PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the

Department of Pharmacy
Aryabhatta Knowledge University,
Gyan Parisar, Mithapur,
Patna - 800 001 (Bihar)
India
Email: info@[Link]
Website: [Link]
Contact No : 0612-2351919

Under the subject of Practice School for the

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR
OF
PHARMACY
(2021-25)

Name
Reg. No. – ....................
(4th Year / 8th Semester)

Under the Supervision of

Mr.....................................
Assistant Professor

Department of Pharmacy
RAM SHARAN ROY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Panapur Makkanpur, Jandaha, Vaishali (844505).
 CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Toothpaste
Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one’s mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g.
bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning between the teeth. It is
important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease
and bad breath. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay (cavities, dental caries)
and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis. General guidelines suggest brushing twice a
day: after breakfast and before going to bed, but ideally the mouth would be cleaned after every meal.
Cleaning between the teeth is called interdental cleaning and is as important as tooth brushing(1) .

1.1.1 Herbal Tooth Paste

Herbal tooth paste contains medicinal plants extract which provide strong antibacterial and antifungal
properties. This helps in control of plaque and tarter build up, thereby making the gum & teeth healthy
and strong, thus reducing the incidence of cavity and tooth decay. This toothpaste can cure various
diseases of teeth like Gingivitis, tooth decay cavity, gum bleeding, bad breath and dental-caries. It also
Provides Gingival protection to prevent gum swelling. It is ayurvedic toothpaste that is totally natural
and herbal. This toothpaste is best for the ones with sensitive teeth as it doesn’t contain artificial
flavours, gelatine or chalk powder. The herbal ingredients are easily soluble in saliva and the natural
freshness gives a soothing effect in the mouth.(2)

1.1.2 Benefits of Herbal Toothpaste

 By using a herbal toothpaste option, you don’t have to worry about any potentially harmful
ingredients getting into our body.

 Natural toothpaste is free of dyes that can potentially cause behavioral issues. This is particularly
important for children with delicate nervous symptoms.

 It’s less abrasive than mainstream toothpaste, which can actually cause your gums to prematurely
recede.

 It’s more sustainable to produce. By opting for natural and renewable ingredients, you’reopting for
a more people and earth-friendly product.

 Cheap and easily available.

 Keep mouth fresh and clean. (3)

2
  In this herbal toothpaste we have used Neem, Clove, Peppermint and Guava:

1.2 Neem:
1.2.1 Synonyms: Margosa, Nimetree
1.2.2 Biological source: Fresh and dried leaves and seed oil of Azadirachta Indica A. JUSS.
1.2.3 Family: MELIACEAE
Neem, it is a large green tree, 12 to 18 meter in height and 1.8 to 2.4 meter in girth forming broad
crown commonly found throughout the greater part of India. Almost every part of the tree is bitter
and finds application in indigenous medicine. Neem extract has been reported to have anti-diabetic,
antibacterial and antiviral activity. The stem and rootbranches are reported to have astringent, tonic
and anti-pruritic activity. (4)

Fig : 1.1

1.2.4 Geographical distribution of neem

Two species of Azadirachta have been reported, Azadirachta indica A. Juss – native to Indian
subcontinent and Azadirachtaexcelsa Jack. – confined to Philippines and Indonesia. The former grows
as a wild tree in India, Bangladesh, Burma, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
Presently neem trees can be seen growing successfully in about 72 countries worldwide in Asia, Africa,
Australia, North, Central and South America.

1.2.5 DESCRIPTION

Neem trees are attractive broad-leaved evergreens that can grow up to 30 m tall and 2.5 m in
girth. Their spreading branches form rounded crowns as much as 20 m across. They remain
in leaf except during extreme drought, when the leaves may fall off. The short, usually
straight trunk has a moderately thick, strongly furrowed bark. The roots penetrate the soil
deeply, at least where the site permits, and, particularly when injured, they produce suckers.
This suckering tends to be especially prolific in dry localities. (5)

3
[Link] Neem leaves:
Leaves are 20-40cm long. Color – dark green, Odour – typical, Taste –bitter, Shape –
lanceonate.

fig:1.2

[Link] Neem bark:

It is thick hard “woody” and entire portion is fairly externally dark brown Bark varies
in thickness according to age and place from where it is taken. Odour – characteristic,
Taste – bitter.

