MS ENGLISH

 Simple - Complex to Compound:

 Complex↔ Simple:
1. So that/in order that/that:
Complex: The boy worked hard so that he could make a brilliant result.
Simple: The boy worked hard to make a brilliant result.
Rules: শুরু থেকে so that এর পূর্ ব পর্ বন্ত + subject ঊকে র্ায় + to/in order to instead of so that+ may/might/can/could ঊকে র্ায় + র্াকে অংশ ।
2. So …… that: (If the two subjects are same)[Negative]
Complex: He was so old that he could not move.
Simple: He was too old to move.
Rules: শুরু থেকে so এর পূর্ ব পর্ বন্ত + too instead of so + adjective/adverb + Infinitive.
(That/may/might/can/could not, didn’t/don’t and subject ঊকে র্ায় +to + verb থেকে র্াকে অংশ ।)
2.1: If the subjects are different:
Complex: The thief ran so fast that we could not catch him.
Simple: The thief ran too fast for us to catch.
Rules: শুরু থেকে so এর পূর্ ব পর্ বন্ত + too instead of so + adjective/adverb +for + object (2nd subject) + Infinitive.
(That/may/might/can/could not, didn’t/don’t ঊকে র্ায় +to + main verb থেকে র্াকে অংশ ।) last object will be omitted if it is
mentioned before.
3. So …… that: [Affirmative] [Different subject]
Complex: The old sailor spoke so strangely that the marriage guest stood still.
Simple: Because of the old sailor’s very strange speech, the marriage guest stood still. Or, Because
of the old sailor’s speaking very strangely, the guest stood still.
Rules: Because of + possessive + very +noun/gerund + subordinate clause. Or, Because of + subject (possessive) +
participle+ very + adverb + comma + second clause. (So এর র্ায়গায় very এর্ং that এর র্ায়গায় comma [,] র্কে ।
4. So …… that: [Affirmative] [Same subject]:
Complex: He is so rich that he can buy a cottage.
Simple: He is rich enough to buy a cottage.
Sub + verb + + adjective + enough + to + verb (subordinate clause) + র্াকে অংশ
5. So …… that: [Affirmative] [Different subject]:
Complex: The sum is so easy that we can solve it.
Simple: The sum is easy enough for us to solve.
Rules: Subject + verb + Adjective + Enough + for + object of Subordinate subject + to + verb of subordinate clause + the rest
sentence. [That and second subject omitted]
6. After/before/till/until:
Complex: The patient had died before the doctor came.
Simple: The patient had died before the doctor’s coming.
Rules: First clause + after/before/till/until + possessive + gerund/noun:
7. Though/although/even if/even though:
In spite of his having vast riches, the man is unhappy. Or, In spite of having vast riches, the man is
unhappy.
Complex: Though the man is poor, he is happy.
Simple: In spite of his poverty, the man is happy.
Or, In spite of being poor, the man is happy.
Or, In spite of the man being poor, he is happy.
Or, In spite of his being poor, the man is happy.
Rules: Though/although/even if/even though↔ in spite of /despite + possessive or not + being [am, is, are, was, were];
having [have, has, had]; verb +ing (main verb) (gerund)/noun + main clause. {Sub-ordinate clause subject’s possessive can
be taken or not and Adjective can be changed into noun.}
8. When: and this when refers continuous time:
Complex: When they saw the police, they complained.
Simple: Seeing the police they complained. (Verb +ing)
 Rules: At the time of + possessive + gerund/noun + র্াকে অংশ + main clause. Or, Taking help of phrase according
to meaning.
When, ‘when’ refers a small period of time then ‘At’; When refers season, month, year then ‘In’;
when refers day, then ‘On’;
If ‘when’ refers ‘age’ then ‘At the age of’ instead of when.
Complex: When my mutton chop arrived, she took me quite seriously to task.
Simple: On the arrival of my mutton chop, she took me quite seriously to task.
9. As/since/because (Conjunction of reason), am/is/are/have/has/had/verb as a main verb in subordinate clause
and Principal clause Same subject:
Complex: Since he was weak, he couldn’t succeed.
Simple: Because of his being weak, he couldn’t succeed.
Or, Being weak, he couldn’t succeed.
Or, For his weakness, he couldn’t succeed.
Rules: Because of/on account of + possessive + being/having/gerund/noun + র্াকে অংশ + comma + main clause. Or, Verb
+ing + র্াকে অংশ । + comma + main clause. Or, If there is adjective, then, For/because of/on account of + possessive + verb
omitted + Noun + comma + main clause.
Subject Difference:
Complex: Since the class was over, we left the room.
Simple: The class being over, we left the room.
