
The CRM test is done in close condition of circuit breaker so it is called as “Static Contact resistance Measurement
Test. In CRM test of circuit breaker, breaker is made close and current is fed to its contacts of 100 Amps DC. The CRM
kit is able to measure the micro ohm resistance of the CB.

CRM test is conducted to detect loose connection ,erroded contact.

Kit name :CRM100C

Reference Value in microohm

R-R’ 26.6

Y-Y’ 23.5

B-B’ 25
 Timing test of circuit breaker
Timing tests are used to determine the time for open (trip), close, close-open, and reclosing operations.
These times are essential for the safe and reliable circuit breaker operation and, therefore, the result of a proper circuit breaker design.

Testing kit :Scope T&M &2100.02Z.117

CONDITION Rph Yph Bph

Close 40ms 40ms 41ms

Open 38ms 38ms 40ms

close/open 47ms 47ms 47ms

As per IEC standard

<3ms for opening contact

<5ms for closing contact

Timing test of circuit breaker
Coil resistance test & vacuum intruppter test
Closing coil resistance-218ohm

Trapping coil resistance-400

VACCUM BOTTLE TEST

Test voltage-(2*operating voltage+1)kv

A vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum medium. The operation of switching on and closing of current carrying contacts and
interrelated arc interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called
vacuum interrupter.
Testing of current transformer
INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST

Testing kit-megger(5kv &500v)

Terminal value

Rph Yph B ph

Primary-earth >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

primary-C1 >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

primary-C2 >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

C1-Earth >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

C2-Earth >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

c1-c2 >Gohm >Gohm >Gohm

Polarity test of CT
Ensuring the correct polarity of the primary windings and secondary windings in Current Transformers
(CT) is of paramount importance in various measurement and protection schemes in electrical power
distribution networks.
PROCEDURE
[Link] terminal of 10v battery enter first P1 terminal of CT leaving to P2 Termial of CT and
then connect to negative terminal of battery
● [Link] S1 terminal of CT secondary to positive terminal of galvanometer and S2
terminal of CT Secondary to negative terminal of galvanometer then galvanometer
pointer move in clockwise direction then the polarity of CT will [Link] galvanometer
pointer move in anticlock wise then CT polarity will opposite direction.
● Note: connect +ve at p1 and -ve at P2
● Between terminal
● CT 1S1-1S2
● 2S1-2S2
●
KNEE point voltage test of CT
According to IEC, Knee Point Voltage of a Current Transformer is defined as the voltage at which a
10 % increase in voltage of CT secondary results in a 50 % increase in secondary current.
Importance of knee point voltage for PS class of
CT
Differential protection scheme The magnetizing characteristics of both LV & HV sides CTs
used for differential protection must have the same knee point
voltage Vk and the same excitation current Ie at Vk/2. If there is
variation in knee point voltage of CTs, the CT having less knee
point voltage(KPV) will get saturated in case of the external
fault and the differential protection relay will get tripped with
nuisance tripping. Therefore, both the set of CTs used at the
primary and secondary side of the equipment must have the
same knee point voltage and the excitation current(Ie) at Vk/2
Secondary winding resistance test
Secondary resistance test is to verify the CT secondary winding resistance with specified one and no discontinuity
in the [Link] resistance to ensure load is connected properly and circuits not left open.

Secondary winding resistance :(value in OHM)

Between terminal resistance

1s1-1s2 0.03

2s1-2s2 5.16
Testing of lighting arreste (LA)
Lighting arrester is a device used to limit the over voltage that may occurs across transformer and other
electrical apparatus due to lighting and switching surges.

A lighting arrester may be spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such zinc oxide.

Lighting arrester is a non linear resistance .

Low resistance during surges so that over voltage are limited.

High resistance during normal operation to avoid effect on power system .

Test procedure

1. Insulation resistance
2. Thermovision scanning
3. Leakage current measurement(LCM)
TEST OF LIGHTING ARRESTER
Insulation resistance test
Insulation resistance test is done in order to verify the quality of insulation of equipment
under test.
IR test at regular interval failure before they occur and prevent electrical accident .
IR test carried out on individual stack and then complete arrester
Test voltage -5KV
IR>-Gohm for EHV LA are considered good value
Lower IR value will stress the stack,another stack also which may leads to failure of [Link]
such stack should be immediately replaced.
Therm0vision scanning of LA
Thermovision scanning of LA help to identify abnormal heat developed in electrical equipment that appear normal to human eye.

If LA is defective more current will pass through LA under normal operating condition so the temperature inside arrester will increase
and this can detect by thermovision.

Leakage current measurement (CRM)

Total leakage current is a phasor sum of capacitive and resistive leakage current.

The resister component of leakage is a good indicator of surge arrester condition.

Considerable increase in resistive current may cause due to moisture ingress or premature aging of ZN0 varistor.