Fig:1.3

[Link] Neem fruit:

Neem fruit is smooth, olive like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to
nearly roundish. The fruit skin is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp is yellowish-white and
very fibrous.

Fig:1.4

4
 [Link] Neem twigs:
Twigs are 15-20 cm long. Color – greenish brown, Odour – Characteristics, Taste –bitter.

Fig: 1.5

All parts of neem tree – leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots, bark and twigs have been used
traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental
[Link] extract is used in soap, shampoo, balms and creams as well as toothpaste.
Small branches of neem used as toothbrush., and in a similar vein is used for measles
Practitioners of traditional Indian medicine recommend that patients suffering from chicken
pox sleep on neem leaves.

1.2.7 Medicinal uses of neem:

 Neem leaf paste applied to the skin to treat acne and chicken pox sufferers.

 Neem has antibacterial properties that helps reverse gum and mouth diseases including
gingivitis.

 Neem leaves have antifungal, antiseptic, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory

activity.

 Neem leaves also have the ability to reduce the number of Streptococcus mutans, a
common plaque forming bacteriafound in oral cavity.

5
 1 . 3 CLOVE:-
1.3.1 synonyms: ding xiang (Mandarin Chinese),
laung (Hindi), clavo (Spanish), clou de girofle
(French), chiodo di garofano (Italian), qurnafl
(Arabic), and nelke (German)

1.3.2 Biological Source: Cloves consist of dried

flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus,

1.3.3 Family: Myrtaceae)

1.3.4 Geographical distribution: In India, clove is

mostly grown in the hilly tracts of Tamil Nadu,
Kerala and Karnataka

 Clove is a plant grown in parts of Asia and south

America. People use the oils, dried flower buds,
leaves, and stem to make medicine.

FIG:1.6

1.3.5 Description :
Bright reddish brown to dark show the following.
 HYPANTHIUM (elongated part lower part): it is solid cylindrical 4-sided,showing a central
zone called columella surrounded by dark lacunous layer.

 CALYX: 4 thick divergent, triangular sepals.

 COROLLA (spherical head ):4 rounded, unexpanded, from dome-shaped petals

alternated with the sepals, enclosing numerous stamens.
 STAMENS : indefinite,curved inwards ,the filaments are united in 4groups (i.e.
tetradelphous).

 GYNAECUIM: consist of a stiff slender style and two –called bilocular inferior
ovary with numerous ovules attached to axial placenta.

6
1.3.5 Medicinal uses of clove:-
Clove oil – The fluid extracted from cloves are rich in a chemical compound called
Eugenol. This is rich in anesthetic, and antibacterial properties. Thus the Eugenol provides
effective relief from pain in the oral regions.

Clove oil is effective in soothing the throbbing nerves in gums and alleviate gum
infections, gum diseases like Periodontitis, etc. Dentists also recommend clove oil as a
natural remedy for periodontal diseases.

[Link] Highly efficient in killing bacteria :

The antimicrobial properties and compounds present in cloves are powerful to avert the
growth of microorganisms inside our mouth. Cloves have the potent to execute Escherichia
coli ([Link]) which is responsible for gum diseases, peri-implantitis and other harmful oral
diseases. Dental Health Specialists recommend rinsing the mouth with clove oil every day
will strengthen the gums and remove plaque build-up over the gum surfaces.

[Link] Protect bone health :

Magnesium is the mineral which helps in bone development and enhances the bone
volume. The Eugenol and manganese present in the cloves safeguard the bones. As cloves
are rich in both these compounds, the spicy ingredient takes care of the bone development
and feeds the required nutrients to strengthen the bone. When you fix implant teeth, a new
bone needs to be developed around the implant. This process is known as Osseointegration.
Cloves are competent to aid the process of bone formation.