Complex: Since the sun had set, we stopped our playing.
Simple: The sun having set, we stopped our plying.
10. If it rains, I will not come:
Complex: If it rains, I will not come.
Simple: In case of rain fall, I will not come.
Complex: If he is brave, he can do this.
Simple: In case of his being brave, he can do this.
Rules: i. In case of + noun + verb
ii. By + gerund/noun
iii. In the event of + possessive+ gerund/noun Or. For + gerund.
iv. Without +gerund/noun. (If Negative/unless), Or, In case of + possessive + gerund/noun
Complex: If he fails, he will not go to school.
Simple: In case of his failure, he will not go to school. Or,
In the event of his failure/failing, he will not go to school.
Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life. Or,
For working hard, you will succeed in life.
Complex: If you do not work hard, you will fail.
Simple: Without working hard, you will fail.
Complex: Unless you try heart and soul, you will not cut a good figure in the exam.
Simple: Without trying heart and soul, you will not cut a good figure in the examination.
Complex: You cannot get inside the hall unless you have admit card.
Simple: You cannot get inside the hall without admit card.
Complex: If I do not help him, he could not pass.
Simple: Without my help, he could not pass.
11. As if/ as though:
Complex: He speaks as if he were mad.
Simple: He speaks like a mad man.
Rules: Adverb clause of manner-থে like কর্কশষ্ট Prepositional Phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: He talked as though he had been present there.
Simple: He talked like a man present there.
12. As …… as/so:
Complex: He is as intelligent as you are.
Simple: He is intelligent like you.
Rule: As + Adjective/adverb + as/so adverb of degree-থে like কর্কশষ্ট Prepositional Phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
13. However/whatever/although:
Complex: Although he is rich, he is unhappy.
 Simple: With/for all his riches he is unhappy. Or, notwithstanding his riches he is unhappy.
Rules: With/for/Notwithstanding েহ Phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: Whatever he says, I don’t fear him.
Simple: With all his saying I don’t fear him.
Complex: However beautiful it may be, it is deceptive.
Simple: With all its beauty it is deceptive.
14. Such …… that:
Complex: He is such a fool that he cannot understand my word.
Simple: Because of his foolishness he cannot understand my word.
Or,
He is too foolish to understand my word.
Rules: Because of + possessive+ gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: It is such an interesting book that we cannot overlook it.
Simple: We cannot overlook this book because of its being very interesting.
15. No sooner ….. Than:
Complex: No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
Simple: Just after our reaching the station the train left.
Rules: No sooner ….than/As soon as …../Hardly …… when/before, scarcely ….when কর্কশষ্ট adverb clause এর পকরর্কর্ব Just
after/Immediately after+ possessive + gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায়
16. As + clause, so+ clause:
Complex: As you sow, so (will) you reap.
Simple: You will reap according to your sowing.
Rules: According to থর্াকগ Simple েরা র্ায় ।
17. As much:
Complex: You can take as much as you need.
Simple: You can take according to your need.
Rules: According to র্া ভার্াে বকর্াকগ থর্াকগ Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: You have done as much as a man.
Simple: You have done like a man.
18. Relative Pronoun + subject:
Complex: He would have enough food with which he could feed his family.
Simple: He would have enough food to feed his family.
Rules: to + verb (Infinitive) এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
19. Relative Pronoun as object:
Complex: The book which Rabindranath wrote is famous.
Simple: The book written by Rabindranath is famous.
Complex: The pen which I bought is lost.
Simple: The pen bought by me is lost.
Rules: clause past participle + by + Object এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: The fish which Ardre’s mother has bought was rotten.
Simple: The fish bought by Ardre’s mother was rotten. Or, Ardre’s mother bought rotten fish.
20. If the relative pronoun is used as the subject of clause and it is active:
Complex: I worked in a school that belonged to a hostel.
Simple: I worked in a school belonging to a hostel.
Rules: শুরু থেকে Relative pronoun এর পূর্ ব পর্ বন্ত + Verb +ing + র্ােী অংশ ।
21. Relative pronoun clause passive:
Complex: The student who was forced to leave the class was not really guilty.
Simple: The student forced to leave the class was not really guilty.
Rules: Relative pronoun and Auxiliary verb omitted + র্ােী অংশ । Participle phrase noun এর পকর র্কে।
22. Relative pronoun refers cause:
Complex: The other sailors were angry with the old sailor who had shot the albatross.
Simple: The other sailors were angry with the old sailor because of (his) having shot the albatross.
Rules: োরণ প্রোশোরী Clause টিকে because of + possessive + gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
23. Relative Pronoun + be verb:
Complex: Some of this land which is further away is irrigated by raising water from the river with wheels and pumps.
