Guide for Writing an EE for Sciences: (by Ms.

Magtoto)

Title: This should give a broad idea of what can be read in your essay. This should not
exceed 14 words. It should contain the scope (location, population)

Table of Contents: Every part of your EE which are those that comes below this, should
be itemized in your table of contents, where page numbers should be indicated.

Introduction: The following questions should guide you:

1. What observations/ideas/personal inquiry/doubts/events prompted you to study

this topic?
2. Why are you interested in studying this topic?
3. What scientific concept is related to this topic? This is like explaining your
answer in question #1, using scientific reasoning.

For this first 3 questions, you should stabilise (make the reader believe) that your
paper is worth reading, that it is interesting. This is the HOOK of your essay.

4. Lead the reader to the aim of your study. Since you have already stabilised the
concept and rationale behind your topic, let the reader know your aim.
5. Briefly describe the importance of this study. What benefit can this study do?
This should be in a global context, then local, then personal.

The last sentence in this part should be a CONNECTING statement that introduces your
Research Question and Hypothesis.

Make an intro sentence to tell the reader that you will be guided by these RQs and
Hypotheses.

Research Question (RQ): This should contain the independent and dependent
variables. It is better if the controlled/moderator variables are also stated in your RQ.

If you are looking for a correlation between/among two or more variables, you will
have a separate RQ for that.

If you are trying to find out any significant differences between the variables, you
should have a separate RQ for that.

These questions must be in a numbered format.

Hypothesis: These are statements that directly answer your RQs. For correlations and
significant differences, always state the null hypotheses.

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Conceptual Framework: Written in paragraph format.

1. In this section you are to state the variables.

2. Brief description of the variables (scientific, cited).
3. Brief explanation of the possible effect of each variable. Your statement should
be supported by scientific reasoning (scientific, cited).
4. For controlled variables, explain why they need to be controlled, and how can
these variables be controlled.

End this section with a re-statement of your aim, but in a different form, not just a copy
and paste of the previous.

Place a paradigm (diagram) of the process of that your study will follow. It should have
the following format below.

The input are the DV and IV variables, while the output is the general result (it is actually
your TITLE that is written in a general statement)

Output

At the end of the

Input Process investigation,
what will you find
List the variables A very brief out? It should be
that you are summary of your general
investigating. process. Best in statement. It’s a
Bullet form. number format re-statement of
your aim but in a
general form.

Here’s an example of a research paradigm: This is taken from the study entitled
“Analysis of Competitive Strategies of Tourism Industry in the Midst of Covid-19
Pandemic: A Case from Philippines”. You can find this from this link
[Link]

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Or this..

Theoretical Framework:

This is in paragraph form. This contains the theories that are related to your study. Each
theory should be BRIEFLY described, AND then state their relatedness with each other.
This part lets the readers feel that your study has a theoretical basis.

Examples:

1. If you are studying decomposition rate and types of plastics, then discuss why
are there different rates of decomposition. Discuss the factors.
2. If you are studying environmental science (EVS) and pollution, talk about how
EVS can affect pollution rate.
3. If your study is about effect of a factor/event on the physiology of the body, then
talk about how they affect each other.
4. If your study is about chemical reaction, talk about the effect that a factor does
to the reaction.

Remember, this part should briefly discuss THEORY, so it should always be cited. IN
TEXT citation aside from the Bibliography is what I STRONGLY advise.

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Review of Related Literature:

• In this part, you will discuss every variable and factors that affect them, in
relation to your study.
• This should be from BROAD to DETAILED.
• All concepts involved in your study should be discussed here. To discuss them,
you should include a previous research related to that concept, and cite them.
You should always paraphrase.
• The aim of this part is to give balanced knowledge about your study. Balanced
mean that in case your study inclines with the null hypothesis, you have the
statement in this related literature that says so; or if your study would result to
the positive/alternate hypothesis, your RLL also have presented background
knowledge that supports that result.
• Make sure that you are well organized in the presentation of the concepts here.
• This should be direct, brief, but complete.
• Be mindful of your word count.

Methodology

• What type of study is this? Is it experimental? Or with survey? Or both?

• Who are your population? – this is if you have a questionnaire, or you studied
groups of individuals. Describe them, and how did you categorise them? Did you
select them randomly? Or you were very strict about the characteristics of your
respondents? Or you just accepted volunteers but making sure that they may be
grouped according to your categories – if this is the case, then it is random
selection.
• If you did a lab experiment, then it is an experimental study.
• List your materials. All of them including their uncertainties and numbers (how
many). Include the questionnaire as a material, in case you used one.
• Safety and precaution statements: State with reason. Example: Wear eye
goggles to protect the eyes from possible chemical splashes. –where will this
come from? Because of boiling? Because the rate of chemical reaction
exponentially increases when a certain temperature is reached? Be specific
• Procedures:
o List the step-by-step process on how you performed the lab experiment.
This should be in a number format.
o If you are doing another experimental research that is not laboratory-
based, list every step you did in gathering all your data. List this in
numerical order first. Once I have read them, and given you a signal, you
can transform this into paragraph form.

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Data Presentation:

• Make an intro stating the things that can be found here. Be brief.
• In a tabulated manner, present the RAW data first, to show how your data are
categorized. Briefly describe what can be seen in the table, even if it is obvious.
• Present the Processed Data next. How are the data processed? Show a sample
calculation. Briefly describe.
• Make sure that you have a table number, title, column/row labels with units of
measurements and uncertainty units.

Discussion and Analysis:

• Make an intro statement.

• Describe the trend/pattern of the data found in the Processed Data Table. Relate
this to your study. Relate this to hour hypothesis. Support this with related
literature (cite).
• Identify the highest data point and the lowest data point, and discuss what could
have affected those values. Make a scientific reasoning for this, and then present
a related literature that supports this findings.
• Discuss the effect of the uncertainty measurements, towards the data result.
Was its effect minimal which does not affect the value range for decision
making? Was the effect large? How did these uncertainties affect the result?
• NOTE: HUMAN error, as a researcher, is not considered as uncertainty. It should
not be a reason to be discussed.
• Make sure that you discuss EVERY hypotheses.
• The pattern is like: DATA (numerical) (shown where, which table, which column)
→ describe findings → scientific reasoning → supporting previous research →
ending statement.
• Close this part by making a strong point regarding the importance of your study,
and how do your results highlight this importance.

Conclusion:

• Restate your findings.

• Restate which research question is answered by those findings.
• Briefly discuss how these findings support or object your hypothesis. Make sure
you restate the hypothesis and say if it was accepted or rejected, or if it supports
or is against the findings.
• Make a GENERALIZED statement that envelops your study. To help you in making
this, you should answer the following question:
o Having found out that…, then now what? And so what?

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 o What can you say about the implication of your study? Because of this
implication, what future studies can you suggest? Briefly describe the IV
and DV. You should have at least 2.

Evaluation:

• Make an intro statement.

• Identify 3 weaknesses or limitations of your study. And immediately describe
how can these be improved.
• You can present this in either a table format or a paragraph form. But in both
cases, make use of full sentences.
• I suggest that you place them first in a table format so you can see if you have
dealt with each one of them completely, before transforming them to paragraph.

Bibliography:

• I suggest that these be categorized: Books, Journals, etc.

• Harvard style
• Ask your English teacher how to do these. But you can always refer to online bib
generators and just double check.

Word Count: ____