[Link] Remove the teeth stains:

Brushing with grounded cloves or applying clove oil over the teeth removes the stains and
other microbial agents adhered over the teeth. Besides removing the stains, cloves are
efficient in eliminating the sticky substances on the teeth which are responsible for cavities

[Link] Reduce Inflammation :

Gum and tooth inflammation is a common problem. Luckily, natural remedies like clove
can aid in reducing inflammation. According to research the active compounds in cloves
have a variety of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesicelements that can
effectively reduce inflammation caused by gum disease, toothaches, and other dental
problems.

7
 1.4 Peppermint:

1.4.1 Synonym: Brandy Mint.

1.4.2 Biological source:

It is the oil obtained by the distillation of Mentha
piperita,

1.4.3 Family: Labiatae.

1.4.4 Geographical distribution: it is mainly found in
Europe,United states ,and also in damp placesof
England. Seventy-five per cent of the crop is grown
in Uttar Pradesh, 15% in Madhya Pradesh and Bihar,
5% in Uttarakhand and the remaining 5% in Punjab and Haryana. Fig:1.7

1.4.5 Description
Peppermint has a strong sweetish odour and a warm pungent taste with a cooling
aftertaste. The leaves are typically used fresh as a culinary herb, and the flowers are
dried and used to flavour candy, desserts, beverages, salads, and other foods. Its
essential oil is also widely used as a flavouring

1.4.6 Medicinal uses of peppermint :

 Its natural anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties help curb the growth of
bacteriain the mouth, further preventing infections.
 It is an amazing treatment for post tooth-extraction. It helps prevent the swelling
inconnective tissues and reduces bleeding too.
 The presence of potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and phosphorus in mint leaves
isessential for maintenance and formation of bone-density in tooth and jaw.
 The vitamins and minerals work together to fortify enamel and ensure strengthening
teethand gums.
 It acts as an alkaline food that contradicts the effects of the acidic environment that
isresponsible for gum diseases and tooth decay.

8
1.5 GUAVA:
1.5.1 Synonymns: guava bush
1.5.2 Biological source : Psidium guajava)

1.5.3 Family: Myrtaceae

Fig: 1.8

1.5.4 Geographical distribution:

It is believed to be introduced in to India during early 17th century. In A.P it is commercially
grown in Telengana, North coastal districts and Ananthapur in Rayalaseema.

Guava is valued for its delectable taste and aroma. Guava can be considered as the ‘apple
of the tropics’ for its high vitamin C and mineral content. It is native to tropical America
where it occurs wild. Early Spanish and Portuguese colonizers brought it to New World,
the East Indies and Guam. It was soon adopted as a crop in Asia and in warm parts of
Africa and is now widely grown all over the tropics and subtropics. As a cheap nutritious
fruit with a wide adaptability to diverse climatic and soil conditions, guava is an ideal crop
to grow in developing countries.
1.5.5 Description:
The guava tree can easily be recognizable for its smooth, thin, brown barkthat flakes off,
exposing a greenish layer underneath. The tree can reach 33 ft (10 m) high, with a trunk of
10 in (25 cm) in diameter and spreading branches. The leaves are evergreen, oval or

9
 oblong, has a short petiole, leathery, aromatic when crushed, and 2.75-6 in (7-15 cm) long
and 1-2 in (3-5 cm) wide. The white flower is subtly fragrant, borne individually or in
small clusters in the leaf axils, has 4 or 5 white petals, and a tuft of white stamens tipped
withyellow anthers.

Fig: 1.9

1.5.6 Medicinal uses of guava

 Guava leaves are used in folk medicine as a remedy for diarrhea and diabetes.
 Tea made from young leaves is also believed to relieve dysentery and fever.
 Guava leaves can be used as astringent baths for treating wounds, sores and skin ulcers.
 The high presence of tannins give to Guava antidiarrheal, antibacterial, antioxidant,
antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anemic, hemostatic and sedative properties.

10
 CHAPTER:2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 [Link] et al.,(2022)1, The aim of this research was to formulate herbal toothpaste
utilizing herbal powder of Neem leaves, Tulsi leaves, Ginger, Clove. It is important that
oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease and
bad breath. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay (cavities, dental
caries) and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis. General guidelines
suggest brushing twice a day. The formulated tooth paste complied the requirements of
all evaluation tests and was found suitable for the teeth and oral hygiene.