 Simple: Some of this land further away is irrigated by raising water from the river with wheels and pumps.
Rules: First to before relative pronoun + be verb omitted + the rest sentences.
24. Relative pronoun + be verb + Adjective:
Complex: The students who are energetic do much for the family.
Simple: The energetic students do much for the family.
Rules: Adjective changes into adjective phrase and is used as the pre-modifier of noun.
Complex: The man who works hard can shine in life.
Simple: A hard working man can shine in life.
25. But:
Complex: There is no mother but loves her child.
Simple: Every mother loves her child.
Rules: Every + noun/pronoun + verb
26. As/that :
Complex: I want such a student as is active and honest.
Simple: I want an active and honest student. Or, I want a student active and honest.
Rules: Word/phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
27. েময় প্রোশে Relative Pronoun ‘that clause’:
Complex: He was very happy during the years (that) he had been in the army.
Simple: He was very happy during the years of his having been in the army.
Rules: েময় প্রোশে Relative Pronoun ‘that clause’–থে of + possessive + gerund/noun এ পকরণর্ েকর Simple েরা র্ায়
28. Relative Adverb কর্কশষ্ট Adjective clause:
Complex: I know the time when he will come.
Simple: I know the time of his coming.
Rules: Adjective clause will be noun/noun phrase or of + possessive + gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
29. Verb এর object র্া Noun এর appositive কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ that clause:
Complex: He said that he was ill.
Simple: He said about his illness.
Rules: Verb এর object র্া Noun এর appositive কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ that clause থে of/about + his/her (possessive) + gerund/noun র্া
noun phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
30. Verb এর subject/object/complement কহকেকর্ why:
Complex: I don’t know why it disturbed me.
Simple: I don’t know the reason of its disturbing me.
Complex: Why Shusanto committed suicide is still a mystery.
Simple: The reason of Shusanto’s (committing) suicide is still a mystery.
Rules: Verb এর subject/object/complement কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ why clause টিকে the reason of + possessive + gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন
েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
31. Verb এর subject/object/complement কহকেকর্ how:
Complex: Do you know how he has come out successful?
Simple: Do you know the process of his coming out successful?
Rules: Verb এর subject/object/complement কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ how clause টিকে the process/way/method + of +possessive +
gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
32. Adjective এর Complement কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ noun clause:
Complex: He is happy that his brother has passed the exam.
Simple: He is happy at his brother’s passing the exam.
Rules: Noun clauseএর আগ পর্ বন্ত +that omitted + Preposition+ (Possessive) + gerund/noun এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
33. Verb/subject এর Complement কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ noun clause যুক্ত complex sentence:
Complex: The rumour is that he has committed suicide.
Simple: The rumour is about his (committing) suicide.
Rules: Verb/subject এর Complement কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ noun clause যুক্ত complex sentence এর থেকে that conjunction টি উঠিকয় about+
possessive +gerund/noun or noun phrase ব্যর্হার েকর simple েরা র্ায়।
34. ‘It’ এর apposition কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ noun clauseথে noun phrase -এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: It is clear that she has done it.
Simple: Her doing this is clear. Or. The fact of her doing this is clear.
Rules: It’ এর apposition কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ noun clause থে noun phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: It is clear that China has created Corona Virus.
 Simple: China’s creating Corona Virus is clear.
Or, The fact of China’s creating Corona Virus is clear.
Or, China is the creator of Corona Virus.
OR, It is clear about China’s creating Corona Virus.
35. Verbs of thinking (believe, think):
Complex: I think that he is honest.
Simple: I think him to be honest.
Complex: He considers that you are a truthful boy.
Simple: He considers you a truthful boy.
Rules: Verbs of thinking (believe, think) এর পকর clause থে infinitive phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় । Or can be changed
into Phrase or words.
Complex: Do you think that it is easy to pass the exam?
Simple: Do you think it easy to pass the exam?
Complex: I believe that he was once dishonest.
Simple: I believe him to have once been dishonest.
36. That or What as the subject:
Complex: That he will come is uncertain.
Simple: His coming/arrival is uncertain.
Complex: What he says is important.
Simple: His speech is important. Or, His words are important.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: That he is honest is known to all.
Simple: His honesty is known to all.
Complex: I believe that he is active.
Simple: I believe him to be active.
Rules: That or What clause, subject কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ হকে র্াকে noun phrase এ পকরর্র্বন েকর Simple েরা র্ায় ।
Complex: What is lotted cannot be blotted.
Simple: One is unable to blot one’s lot. /We cannot blot our lot. Or, one cannot blot one’s lot. / Lot
cannot be blotted.
