UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE-

NAROWAL CAMPUS.

PROJECT REPOART

Submitted to:-
Engr. Shahbaz Bashir
Submitted by:-
(Group # 1)
Umer Ashiq 2021-EE-611
Saud Ahmad 2021-EE-618
Muhammad Husnain 2021-EE-621

Subject:-
Power System and Analysis

Department:-
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

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 Voltage Stability Analysis of Power System using
Power World Simulator
Abstract:-
Voltage stability analysis has become more important as a result of inadequate reactive support voltage profile dropped in transmission
systems. Thus voltage stability is a significant factor, which needs to be taken into consideration during the planning and operation of
electrical power systems in order to avoid voltage collapse or total blackout. PV curve analysis is used as basic tool for voltage stability.
Better results were obtained on 3 bus test system for different power factor conditions.

Keywords:-
PV curve, voltage stability, power world simulator, voltage collapse, power factor

INTRODUCTION
Power system voltage stability involves generation, transmission and distribution [8]. It mainly focuses on determining the proximity of
bus voltage magnitudes to predetermined and acceptable voltage magnitude. Angle stability focuses on the investigation of voltage
angles. As the balance between supply and demand changes due to occurrences of a fault or disturbances in the system[1],[2]. A power
system is said to have entered a state of voltage instability when a disturbance results in a progressive and uncontrollable dip in voltage.
In order to increase reliability of the power system, to balance power generation-demand and supply energy to load centre at far distant
interconnection of power system increasing day by day. Eventually due to its size system prone to disturbances and cascade failure which
lead to total blackout (voltage collapse) of power system. Since the steady state analysis only involves the solution of algebraic equations
it is computationally less extensive than dynamic analysis. Thus, lot of work is carried out to determine voltage stability on static analysis
method [5],[6].

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Newton Raphson iterative method is used for solving a set of various nonlinear equations with an equal number of
unknowns. In this paper polar coordinate form is used. As shown in figure the current entering at bus i is given by equation
n n

Ii = Vi Σ yij − Σ yij Vj j≠i

j=0 j=1
This equation can be rewritten in terms of the bus admittance matrix as
Ii = ∑nj=1 Yij Vj , expressing in polar form we have
n

Ii = Σ |Yij ||Vj | ∠ θij+ 𝛿 j

j=1

Complex power at ith bus is Pi − j Qi = V ∗i Ii

n n

Ii = Vi Σ yij − Σ yij Vj j≠i

j=0 j=1

This equation can be rewritten in terms of the bus admittance matrix as

Ii = ∑nj=1 Yij Vj , expressing in polar form we have Ii = ∑nj=1 |Yij ||Vj | ∠ θij+ 𝛿 j
Complex power at ith bus is Pi − j Qi = V ∗i Ii
Substituting the value of current in complex power equation we get
Pi − j Qi = | V i
|∠−𝛿i ∑j=1
n |Yij ||Vj | ∠ θij+ 𝛿 j, simplify and separating real and imaginary parts,

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 n

Pi = Σ|V i
| |Yij ||Vj | cos( θij −𝛿i + 𝛿 j )
j=1

Vi y i1 V1

y i2 V2
Ii
.
.
. yin Vn

yi0

Fig. 1: ith bus of the power system

Qi = − Σ|V i
| |Yij ||Vj | sin( θij −𝛿i + 𝛿 j )
j=1

Elements of Jacobian matrix is obtained by taking partial derivatives of above equations with respect to magnitude and phase angle
of voltages i.e., | V |and 𝛿 and computed with latest voltage estimate and computed power. The Jacobian matrix gives the
linearised relationship between small changes in magnitude and phase angle of voltages i.e., ∆|V |and ∆𝛿 with the small changes
in real and reactive power ∆P and ∆Q. Solution of equation provides better estimates of solution.
∆P J J ∆𝛿
[ ] = [ 1 2 ][ ]
∆Q J3 J4 ∆|V |
The term ∆P and ∆Q known as power residue or mismatch, given by
∆P = Pschedule − P
∆Q = Qschedule − Q
∆𝛿 –1
[ ] = [ J1 J2] [∆P]
∆|V | J3 J 4 ∆Q
The new estimate for bus voltages are 𝛿 k+1 = 𝛿 + ∆𝛿 and V
k k+1 = V + ∆|V|.
k