 K. Anil et al.,(2022)2, Has conduct the study to determine if commercially available

mouthwashes are capable of performing the advertised elimination of oral bacteria. The
oral cavity is the home of various bacterial species. All through some of the oral bacteria
are harmless and there are certain species that are harmful which may causes oral plaque,
bad breath and mouth disease Herbal mouthwashes are in excessive demand, because
they act on oral pathogens and relieve the pain instantly and are also less side-effective.
Chemical mouthwashes have hydrogen peroxide a chlorine dioxide, and cetyl pyridinium
chloride, as an immediate whitener, sterilizer and pain reliever of teeth, but they tend to
produce discoloration of teeth and may produce side effect, mean while they are cost
effective. Besides we can be rest assured and take comfort in the fact that there aren't
any unhealthy ingredients present in this preparation

 Parveen. A et al.,(2021)3, The present study was envisioned to develop Sunoon Zard a
traditional Unani toothpowder into toothpaste form along with its physicochemical
standardization and evaluation of anti microbial activity against oral pathogens by in
vitro study. In recent years, people became more conscious about the side-effects of
fluoride and totally chemical based toothpastes, therefore a growing resurgence towards
the demand of herbal toothpaste of being a safe and natural product. The developed
toothpaste from the ingredients of Sanoon Zard tooth powder will provide the better
compliance to the patients. While the significant effect of the toothpaste against dental
pathogens offers a scientific basis to validate the traditional knowledge.

 M. Dhara et al.,(2020)4, Shelf life was the period during which the potency (Virya) of a
drug remains unaffected due to environmental factors or from microbial contamination.
Considering the growing popularity of Ayurveda products, it becomes important to
maintain the quality of all such products. Shelf life is one of the essential components
under quality and needs to be evaluated for all products. One of the some
misinterpretations among the common public about Ayurveda medicines is that Ayurveda
medicines last lifetime and they have no expiry date; this is not always true. Ayurveda
medicines also lose potency gradually with time. There are many categories of
formulations. This higher stability is may be due to the use of Ghana preparation of herbal
11
 drugs. The present study is a preliminary study and further investigations are essential to
ascertain actual cause behind the longer shelf life.

 L. Isabelle et al.,(2020)5, There was increasing public interest in natural or herbal-based

healthcare products. This trend is not only visible in supermarkets and dental practices,
but also in the scientific world. An improving number of clinical trials are being conducted
to validate the claims made about these products in regards to periodontal health. Oral
hygiene is the practice of keeping one’s mouth clean and free of disease and other
problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning
between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to
enable prevention of dental disease and bad breath. The herbal toothpaste is an
emphasizing and more acceptable in dental research and they are safer with minimum
side effects than synthetic preparation. The formulated tooth paste complied the
requirements of all evaluation tests and was found suitable for the teeth and oral hygiene.

 J. Danish et al.,(2020)6, Despite the existence of a large number of trials employing

ayurvedic and herbal dentifrices to reduce plaque in gingivitis, the findings are
inconsistent. Therefore, we assess the overall effect of ayurvedic and herbal dentifrices
in gingivitis on dental plaque index, gingival index and bacterial colony counts of debris.
Gingivitis is one of the most common oral health problems, and it can lead to more serious
issues with teeth and other oral cavity structures. Plaque is caused by poor dental hygiene
in the majority of the population. Plaque control is strongly suggested, and it has also
been established as a method of treating gingivitis. That ayurvedic formulations as
dentifrices are quite effective.

 B. Sachin et al.,(2020)7, The aim of the present research was to formulate the herbal
tooth powder for prevention of oral diseases. Consumers believed by using herbal-based
diseases like toothpowders are safe, effective, and less toxic. Tooth powder promotes
oral hygiene, serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from
the teeth and also helps to prevents tooth and gum Gingivitis, cavity and stained teeth.
The formulated tooth powder capable to the tooth and oral hygiene and show the anti-
microbial activity against pathogens. The formulated herbal tooth powder has been good
scope in future in nature remedies research and dental health of public.