Complex: What cannot be cured must be endured.
Simple: We/one must endure the incurable
Simple to Complex:
Simple: One subject and one Finite verb.
Complex: One principal clause + one or more sub-ordinate clause.
To change a simple sentence to Complex, we need one extra finite verb, words/phrase will need to
be changed into Subordinate clause or sometime we need to supply a Principal Clause.
1. In order to/To-infinitive (phrase):
Simple: I sold the watch to get money to buy your combs.
Complex: I sold the watch so that I could buy your combs. Or, I sold the watch so that I could get
money to buy your combs.
Rules: To-infinitive (phrase) উকেশ্য বুঝাকে toএর পকরর্কর্ব so that/that/in order that + subject + may/can/might/could + to এর পকরর
অংশ।
Simple: Make haste to make up for the lost time.
Complex: Make haste so that you can make up for the lost time.
Simple: We eat in order to live.
Complex: We eat so that we may live.
2. To-infinitive (phrase) as relative clause:
Simple: I was the first to hear the news.
Complex: I was the first (man) who had heard the news.
Rules: To-infinitive (phrase) েখকনাও েখকনাও Relative clause এর স্থোকভকিক্ত হয়। থেকেকে toএর পকরর্কর্ব relative pronoun–েহ clause
ব্যর্হার েরকর্ হয়।
3. Noun/noun-equivalent+ infinitive:
Rules: relative pronoun + subject+ verb.
Simple: I have no pen to lend you.
Complex: I have no pen that I can lend you.
 Simple: He would have enough money to feed the family.
Complex: He would have enough with which he could feed his family.
Simple: He gave me a pen to write with.
Complex: He gave me a pen with which I could write.
4. Subject + verb + too + adjective/adverb +to-infinitive:
Rules: Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + can/may/could/might+ not + to এর পকরর অংশ।
Simple: The man is too foolish to realize it.
Complex: The man is so foolish that he cannot realize it.
5. Too + adjective/adverb + for + object + to-infinitive:
Rules: এর থেকে subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that +subject + can/may/could/might + not + to এর পকরর অংশ।
Simple: They were too shrewd for me to cope with.
Complex: They were so shrewd that I could not cope with them.
6. In spite of/despite/Notwithstanding/For/With(েকেও):
Rules: Though/although +subject+ finite verb + Principal clause.
Simple: In spite of/Despite/Notwithstanding/For his riches, he is unhappy.
Complex: Although he has riches/is rich, he is unhappy.
7. Because of/due to/owing to/ on account of/for + gerund/noun or For + gerund/noun:
Rules: Because of + gerund/noun or for + gerund/noun simple থে complex As/Since/Because + subject + finite verb.
Simple: The boy failed for his laziness.
Complex: The boy failed because he was lazy.
Simple: Because of his wisdom, we made him our leader.
Complex: As he is wise/ as he has wisdom, we made him our leader
8. Present participle (phrase)/Perfect participle (phrase)/Preposition + participle:
Rules: Present participle (phrase)/Perfect participle (phrase)/Preposition + participle র্কি েময় কনকি বশ েকর র্কর্ এর পকরর্কর্ব When +
subject + finite verb ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: Having heard the news, he became astonished.
Complex: When he had heard the news, he became astonished.
9. At the time of + gerund/noun:
Rules: Present participle (phrase)/Perfect participle (phrase)/Preposition + participle র্কি েময় কনকি বশ েকর র্কর্ এর পকরর্কর্ব
When/While + subject + finite verb ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: At the time of her waking up, it was raining.
Complex: When she woke up, it was raining.
10. Adverbial Phrase:
Rules: Present participle (phrase)/Perfect participle (phrase)/Preposition + participle র্কি েময় কনকি বশ েকর র্কর্ এর
পকরর্কর্ব When/While + subject + finite verb ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: In the morning I left home.
Complex: When it was morning, I left home. Or, When morning came, I left home.
11. Nominative absolute:
Rules: Nominative absolute যুক্ত simple sentenceথে কর্কভন্নভাকর্ complex েরা র্ায়।
Simple: The commander being killed, the soldiers dispersed.
Complex: As/since/when the commander was killed, the soldier dispersed.
Simple: Time permitting, I shall go there.
Complex: If time permits, I shall go there.
Simple: God willing, I shall help.
Complex: If God wills, I shall help you.
12. Being +noun/adjective:
Rules: Being +noun/adjective →Since/as +subject + verb ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: Being honest, how can you say this?
Complex: As you are an honest man, how can you say this?
13. Until/till/ before/after + gerund/noun:
Rules: Until/till/ before/after + clause ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: The girl left the place after her father’s coming here.
