📘 CIVIL ENGINEERING COMPLETE MODULE (MEGA EDITION)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. It plays a vital role in shaping societies
through infrastructure and environmental systems.

1.1 Fields of Civil Engineering

 Structural Engineering – design of stable, durable structures.

 Geotechnical Engineering – soil mechanics, foundation design.

 Transportation Engineering – highways, airports, traffic flow.

 Water Resources Engineering – dams, canals, flood control.

 Environmental Engineering – wastewater, pollution control.

 Construction Management – cost, schedule, and safety control.

1.2 Ethics and Responsibilities

Civil engineers must ensure public safety, sustainability, and professional ethics in all projects.

CHAPTER 2: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

2.1 Cash Flow Diagrams

Graphical representation of inflows/outflows used in economic analysis.

2.2 Common Methods

 Present Worth

 Future Worth

 Annual Worth

 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

 Payback Period

2.3 Example Problem 1

Invest ₱200,000 at 12% for 5 years. Find future value.

F=P(1+i)n=200,000(1.12)5=₱352,473F = P(1+i)^n = 200,000 (1.12)^5 = ₱352,473

2.4 Example Problem 2

A machine costs ₱800,000. Salvage value = ₱80,000 after 10 years. Find annual depreciation (straight-
line).

D=800,000−80,00010=₱72,000D = \frac{800,000 - 80,000}{10} = ₱72,000

2.5 Practice Problems

1. Compute PW of ₱50,000 received annually for 6 years at 10%.

2. A project costs ₱1M and earns ₱150k/year for 12 years. Is it feasible at 8%?

3. Differentiate nominal vs effective interest rate.

4. Compute IRR of ₱300,000 project earning ₱60,000/year for 7 years.

5. Define sunk cost and opportunity cost.

CHAPTER 3: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

3.1 Mechanical Properties

 Ductility

 Toughness

 Hardness

 Fatigue strength

3.2 Key Formulas

 Axial Stress: σ=FA\sigma = \frac{F}{A}

 Strain: ϵ=ΔLL\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L}

 Hooke’s Law: σ=Eϵ\sigma = E \epsilon

 Shear Stress: τ=VA\tau = \frac{V}{A}

 Bending Stress: σ=McI\sigma = \frac{M c}{I}

3.3 Example Problem 1

A steel rod 25mm diameter carries 60kN. Find stress.

σ=60,000π(0.0252)/4=122 MPa\sigma = \frac{60,000}{\pi (0.025^2)/4} = 122 \, MPa

3.4 Example Problem 2

A 2m steel bar elongates 1.2mm under 40kN load. Area = 500mm². Find E.
σ=40,000500×10−6=80 MPa\sigma = \frac{40,000}{500 \times 10^{-6}} = 80 \, MPa ϵ=1.22000=0.0006\
epsilon = \frac{1.2}{2000} = 0.0006 E=σϵ=80×1060.0006=133 GPaE = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon} = \frac{80 \
times 10^6}{0.0006} = 133 \, GPa

3.5 Practice Problems

1. A 30mm bar carries 80kN. Find stress.

2. Find strain in a 3m bar elongating 2mm.

3. A simply supported beam 5m carries 10kN/m. Find max bending moment.

4. A shaft 100mm dia transmits 50kN·m torque. Find shear stress.

5. Draw stress-strain diagram of mild steel.

CHAPTER 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Support Reactions

 Hinged → 2 reactions

 Roller → 1 reaction

 Fixed → 3 reactions

4.2 Example Problem

Beam 8m span with 20kN/m load. Find max moment.

M=wL28=20⋅828=160 kNmM = \frac{wL^2}{8} = \frac{20 \cdot 8^2}{8} = 160 \, kNm

4.3 Indeterminate Structures

 Moment distribution method

 Slope-deflection method

 Stiffness method

4.4 Practice Problems

1. Find support reactions of 6m beam with 30kN/m load.

2. Analyze a simple truss with three members.

3. Define influence line.

4. Explain difference between statically determinate and indeterminate beams.

 5. Draw shear and moment diagrams for a cantilever beam carrying point load.

CHAPTER 5: TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

5.1 Traffic Flow Equations

Q=k⋅vQ = k \cdot v

Where Q = flow, k = density, v = velocity.