 D. Sanjay et al.,(2018)8, The main object of the present research was to provide a
formulation useful as natural herbal tooth paste which obviates the drawbacks of the
earlier tooth pastes. And its to provide a good tooth paste which can give effective
protection to teeth and free them from any toxicity or toxic residue and irritation when
regularly used.. Brightening the teeth by removing stains would be a prerequisite of the
formulation. Toothpaste is a common product in our families and people hardly care to
know about the product which ‘they are using. A study effort has been made for preparing
new polyherbal toothpaste by combining the different fruit peel extracts against organism
causing dental caries and infection. For the present study apple, lemon, orange ajwain,
11
 and clove were subjected for the antimicrobial activity.

 N. Batool Sadeghi et al.,(2018)9, Herbal toothpastes are more secure and efficacious and
less poisonous due to containing natural chemicals as compared with the synthetic
toothpastes. The present study aimed to formulate a polyherbal toothpaste using
accessible medicinal plants in Iran and evaluate its efficiency in the protection of oral
hygiene and prevention of dental caries. One of the most common chronic oral infections
in the world is dental caries. Oral pathogenic microorganisms have been the cause of
dental plaques, dental caries, as well as gingival and periodontal diseases . Streptococcus
mutans is one of the main opportunistic pathogens of dental caries, which is responsible
for the formation of dental plaque and caries. The formulated toothpaste showed potent
inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans. Therefore, more
studies are required to accurately investigate the efficacy of the formulated toothpaste.

 Y. Bhagyasri et al.,(2017)10, This study was aimed to formulate and evaluate new
polyherbal toothpaste for antibacterial activity. In the present study, we are prepared two
different formulations for making toothpaste. Toothpaste is a dentifrice used to clean,
maintain and improve the health of teeth. Toothpaste is mainly used to promote oral
cleanliness and also acts as an abrasive that helps to prevent the dental plaque and food
particles from the teeth, aids in the removing and/or veiling of halitosis, and releases
active ingredients such as fluoride to aid in preventing tooth and gum disease (eg.
Gingivitis). Eventually Herbal toothpastes having an emphasized role in the maintaining
the oral hygienic nature as well as preventing dental caries.

 S. Mahendran et al.,(2016)11, : The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate
polyherbal toothpaste using commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia in order to
treat oral problems. Herbal medicines are referred to the use any part of the plants for
healing and treating diseases purposes. Herbal medicines have been used widely
throughout human history and according to World Health Organization (WHO) about 80%
of the human population used herbal medicine for primary healthcare. s. The extract
showed promising antimicrobial effects against both grams positive and gram negative
organisms. The formulated toothpaste may be safer compared to fully synthetic
toothpaste. Further studies are warranted to prove safety and efficacy of the formulated
toothpaste.

 Dr. Agarwal. S.S et al.,(2014)12, The aim of the study was to formulate and develop
polyherbal toothpaste formulation and then evaluating its antimicrobial activity. Dental
caries is an infectious microbial disease that results in localized dissolution and
destruction of the calcified tissues of the teeth . The untreated condition may lead to pain,
tooth loss, infection and finally death in severe cases. Today, caries remains one of the
most common diseases throughout the world. Streptococcus mutans is known as the
13
 causative bacteria in the formation of dental plaque and dental caries. The results of the
study also support the traditional application of the plant and suggest that plant extracts
possess compounds with antimicrobial properties that can be used as antimicrobial
agents.

 Khaman. S et al.,(2013)13, The present paper was a survey in the field of herbal
disinfectants, their formulations and evaluation. Infections are increasing alarmingly and
have emerged as a critical issue in hospital care outcome. Opportunistic microorganisms
primarily cause nosocomial infections; and multidrug-resistant pathogens are commonly
involved in infections and are difficult to treat . The transfer of bacteria from the hands
to food, objects, or people plays an important role in the spread of diseases . The hands
of health care workers are the primary mode of transmission of these multidrug-resistant
pathogens and infections to patients. Oral health when neglected, results in different
types of oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal diseases. The main causes of oral
diseases are infections, food habits and life style.