Complex: The girl left the place after her father had come here.
Simple: Maisha entered the class after teacher’s starting the lesson.
14. Just after+ gerund/noun:
 Rules: Just after+ gerund/noun ↔ As soon as /no sooner had + subject + Past participle + than + clause.
Simple: Just after reaching there, we started our work.
Complex: As soon as we reached there, we started our work.
Simple: Just after coming to class, she started talking.
Complex: As soon as she came to class, she started talking.
Or, No sooner had she come to class than she started talking.
15. Subject + verb of perception* + object + Present participle:
Rules: Subject + verb of perception + object + Present participle: Object noun, Present participle will be changed into
relative clause. Or, Object Pronominal (me, him, us, them, her, and you etc.) then subject + verb + that clause or, subject +
verb + when+ clause.
Simple: I saw a boy running in the field.
Complex: I saw a boy who was running in the field. Or, I saw a boy when he was running in the
field. Or, I saw a boy when he ran in the field.
Simple: I saw them gossiping.
Complex: I saw that they were gossiping. Or, I saw them when they were gossiping.
Simple: I smelt the meat cooking.
Complex: I smelt that meat was being cooked.
* A verb of perception or perception verb or perceptual verb is a verb which expresses the
experience of our five senses. See, watch, hear, feel, taste, and smell.
16. Noun এর Post-modifier or pre-modifier কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ present participle র্া Past participle:
Rules: Relative clause (Present participle হকে active and past participle হকে passiveহকর্।)
Simple: I lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.
Complex: I lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage.
Simple: The girls playing in the field are my students.
Complex: The girls who are playing in the field are my students.
Simple: The student giving answer in the class is very attentive.
Complex: The student who gives answer in the class is very attentive.
17. Noun এর Post-modifier or pre-modifier কহকেকর্ ব্যর্হৃর্ adjective:
Rules: Adjective clause ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: I saw a lame man.
Complex: I saw a man who was lame.
18. Every + noun + verb:
Rules: There + be verb + no + noun + but + verb. Or, There + be verb + no + noun + Who/which + negative
verb ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: Every mother loves her child.
Complex: There is no mother but loves her child. Or, There is no mother who does not love her
child.
19. োধারণ কর্বৃকর্মূেে simple sentence:
Rules: োধারণ কর্বৃকর্মূেে simple sentence-থে েখকনা েখকনা ‘It’-এর arbitrary ব্যর্হার থিকখকয় complex েরা র্ায়। ‘It’ এর
arbitrary ব্যর্হার র্েকর্ থর্াঝায় থর্কোকনা gender, person, number এর থেকে emphasis থর্াঝাকর্ ‘It’–এর ব্যর্হারকে।
Simple: You have done the work.
Complex: It is you who have done the work.
Simple: You cannot live on bread only.
Complex: It is only bread that you cannot live on.
Simple: He was stopped in the middle of his speech.
Complex: It was in the middle of his speech that he was stopped.
20. Subject + verb + noun phrase:
Simple: His silence proves his guilt.
Complex: His silence proves that he is guilty. (Subject + verb + that clause)
Simple: He asked me my name.
Complex: He asked me what my name was. (Subject + verb + what clause)
Simple: I know his birthplace.
Complex: I know where he was born. (Subject + verb + Where clause)
Simple: Can you tell me the process of doing the sum?
Complex: Can you tell me how I should/can do the sum? (S +V + how clause)
Simple: He informed me of the reason of his doing this.
 Complex: He informed me why he had done this. (S+ v + Why clause)
21. Adverb:
Simple: Unfortunately he failed.
Complex: It was unfortunate that he failed.
Rules: It + be verb + adjective/ (with + noun/noun phrase.)
Simple: Luckily she passed the exam.
Complex: It was her luck that she passed the exam.
Simple: He left the place silently.
Complex: It was with silence that he left the place.
Simple: I faced the problem bravely.
Complex: It was with bravery that I faced the problem.
22. Subject + transitive verb + noun/pronoun + linker+ to-infinitive:
Simple: I showed them how to do it.
Complex: I showed them how they should do it.
Rules: Subject + transitive verb + noun/pronoun + WH clause ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
Simple: I don’t know when to start.
Complex: I don’t know when I should start.
Simple: He knew where to go.
Complex: He knew where he should had gone.
23. Subject + want/expect/urge/like/wish/advise/request/beg/order + indirect object + infinitive:
Simple: He likes his wife to dress colourfully.
Complex: He likes that his wife should dress colourfully.
Rules: Subject + want/expect/urge/like/wish/advise/request/beg/order + indirect object + infinitive ↔
Subject + want/expect + that clause ব্যর্হার েকর complex এ পকরণর্ েরা র্ায়।
24. By + gerund:
Simple: By speaking the truth, you will be respected by all.