Above theory used in calculation of line flows, voltages at bus which is a tedious process. Thus simulation software power world
simulator is used for analyzing the power system network and helps in better understanding of power system i.e. dynamic and real
time monitoring of critical parameters like voltage, current, frequency, load angles, line flow etc. is possible.
CASE STUDY
Consider a three bus power system as shown in figure generator at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at slack bus 1 is 1.05 pu
and voltage magnitude at bus 3 is 1.04 pu and real power generation at bus 3 is 200 MW. Bus 2 is a load bus consisting of 400 MW
and 250 Mvar. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base,and line charging suspectances are neglected.

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 Bus 1 Bus 2
.02 + j .04
PLOAD
MW

QLOAD
.01 + j .03 .0125 + j .025
Mvar
Slack Bus

V1 = 1.05 0 V2 = 1.0 0

Bus 3

200
V3 = 1.04 0
MW
Fig 2: Three Bus System Network

Load real power ( PLOAD \ P2 ) is incremented and load reactive power is ( QLOAD\ Q2 ) is given by QLOAD = PLOAD tan фand
constant generator real powerP3 = 200 MW.

A. Case Study I
By varying load power P2 and Q2 = P2 tan ф and constant generator real power P3 = 200 MW and power factor ф = 45° lag.
And the results obtained using power world simulator is shown below Table I:

TABLE I
Complex Power And Voltages At 45 Degree Lagging
P2 Q2 V2 𝛿2 P1 Q1 Q3 𝛿3
MW Mvar p. u Degree MW Mvar Mvar Degree

0 0 1.04 1.63 -196 131 -121 2.67

100 100 1.02 .76 -96 145 -36.4 1.92

300 300 .97 -1.12 115 181 149.1 .30

600 600 .89 -4.41 474 265 485.7 -2.53

900 900 .77 -8.85 933 418 961.3 -6.34

1000 1000 .71 -10.9 1140 506 1195.9 -8.16

1100 1100 .62 -14.2 1445 660 1569.3 -10.97

1130 1130 .56 -16.4 1642 777 1831.9 -12.91

1133 1133 .54 -17.2 1702 815 1916.2 -13.52

1134 1134 .53 -17.5 1729 833 1954.3 -13.79

BLACKOUT CONDITION IS REACHED

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 Fig 3: 3 Bus Systemat 45 Degree Lagging power factor

P2 LOAD = 100 MW and Q2 LOAD = 100 MVAR

B. Study II
By varying load power P2 and Q2 = P2 tan ф and constant generator real power P3 = 200 MW and power factor ф = 20° [Link]
the results obtained using power world simulator is shown below Table II

TABLE II
Complex Power and Voltages At 20 Degree Lagging
P2 Q2 V2 𝛿2 P1 Q1 Q3 𝛿3
MW Mvar p. u Degree MW Mvar Mvar Degree

300 109.19 1 -1.85 108 103 22.2 .35

600 218.38 .96 -5.67 437 97 196.6 -2.18

900 328 .90 -10 800 122 415.1 -5.04

1200 437 .83 -15.18 1219 192 705.5 -8.43

1400 509 .77 -19.58 1554 285 974.8 -11.27

1500 546 .73 -22.39 1756 358 1157 -13.06

1600 582 .68 -26.17 2014 474 1414.6 -15.44

1640 596.9 .64 -28.43 2158 552 1575.1 -16.84

1670 608 .60 -31.46 2339 664 1797.3 -18.68

1675 610 .57 -33.30 2442 737 1935 -19.77

1676 610 .57 -33.26 2439 734 1930 -19.74

BLACKOUT CONDITION IS REACHED `

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 Fig 4: 3 Bus System at 20 Degree Lagging, PLOAD = 300 MW and QLOAD = 109 MVAR