14
 CHAPTER: 3

AIM & OBJECTIVE

After studying various research articles it was concluded that neem, peppermint, clove and
guava is the most versatile plant and it can be used for medicinal purposes. The information
gathered from the various research works, scientificallyproves that Polyherbal toothpaste
could be selected as natural antimicrobial toothpaste for the prevention of carries & their
associated microorganisms, with appropriate tooth brushing. It is the simplest way to gain
good oral and dental health. Polyherbal toothpaste has better profile in terms of low cost
of reagent, ease of production and availability of ingredients.

3.1 AIM: The aim of current project work was to “Formulate of the Polyherbal
Toothpaste by using Dry Gum Method and its Evaluate it ”.

3.2 Objective:
1. To improve safety and efficacy of toothpaste.
2. To maintain the oral health in natural way.
3. To minimize the side effects caused due to synthetic formulation.
3.3 Plan of work:

 Collection of crude material

 Preparation of powder
 extraction
 Formulation of Polyherbal toothpaste
 Evaluation of Polyherbal toothpaste
 Physical examination
 Inertness of tube
 pH
 Homogeneity
 Determination of sharp edge and abrasive particle
 Foamability
 Determination of moisture and volatile matter
 Spreadability
 Viscosity
 Stability testing

15
 CHAPTER: 4
MATERIALS AND METHOD

4.1 Collection of crude material:

Tender leaves of neem and guava were collected from herbal garden of “Global Research
Institute of Pharmacy, Nachraun, Radaur”.The clove and peppermint were collected from the
local market of Radaur.

4.2 Preparation of powder from crude material:

The Neem leave, Guava leave, Clove and Peppermint leave were dried at room temperature and
coarsely powdered by using domestic mixer. Fine powder was obtained by sifting through the
sieve. (88)

Fig:4.1

Fig:4.2
15
 4.2 Extraction of herbal powder via soxhlet apparatus:
The soxhlet apparatus is a widely used method for the extraction of natural products from plant
material. It is particularly useful when the compound of interest is present in low
concentrations and needs to be concentrated.

4.2.1 Extraction process:

 The crude drug was placed in the extraction chamber within a cellulose thimble

 The solvent in the extraction flask was heated ,causing it to vaporize and rise through the
siphon tube .

 The vaporized solvent passes through the extraction chamber, where it extract the targeted
compounds from the crude drug .

 As the solvent vapours cooled in the condenser, it condenses back into liquid from and drips
back into the extraction flask due to the siphon action

 The continuous cycling of vaporization, condensation, and dripping ensures efficient extraction
 The extracted compounds become concentrated in the extraction flask over multiple cycles .

 The process continues until the extracted compounds reached a desired concentration level.

Fig: 4.3
16
4.3 Base used for the formulation of polyherbal toothpaste:
4.3.1 Calcium carbonate:
It is a fine, white, odourless microcrystalline powder, practically insoluble in water. This abrasive
has been used for a very long time. Its abrasiveness is generally higher than that of calcium
phosphate. Abrasives are the substances that are used for abrading, grinding or polishing. They
remove substances adhering to the surface of the teeth without scratching it and bring out their
natural luster.(23)

4.3.2 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS):

A mixture of sodium alkyl sulphates, mainly of sodium dodecyl sulphate. It is a white or pale
powder or crystals with a slight characteristic odour. Freely soluble in water & partly yellow
soluble in alcohol. It has antimicrobial activity due to its ability to interfere with membranes
and a variety of biologic processes in microorganisms. It is used as a foaming agent. The
functions of foaming agents are to disperse the toothpaste throughout the oral cavity in order
to enhance the cleaning effect and acting as a surfactant and clean away the dirt inside it. By
means of their volume of foam, the give a feeling of thickness and satisfaction.

4.3.3 Sodium Saccharine:

Saccharine is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy. It is about 550 times as
sweet as sucrose but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations
saccharine; sodium salt appears as odourless white crystals or crystalline powder. Sweeteners
also improve the taste of toothpaste in mouthwashes and give them a mild and sweet taste. The
most common used sweetener is sodium saccharine.

4.3.4 Glycerine:
Glycerine is still the humectant used in greatest bulk quality in toothpaste. It is one of the best
humectants, producing a shiny, glossy product. It is stable, non-toxic and available from synthetic
sources and provides a useful sweetening function to the paste. It is used in this toothpaste as
an anti-crusting agent.