Complex: If you speak the truth, you will be respected by all.
Simple: By working hard, he prospered in life.
Complex: As/since he worked hard, he prospered in life.
Compound to simple:
1. ‘and’ + same subject + main verb:
Compound: I closed the door and went to work.
Simple: Closing the door, I went to work.
Rules: পর পর োজ েরা বুঝাকে, প্রেম clause টিকে participle phrase + first subject + second clause. Comma instead of
and.
2. ‘and’ + different subject:
Compound: The sun had set and we returned home.
Simple: The sun having set, we returned home.
Rules: sub + verb non-finite (Present, perfect, past participle) + comma+ second clause.
3. ‘and’/So/and so + োরণ িশবাকেেঃ
Compound: It was the hottest part of the year and I felt terrible situation.
Simple: I felt terrible situation because of its being hottest part of the year.
Rules: Because of + (possessive) +gerund/noun. [So, also takes same rule]
4. (Very) + adjective/adverb +and/so + negative clause:
Compound: I was very young and had not learned to say ‘no’ to a woman. (Negative)
Simple: I was too young to have learned to say ‘no’ to a woman.
Compound: The boy is very intelligent, so he can understand his lesson. (Positive)
Simple: The boy is intelligent enough to understand his lesson.
Rules: Too + adjective/adverb/ + infinitive:
Compound: The sum was very hard and I could not do it.
Simple: The sum was too hard for me to do. (Different subject: for + object and last object omitted)
5. ‘and’/ ‘and so’ + desire/want +infinitive:
Compound: The man ran fast and wanted to catch the train.
Simple: The man ran fast in order to catch the train.
st
Rules: 1 clause + to/in order to + the rest sentence.
6. “For”:
 Compound: He was elected captain of the team, for he was cool-headed.
Simple: He was elected captain of the team because of his cool-head/for his cool-head/because of his being cool-
headed.
Rules: Because of + possessive + gerund/noun or for + gerund/noun.
7. Or/otherwise + imperative:
Compound: Be punctual, otherwise you will not be praised.
Simple: Without being punctual, you will not be praised
Rules: Without + gerund.
8. ‘And’ + imperative:
Compound: Do and die.
Simple: In case of your doing, you will die. Or: By doing you will die.
Rules: in case of + possessive +gerund/noun. Or: By + gerund.
9. But/ yet:
Compound: Corona virus is difficult to explain but it exists.
Simple: Despite its being difficult to explain, it exists. Or, in spite of difficulty to explain, it exists.
Compound: The man is poor but honest.
Simple: In spite of being poor, the man is honest. Or, In spite of his poverty, the man is honest. Or,
In spite of poverty, the man is honest.
Rules: In spite of/despite + gerund/noun.
10. Not only ….. but also:
Compound: He not only gave me advice but also helped me in my work.
Simple: Besides giving me advice, he helped me in my work.
Rules: Besides + verb +ing + subject + the rest sentences. Or, both and.
Compound: The boy is not only intelligent but also active.
Simple: Besides being intelligent, the boy is active. Or, The boy is both intelligent and active.
Compound: They not only punished the boy but also fined him.
Simple: Besides punishing the boy they fined him.
 Simple to Compound:
1. Verb + ing/Being:
Simple: The class being over, we went back home.
Compound: The class was over and we went back home.
Rules: Nominative absolute Participle Phrase: Two clause + and/so/and so.
Simple: Hearing the noise, he woke up.
Compound: He heard the noise and woke up.
Simple: Having forgotten him, I went outside the cabin.
Compound: I had forgotten him and went outside the cabin.
Simple: The water being cold, I could not drink it.
Compound: The water was cold and so I could not drink it.
2. Too +adjective/adverb + to + verb:
Simple: She was too late to catch the class.
Compound: She was very late, so she could not catch the class.
Rules: Very+ adjective/adverb+ and + (sub) +can/could not.
Simple: He is too weak to walk fast.
Compound: He is very weak, so he cannot walk fast.
Simple: I am too tired to move.
Compound: I am very tired, so I cannot move.
3. Perfect Participle:
Simple: Having eaten rice, I went to bed.
Compound: I had eaten rice and went to bed.
Rules: Subject + had + verb p.p. + …. And/hence/and then/therefore + 2nd clause.
Simple: Having done the work, I went home.
Compound: I had done the work and went home.
Simple: The sun having set, we started for home.
Compound: The sun had set, hence we started for home.
4. In spite of /despite/ notwithstanding + gerund/noun. Or, For/With +noun:
Simple: In spite of being poor, he is happy.