C. STUDY III
By varying load power P2 and Q2 = P2 tan ф and constant generator real power P3 = 200 MW and power factor = 0° .And the
results obtained using power world simulator is shown below Table III:
TABLE III
COMPLEX POWER AND VOLTAGES AT 0 DEGREE
P2 Q2 V2 𝛿2 P1 Q1 Q3 𝛿3
MW Mvar p. u Degree MW Mvar Mvar Degree

500 0 1 -4.99 320 24 16.8 -1.27

1000 0 .95 -12.47 903 -17 234.5 -5.74

1500 0 .87 -21.63 1595 45 586.2 -11.22

1800 0 .80 -29.05 2117 180 934.5 -15.61

2000 0 .72 -36.66 2599 385 1344.7 -20.02

2040 0 .70 -39.12 2740 464 1487.3 -21.40

2080 0 .65 -43.28 2962 609 1739.5 -23.71

2085 0 .64 -44.54 3025 656 1818.4 -24.39

2087 0 .62 -45.82 3086 704 1899.5 -25.07

BLACKOUT CONDITION IS REACHED `

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 Fig 5:3 Bus System at 0 Degree PLOAD = 1500 MW and QLOAD = 0 MVAR

D. STUDY IV
By varying load power P2 and Q2 = P2 tan ф and constant generator real power P3 = 200 MW and power factor ф = 20° Lead .
And the results obtained using power world simulator is shown below Table IV:
TABLE IV
COMPLEX POWER AND VOLTAGES AT 20 DEGREE LEAD

P2 Q2 V2 𝛿2 P1 Q1 Q3 𝛿3
MW Mvar p. u Degree MW Mvar Mvar Degree

500 -182 1.03 -5.63 322 -45 -93 -1.27

1000 -364 1.01 -13.44 903 -155 8.4 -5.63

1500 -546 .97 -22.29 1571 -176 209.4 -10.70

2000 -728 .91 -33.43 2383 -50 584.4 -17.16

2300 -837 .84 -43.28 3036 189 1018.1 -22.86

2400 -873 .80 -48.49 3346 356 1281.9 -25.83

2470 -899 .73 -55.80 3731 628 1686.5 -29.91

2475 -900 .71 -58.25 3846 727 1830.9 -31.24

BLACKOUT CONDITION IS REACHED `

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 Figure 6:3 Bus System at 20 Degree Leading powe factor PLOAD = 500 MW and QLOAD = −182 MVAR

When P2is increased further above voltage collapse point then simulation software generate message as shown below:

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Power-voltage curve:-
Power-voltage curve (also P-V curve) describes the relationship between the active power delivered to the electrical load and the
voltage at the load terminals in an electric power system under a constant power factor.

Combining all curves for different power factor we get

Figure 7: PV Curves at Different Power Factors

CONCLUSION:-
In this paper PV curve analysis is done for voltage stability analysis. Power flow program is developed using Matlab software and
simulation in power world simulator to analyze power system network. It is observed that power factor at load side has significant
effect on load ability, critical voltage point of the system. Thus reactive power compensation is necessary for stability purpose and
to reduce drop in bus voltage. It is observed that deviation in generator load angles and create inadequate coupling between the
generation system due to lag of synchronising power resulted in collapse of power system.

REFERENCES:-
 Abhijit Chakrabarti, de Abhinandan, Mukhopadhyay A.K.,Kothari D.P., 2010,An Introduction to Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability in Power
Transmission Systems, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Basu, K. P., “Power Transfer Capability of Transmission Line Limited by Voltage Stability: Simple Analytical Expressions” IEEE Power Engineering
Review, September 2000, pp 46-47.
 Chemikala Madhava Reddy, Power System Voltage Stability Analysis, Department of Electrical Engineering June 2011.

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