4.3.5 Acacia gum:

Acacia gum has been used in pharmaceutical as a demulcent. It has been used topically in wound
-healing preparations. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory , antibacterial, and lipidemic effects have
been studied; however, robust clinical trials are lacking to support a definitive place in therapy.
Acacia is essentially nontoxic when ingested and is generally recognized as safe.

4.3.6 Sodium chloride:

The salt works as a gentle abrasive, helping to remove stains for the teeth. It used as an
electrolyte replenisher to help prevent heat cramps caused by too much sweating. This medicine

17
is also used for the preparation of normal isotonic solution of sodium [Link] is essential to
maintain the balance of fluids in a person’s body.

4.3.7 Para hydroxide benzoic acid:

Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are an important class of preservative extensively used in the
cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for preparing toothpaste. It is an organic chemical which
can be obtained naturally as well as synthetically. It is also reported to be used as preservative in
mhny drugs, cosmetic products, pharmaceutical, food and beverages.

4.3.8 Solvent:
Water is the most common solvent used in toothpaste. It dissolves the ingredients and allow to
be mixed.

4.4 Formula used for the formulation of polyherbal toothpaste:

Ingredients Qty used (in grams) Property

Neem extract 3 Active ingredient

Clove 2 Active ingredient
Peppermint 2 Active ingredient
Guava 3 Active ingredient
Calcium carbonate 20 Abrasive
Glycerine 5 Humectant
Sodium lauryl sulphate 1 Foaming agent
Sodium chloride 0.5 Preservative
Acacia gum 0.5 Binder
Sodium saccharin 0.5 Sweetener
Para hydroxide benzoic acid 1 Preservative
Distilled water 60-80ml Solvent
Table: 1

The weight of each ingredient was decided by previous revied study based on the formulation
of polyherbal toothpaste. The combination of percentage by weight of all the ingredients of this
is 100%, which means the sum of quantity of toothpaste will formulate 100gm of toothpaste
formulation.
18
 4.5 Method of formulation:
Dry gum method:

4.5.1 Preparation of base:

1. The solid ingredients calcium carbonate, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium
saccharine, acacia gum, glycerine, para hydroxide benzoic acid were weighed accurately as
mentioned in the formula and sieved with sieve no.80 so as to maintain the particle size.
2. Further, these chemicals were subjected to mixing in mortar and pestle and triturated with
accurately weighed glycerine until semisolid mass formed.

4.5.2 Addition of herbal ingredient-

• Accurately measure neem extract, clove extract, guava extract, and peppermint extract and
added, along with distilled water.
• Clove oil was added as a flavouring agent at the end.

4.6 Evaluation of toothpaste:

4.6.1 Physical examination:

Colour- Formulated toothpaste was evaluated for its colour, visually colour was checked.
Odour- Odour was found by smelling the product
Taste- Taste was checked manually by tasting the formulation.
Smoothness- The smoothness was tested by rubbing the paste formulation between fingers.
4.6.2 Inertness of tube: The container used for herbal toothpaste was not produce any corrosion
or deterioration in normal storage conditions like heating temperature at 45±2°C for ten days.
Inertness of tube was observed by cutting the internal surface, open it and observing whether
any sign of deterioration or chemical reactions occurred in the container.

4.6.3 pH:
Dispense 10 gm of the toothpaste from the container in a 50 ml beaker and add 10 ml of freshly
boiled and cooled water (at 27°C) to make50 percent aqueous suspension. Stir well to make
suspension. Determine the pH of the suspension within 5 min, using a pH meter.

4.6.4 Homogeneity:
The toothpaste shall extrude a homogenous mass from the collapsible tube or any suitable
container by applying of normal force at 27±20°C. In addition bulk of contents shall extrude from
the crimp of container and then rolled it gradually.

20
4.6.5 Determination of sharp and edge abrasive particles:
Take the content on the finger and scratched on the butter paper for 15-20cm long to check for
the presence of any sharp or abrasive particles. Repeated the same process for atleast ten times.
No sharp or edge abrasive particles were found

4.6.6 Foamability:
The foaming power (foamability) of herbal toothpaste was determined by taking 2g of
toothpaste with 5ml water in measuring cylinder initial volume was noted and then shaken for
10 times. Final volume of foam was noted.