 Compound: He is poor but happy.
Rules: Subject + verb …. But/yet + (sub) + verb + …
Simple: In spite of running fast, he could not catch the train.
Compound: He ran fast but could not catch the train.
Simple: In spite of his sincerity, he could not succeed.
Compound: He was sincere but could not succeed.
Simple: Despite his poverty, he is not unhappy.
Compound: He is poor but/yet not unhappy.
Simple: Notwithstanding his efforts he failed.
Compound: He made efforts but failed.
5. To-infinitive:/In order to:
Simple: He went to market in order to buy a book.
Compound: He went to market and bought a book. Or, He wanted to buy book and so he went
market.
Rules: Subject+ want to/wanted to + verb base form + and (so) +subject + verb. Or, Sub + verb + … and
(so) + verb + ……. If imperative 1st clause imperative and 2nd clause future.
Simple: I went there to see my friend.
Compound: I wanted to see my friend, and so I went there. Or, I went there and saw my friend.
Simple: Do it in order to be happy.
Compound: Do it and you will be happy.
Simple: Work hard in order to succeed in life.
Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.
6. To + preposition:
Simple: To his misfortune he lost all his money.
Compound: He lost all his money and it was his misfortune.
Rules: Sub + verb + extension + and clause (phrase)
Simple: To my surprise the dumb boy began to talk.
Compound: The dumb boy began to talk and it gave me surprise. Or, The dumb boy began to talk
and I was surprised at it. Or, The dumb boy began to talk and it was surprising to me.
7. To- Infinitive (Result Or Effect):
Simple: I am glad to learn your result.
Compound: I have learnt your result and I am glad.
Rules: Infinitive will be finite verb. Sub + verb (infinitive) + extension + and + next clause.
Simple: I was happy to see my friend.
Compound: I had seen my friend and I was happy.
8. To- adverb/adverbial phrase:
Simple: He ran away to escape arrest.
Compound: He ran away and thus escaped arrest.
Rules: To- adverb/adverbial phrase –থে Independent clause গেকনর মাধ্যকম Compound েরা র্ায়।
Simple: You must walk very fast to catch the train.
Compound: You must walk very fast, or you will miss the train.
Simple: To avoid punishment, you must do your homework.
Compound: Either you do your homework, or you shall be punished.
9. Because of +(Possessive) + gerund/noun or for + noun:
Simple: Because of his being ill, he cannot move.
Compound: He is ill, so he cannot move.
Rules: Because of to ing omitted + sub (Possessive) + finite verb (ing form) + and/and so/therefore/hence+
2nd clause.
Simple: Because of their playing well, they won the match.
Compound: They played well, so they won the match.
Simple: Because of Illness, I could not attend school.
Compound: I was ill and so I could not attend school.
10. Besides + gerund/noun:
Simple: Besides giving me advice, he helped me with money.
Compound: He not only gave me advice but also helped me with money.
Rules: Not only ….but also.
11. By + gerund + future:
Simple: By working all day, you will/can finish the job.
Compound: Work all day and finish the job. Or, Work all day and you will/can finish the job.
Rules: Compound imperative: By omitted + verb(ing form) +and + 2nd clause.
Simple: By working hard, he prospered in life.
Compound: He worked hard and prospered in life.
Simple: By drawing picture, Nobonita earned much money.
Compound: Nobonita drew picture and she earned much money.
12. At, in, on + Adverb of place/adverb of time:
Simple: I was in Cox’s Bazar in winter.
Compound: It was winter and I was in Cox’s Bazar
Rules: It + verb + time + and + Subject+ verb+ in/on/at +place.
13. At the time of or in the moment of + verb + ing:
Simple: At the time of raining, I was at home.
Compound: It was raining and I was at home.
Rules: It + be verb + verb + ing +and + Finite verb’s clause.
Simple: I am sure of his success.
Compound. He will succeed and I am sure of it.
Simple: I did not know the reason of its disturbing me.
Compound. It disturbed me but I did not know its reason.
Simple: Try to pass.
Compound. Try and pass.
Simple: Go there to see.
Compound. Go there and see.
Simple: I am certain of suspending assignment activities.
Compound: Government will suspend assignment activities and I am certain of it.
 Compound ↔ Complex:
1. And, So/ and so (1st clause refers the result of 2nd clause):
Compound: He was ill, so he did not go to school.
Complex: As he was ill, he did not go to school. Or, he did not go to school because he was ill.
Rules: Since/as/because + comma + 2nd clause. If, in the middle as/since/because is used then no comma is
used.
Compound: The girl had much experience so she got the job.
Complex: The girl got the job as she had much experience.
