Chapter Four
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
• Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
• When water is the solvent, we called the solution aqueous solution.
• Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solvent.
• The concentration of a solution can be expressed in many different ways.
• MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles of solute
Molarity
liters of solution
n
M
V Unit of molarity is mol/L
where M molarity
n number of moles
V volume of solution in liters
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
• Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity :
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example1:
How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare
a 250 ml solution whose concentration is 2.16 M.?
n
M
V
where M molarity
n number of moles
V volume of solution in liters
M =2.16 , V =250 mL = 250/1000= 0.25 L
n=MXV
= 2.16 X 0.25 = 0.54 mol
n = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 294.2 g/mol
Mass = n x molar mass
= 0.54 x 294.2 = 158.9 g
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example 2:
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose (C6H12O6) to a
reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in milliteres of a 2.53 M glucose
solution he should use for the addition.
M = n/V
Molar mass of C6H12O6 =180 g/mol
n = mass/molar mass
= 3.81 / 180
= 0.021 mol
M = n/V
V = n/M
= 0.021 / 2.53 = 8.30 X 10-3 L
= 8.36 X10-3 X 103L = 8.30 mL
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
NaCl Na +Cl
1 mol NaCl , 1 mole Na+ , 1mole Cl-1
1 M NaCl , 1 M Na+ , 1 M Cl-1
Ba (NO3)2 Ba+2 + 2NO3-
1 mole Ba (NO3)2 , 1 mole Ba+2 , 2 mole NO3-
1M Ba (NO3)2 , 1 M Ba+2, 2 M NO3-
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution
Add Solvent
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution : is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a
more concentrated one.
M1 V1 = M2 V2
BEFORE AFTER
Example 1 :
How you would prepare 5.00 x 102 mL of a 1.75 M H2SO4 solution, starting
with an 8.61 M stock solution of H2SO4?
M1 = 8.61 , V1= ?, M2 = 1.75, V2 = 5.00 X102
M1 V 1 = M2 V 2
8.61 X V1 = 1.75 X 5.00 X 102
V1 = 1.75 X 5.00 X 102 / 8.61 = 101.6 ml.
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Example 2:
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 from a stock solution of
4.00 M HNO3?
M1 = 4 , V1= ?, M2 = 0,2, V2 = 60
M1 V 1 = M2 V 2
4 X V1 = 0.2 x 60
V1 = 0.2 X 60 / 4 = 3 ml.