4.6.7 Determination of moisture and volatile matter:

Moisture and volatile matter was determined by using 5gm of herbal toothpaste was placed in
a porcelain dish of about 6-8cm in diameter and 2-4cm in depth. Dried in an oven at 105°C.

4.6.8 Determination of spreadability:

For determination of spreadability method slip and drag characteristic of paste [Link] 1-
2g of herbal toothpaste was weighed and placed between two glass slides (10 x 10cm) one over
each other (sliding, shall not take place), and the slides were pulled in opposite direction.
Measure the spreading (in cm) of the toothpaste after 3 minutes. Repeating the experiment and
noted the average value of three readings.

4.6.9 Viscosity:
Viscosity measurements of toothpaste were evaluated by using a Brookfield digital viscometer.
For this formulation using spindle no.3 by applying increasing values of the shear rate, in order
to reveal possible behaviour of the toothpaste. All viscosities measurements were performed at
controlled temperature of 30°C.

4.6.10 Stability:
The formulated polyherbal toothpaste were place at temperature 34 ± 4°C for period of 30 days
to find out the stability of the toothpaste.

21
 CHAPTER:5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The evaluation tests for formulated Polyherbal toothpaste were carried out according to
standard specified by the Bureau of Indian Standard (IS 6356 – 1993) for polyherbal
toothpaste. The formulated Polyherbal toothpaste has complied with BIS and it was found to
be of good quality.
In present study:

5.1 Formulation of polyherbal toothpaste using dry gum method laboratory:

Fig: 5.1
5.2 Evaluation
5.2.1 Physical examination
Colour- Creamish brown
Odour- Aromatic and characteristic
Taste- Sweet and refreshing
Smoothness- Good consistency and smooth texture.

22
 Fig :5.2

5.2.2 Inertness of tube:

There is no symptom of deterioration or corrosion at normal storage conditions. It
has show good tube inertness.

Fig :5.3
23
5.2.3 pH:
The pH of formulated polyherbal toothpaste was found to be 9.04 and it has complied with
BISlimit.

Fig :5.4

5.2.4 Homogeneity:
The toothpaste has extruded a homogenous mass from the tube by applying normal force. So the
homogeneity of formulated polyherbal toothpaste was good.

Fig:5.5
24
5.2.5 Determination of sharp and edge abrasive particles:
No sharp and edge abrasive particles were found.

Fig 5.6

5.2.6 Foamability:
The foamability of formulated polyherbal toothpaste was found to be good.

Fig:5.7

25
5.2.7 Determination of moisture and volatile matter:
Calculations:
% by mass = MI/M x 100
MI- Loss of mass(g) on drying
M- Mass (g) of the material
taken for the testMI =
1gm
M=5 gm
% by mass = 1 /5 x 100
= 20%
20% moisture content was present in formulated polyherbal toothpaste which is good
according to thestandards.

5.2.8 Spreadability:
The spreadability test was done for the toothpaste showed that the prepared toothpaste was spread
easily.

Fig:5.8

26
5.2.9 Viscosity:
The viscosity of formulated polyherbal toothpaste was found to be 41722mPa.s.

Fig:5.9

27
It is confirmed that the formulated neem toothpaste was stable at temperature 34 ±4°C.

Fig: 5.10

28
 CHAPTER: 6

CONCLUSION

Following conclusion can be drawn from the results obtained in the

present work of investigation. This formulated Polyherbal toothpaste has
prominent function for maintaining the oral hygiene and in preventing
dental caries. In-vitro study demonstrated that formulated toothpaste is
effective in terms of all the evaluation parameters of toothpaste. It is
concluded that formulated polyherbal toothpaste was found to be of good
quality.

Future prospects: The formulated polyherbal toothpaste has good scope

in future by increasing the demand of natural ingredients for
manufacturing more and safer natural remedies of dental care for society
and nation.

29
 CHAPTER: 7
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42) [Link] neem.

32
43) [Link]
44) [Link].

33