2. ‘And’ প্রেম অংশ েময় কনকি বশ েরকেেঃ
Compound: Dalia reached home and it started raining.
Complex: When Dalia reached home, it started raining.
Rules: When/while/as soon as. (প্রেমটি হওয়ার পরই কির্ীয়টি হকয়কিে বুঝাকে)
Compound: The sun rose and the fog dispersed. Complex: As soon as the sun rose, the fog dispersed.
Compound: The sun had set and we returned home. Complex: When the sun had set, we returned home.
3. ‘And’ + Imperative:
Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life. Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.
Rules: If + you+ comma+ 2nd clause.
Compound: Respect your friends and they will respect you. Complex: If you respect your friends, they will respect you.
4. ‘And’ + Noun/Pronoun:
Compound: I had killed the bird and it made the wind blow. Complex: I had killed the bird that made the wind blow.
Rules: Relative pronoun for that noun or pronoun.
5. “And’ + Pronoun (It/this):
Compound: He will succeed and I am sure about it. Complex: I am sure that he will succeed.
Rules: Sub + verb + Necessary word/words + that + 1st clause.
6. But/yet:
Compound: He worked hard yet he could not succeed in life.
Complex: Although he worked hard, he could not succeed in life.
Rules: Though/although + comma + 2nd clause.
7. Or/ Otherwise:
Compound: Work hard or/otherwise you cannot succeed in life.
 Complex: If you do not work hard, you cannot succeed in life.
Rules: If you do not/unless+ comma+ 2nd clause.
Compound: Follow me or you will lose your way. Complex: If you do not follow me, you will lose your way.
8. For:
Compound: I punished the boy, for he stole a watch. Complex: I punished the boy because he stole a watch.
Rules: Because + clause.
9. So/and so+ next clause negative:
Compound: Mina was very lazy and so she could not succeed in life.
Complex: Mina was so lazy that she could not succeed in life.
Rules: So (very/great); that (and) [All remains unchanged]
10. So/and so + Affirmative:
Compound: The boy read attentively, so he passed the examination.
Complex: The boy passed the examination because he read attentively.
Rules: As/since/because.
11. ‘It’ (Time):
Compound: It was winter and I was in Sylhet. Complex: When it was winter, I was in Sylhet.
Rules: When + 1st clause + comma + 2nd clause.
 Complex↔ Compound:
1. As/Since/when/Because:
Complex: Since the weather was bad, we did not go outside. Compound: The weather was bad, so we did not go outside.
Rules: As/Since/when/Because omitted + and/so/and so/hence/therefore/for + main clause.
2. If + negative/Unless:
Complex: If you do not move, you will die. Compound: Move or you will die. / Move or die.
Rules: If you do not omitted + Or/otherwise + main clause.
3. If + affirmative:
Complex: If you read more, you will know more. Compound: Read more and you will learn more.
Rules: if + you omitted + and + 2nd clause.
Complex: If you read attentively, you will pass. Compound: Read attentively and pass.
4. If + past indefinite …..+would/could + verb +.....:
Complex: If he worked hard, he would be succeeded. Compound: He did not work hard and so could not succeed.
Rules: and/ and so
5. If + 1st person/3rd person:
Complex: If I rise early, I will have enough time to study. Compound: Let me rise early and I will have enough time to study.
Rules: Let (if) + subject changes into object + and + main clause.
6. If + হওয়া, োো, েরােঃ
Complex: If he is at home, I shall see him. Compound: He may be at home, and in that case, I shall see him.
Rules: If omitted + may/might + and in that case + main clause.
7. Although/though:
Complex: Though the man tried hard, he could not succeed. Compound: The man tried hard but (he) could not succeed.
Rules: Though/although omitted + 1st clause + but + main clause.
8. So that/ in order that/that + subject + may/might/can/could:
Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.
Compound: He wanted to prosper in life and so he worked hard.
Rules: subject + want to/wanted to + may/might/can/could omitted + and/and so + 1st clause.
9. Conjunction ‘That’ (Noun clause):
Complex: Everybody knows that he is honest. Compound: He is honest and everybody knows it.
Rules: That এর পকরর clause+ and + 1st clause + it/this.
10. . Relative Pronoun:
Complex: I saw a boy who was lame. Compound: I saw a boy and he was lame.
Rules: 1st clause + and (Who, which, that) + object of 1st clause + 2nd clause.
Complex: I had killed the bird which made the winds blow. Compound: I had killed the bird and it made the winds blow
Complex: The man bought a pen which was lost.
Compound: The man bought a pen and it was lost. (Subject same না হকে it)

Madhusudan Das
B.A (Honors) English; M.A(Double), ELT & ELL; [Link].