5.2 Pavement Types

 Flexible pavement

 Rigid pavement

 Composite pavement

5.3 Example Problem

Traffic flow = 1800 veh/hr, density = 60 veh/km. Find average speed.

v=Qk=180060=30 km/hrv = \frac{Q}{k} = \frac{1800}{60} = 30 \, km/hr

5.4 Practice Problems

1. Define Average Daily Traffic (ADT).

2. Difference between rigid and flexible pavement.

3. Compute traffic density if Q=2000 veh/hr, v=40 km/h.

4. Explain super-elevation.

5. List 3 causes of pavement failure.

CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

6.1 Water Supply Standards

 Per capita demand: 100–200 L/day

 Fire demand: 20–30% of average

6.2 Example Problem

City = 100,000 people, demand = 120 L/day. Find total daily water requirement.

Q=100,000⋅120=12,000,000 L/dayQ = 100,000 \cdot 120 = 12,000,000 \, L/day

6.3 Practice Problems

1. Define BOD and COD.

2. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic treatment.

3. Explain coagulation in water treatment.

4. Compute BOD load of 20,000 m³/day at 250 mg/L.

5. List types of air pollutants.

CHAPTER 7: HYDRAULICS

7.1 Bernoulli’s Equation

Pγ+v22g+z=constant\frac{P}{\gamma} + \frac{v^2}{2g} + z = constant

7.2 Example Problem

Pipe dia 0.3m, velocity 2.5 m/s. Find discharge.

Q=πD24V=0.176 m3/sQ = \frac{\pi D^2}{4} V = 0.176 \, m^3/s

7.3 Practice Problems

1. Define cavitation.

2. State continuity equation.

3. A channel 3m wide, 1.5m deep, V=2m/s. Find Q.

4. Derive unit hydrograph concept.

5. Explain Manning’s equation.

CHAPTER 8: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

8.1 Soil Compaction

Purpose: increase strength, reduce compressibility, control permeability.

8.2 Example Problem

Clay soil γ=18 kN/m³, water table at 2m, depth=5m. Find effective stress at 5m.

σ=γz=18⋅5=90 kPa\sigma = \gamma z = 18 \cdot 5 = 90 \, kPa u=γw(z−2)=9.81⋅3=29.4 kPau = \gamma_w

(z - 2) = 9.81 \cdot 3 = 29.4 \, kPa σ′=σ−u=90−29.4=60.6 kPa\sigma' = \sigma - u = 90 - 29.4 = 60.6 \, kPa
8.3 Practice Problems

1. Define Atterberg limits.

2. Differentiate consolidation and compaction.

3. Compute void ratio given e=0.6, n=?

4. List types of shallow foundations.

5. Define angle of internal friction.

CHAPTER 9: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

9.1 Scheduling Tools

 Gantt chart

 CPM

 PERT

9.2 Example Problem

Project: A=5d, B=3d (after A), C=6d (after A), D=4d (after B&C).
Critical Path = A-C-D = 15 days.

9.3 Practice Problems

1. Define float.

2. Differentiate CPM and PERT.

3. Explain Earned Value Analysis.

4. List 5 safety hazards at construction sites.

5. Discuss importance of quality control.

CHAPTER 10: BOARD-STYLE QUESTIONS (MULTIPLE CHOICE)

Sample MCQs (Answer key at end):

1. The modulus of elasticity of steel is:

a. 2.0 GPa
b. 20 GPa
c. 200 GPa
d. 2000 GPa
 2. The critical path in CPM represents:
a. Maximum float
b. Shortest project duration
c. Least-cost schedule
d. Independent activities

3. BOD test is conducted for:

a. Air pollution
b. Water quality
c. Soil stability
d. Traffic density

CHAPTER 11: CASE STUDIES

 Tacloban (Yolanda, 2013): Importance of disaster-resilient structures.

 Taal Volcano (2020): Ash load effect on roofs.

 Metro Manila Flooding: Poor drainage and urban planning.

CHAPTER 12: SUMMARY

Civil engineering combines knowledge of mechanics, materials, environment, economy, and

management. Successful engineers design infrastructure that is safe, sustainable, and efficient.

CHAPTER 13: REFERENCES

(add all standard textbooks like Hibbeler, Das, Khanna, Lindeburg, Metcalf & Eddy).