Acceptable limit of resistive current

New LA

Up to 30 microamp - normal

In service LA - 150 microamp- normal

150-350 microamp take stack wise IR value and replace the faulty

Beyond 350 microamp replace complete LA

On display of surge arrestor leakage current
analyser
IR(TH):24 microamp
IR correction:27 microamp
I total: 1137 microamp
correction factor for rated temperature

Temp multiplication factor

20 1.0

25 0.9

27 0.87
LCM test result
Phase make resistive current corrected resistive current total current
Irin micro amp At 20 degree in microamp
R LAMCO 22 16 901
Y LAMCO 14 10 903
B LAMCO 24 18 1111
 TEST OF GENERATOR
Name plate detail of turbogenerator
Generator stator test KW- 600 , P.F.-0.85 LAG, KVA-705.9
STATOR VOLT -21000
1. Insulation resistance test AMP -19407
2. DC winding resistance test ROTOR VOLT -413
3. Tan delta test AMP - 5192
4. Partial discharge test RPM -
3000
5. Natural frequency test HZ - 50
6. Wedge deflection test PHASE -3
CONNECTION- YY
Generator Rotor test COOLING -WATER&HYDROGEN
GAS PRESSURE 5 BAR
1. Insulation resistance INSULATION CLASS-F
TYPE -
THDF
2. Dc winding resistance HYDROGEN &WATER COOLED
3. AC impedance test TURBOGENERATOR,STATOR -DIRECTLY WATER COOLED
,ROTOR HYDROGEN COOLED
INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST
Insulation resistance test and polarization index of stator winding are measured
using 5 kv megger with constant output of 5000 DC volt . IR and PI measurement
between each phase and earth other two phase are shorted &ground to the same
ground as stator core.
Voltage applied phase IR(1MIN) Mohm
1000v R-E(Y+B) 250
Y-E(R+B) 245
B-E(R+Y) 260
 Winding resistance test

The purpose of this test is to check for gross difference between the winding and open in connection.

Winding resistance measurement are of fundamental importance for following purpose

[Link] Copper loss in conductor

2 calculate of winding temp at the end of temperature test cycle

[Link] a base for assessing possible damage in field

Principle- by using ratio matric circuit the voltage drop across unknown resistance is compared to voltage drop
across known resistance and result displayed

Type of connection measured resistance miliohm

R-R’ 0.890

Y-Y’ 0.890

B-B’ 0.890
Electromagnetic core imperfection detection
The stator core of large electrical generator in power station are conconstructed from a large number of thin iron lamination insulated from
each other to reduce eddy current loss in iron.

Defect in the stator inter laminar insulation cause the fault current to flow local in [Link] current can produce local overheating or
hotspot in damaged area and damaged core may become heat generated to melt small part of core result in premature failure of winding
insulation.

ELCID test a core for fault by exciting the core by using toroidal winding to produce ring flux similar to conventional method, but only 4% of
its normal working level of excitation . a sensing head is then passed over the surface of core to detect magnatically the presence of fault
current themselves rather than heating effect they produce.

In the core of machine it will have circumferencial magnetic field due to excitation plus that due to any fault current [Link] effect of
magnetic field is to produce magnetic potential gradient on the core surface.

The potential gradient is detect by a specially wound coil know as chattock potentiometer which produce an output proportional to
difference in magnetic potential between two [Link] head use a chattock coil to pick up the magnetic field chattock coil is a open end coil
measure magnetic potential difference between the further corner of adjacent stator [Link] chattock coil output is analysed by signal
processor unit and produce a DC voltage proportional to fault current component in phase quadrature with with core excitation [Link]
signal processor is calibrated to give a direct reading of value of fault current as well as y-axis fault current
Natural frequency test on end winding
To assess the mechanical integrity of the Generator end winding, Natural frequency test is performed in order to determine the

natural frequency response of individual loops in the radial and axial directions and in fixing an accelerometer to the series loop

and striking the loop adjacent to accelerometer with an instrumented piezoelectric force cell having a known calibration. If the

measured natural frequency values are out of the resonance frequency band 95-100 Hz, it can be delared that the mechanical

integrity of the stator end winding is in satisfactory condition. If it is out of resonance frequency, end winding has to be

strengthened till the measured frequency values are out of resonance frequency.
Stator wedge deflection test
To prevent loosening of stator bars in the slot, top ripple springs are provided below
the slot wedge. The spring are designed so that the pulsating magnetic forces due to
load can not cause any unduly high vibrations. The check to performed during an
overhaul are to ensure that top ripple spring still capable to provide for sufficient
[Link] used for this purpose utlizes a hydraulic depression of slot
[Link] measured slot wedge movement ,which correspond to residual spring
travel of top ripple springs,permit a determination of existing preloading exerted by
top ripple spring.
Tan delta test of generator
Test was carried out on individually phases by disconnecting the station bus from terminals and by
opening neutral .test was performed on stator winding at different voltage. phase to ground power
factor ,tip up,capacitance and power loss were recorded.

Test mode phase energized phase ground

GST R Y,B

GST Y R,B

GST B R,Y