SUMMARY-A FLOw CHART

Life Processes

Nutrition Respiration

Mode of Nutrition in
nutrition animals (humans)
Food is crushed with teeth and wetted by
Autotrophic saliva in the mouth (secreted by salivary gland)
The enzyme salivary amylase in saliva breaks
down starch into sugar
Food is transferred to stomach through food
pipe or oesophagus by rhythmic contractions
(peristaltic movements)
Photoautotrophic
Gastric glands in stomach wall release hydrochloric External/ Internal/Cellular
acid, pepsin and mucus for digesting food Physiologic Respiration
Food is completely digested in small intestine. Respiration
The liver release bile juice, pancreas release
pancreatic juice containing trypsin and
Chemosynthetic intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices
Villion intestinal wall absorb digested food
Heterotrophic from where it is taken to every body cell
In the large intestine, water is absorbed
from the unabsorbed food
Waste material is removed via the anus Aerobic
respiration
" Occurs in presence
Saprophytic In aquatic In terrestrial of oxygen
In human
organisms organisms Occurs both in
In fish, water
" In organisms like
beings animals and plants
enters gills through Air enters the nostrils "Glucose is brokeD
mouth and dissolved earthworms, air and is filtered by fine down to pyruvate in
Oxygen is taken up diffuses through skin hairs lining the passage
" In insects, trachea are cytoplasm which
by blood the respiratory organs further breaks down
On breathing in, ribs into CO, H,0 and
Holozoic lift up,
diaphracomes
chest cavity
nflattens,
larger and air moves in
energy in
mitochondria

Air enters the lungs Anaerobic

through throat and bronchii respiration
Parasitic
In lungs air enters alveoli Oxygen not involved
where exchange of gases Occurs in yeasts
takes place bacteria and fatigued
muscle cells
Oxygen in alveolar air " In muscle cells,
diffuses into capillaries
Total lining alveoli and carbon Pyruvate forms lactic
parasite Partial or dioxide from the blood acid and energy in
semiparasites diffuses into alveoli released
While breathing out, ribs relax, Inyeast, pyruvate
forms ethanol and
diaphragm relax, chest cavity CO, with release of
reduces and air moves out energy
 :sUottUng bujmMOoy wJ0Jts wa4SS
sUe6Jo BujmONo ae jYge pue s6ujag uewny uÊ wYsls KJOgx• MeJa (P)
AJOgexY J0

Transportation

In human beings In plants

Components Mechanism Transport of

of circulatory of blood Transportfo0d and other
of water
systemrils ei gairiss circulation substances
(translocation)
9le idbn Oxygenated blood
from ungs entor lons in soil actively
transport to root, Food (sugar) stored in
the left atrium creating an ionic leaves is loaded into
10L0difference between sieve tubes of phloem
riMoris. Left atrium relaxes soil and root tissue with help of
to colect adjacent companion
i Water from soil cells using ATP
It contracts and Ileft enters the roots
ventricle expands into root xylem, Osmotic pressure
to collect bloodl creating a in the tissue
water column
increases
OLst Left ventricle
Biood Blood Heart Contracts Water from aerial
vessels and blood is surface of plant Water moves
" Has 4 chambers pumped out into the tissue
2atriums and evaporates and
to the body creates asuction
2 ventricles that puls water
Atriums are thin Deoxygenatedet from root xylem Food from phloem
walled and blood from (transpiration) moves into the tissues
ioeventricles
thick walls
have body parts
enter the
having less pressure
Plasma right atriumtildt
Transports Sotsi winistietb hRinht atrium Excretion
food, CO
and contracts and
nitrogenous right ventricle
wastes expands to
collect blood

Right ventricle
Contracts and
pumps blood
Blood to lungs Excretion
celis in human Excretion
o beings in plants
Arteries Blood is filtered Oxygen released
Carry
Veins Capillaries through capillary
cluster in the by stomata
Carry One-cell nephron of the " Excess water by
oxygenated deoxygenated thick vessel kidney transpiration
blood from blood towardss that carry
i s the heart the heart blood from
"Some waste is
The filtrate flows stored in leaves
arterioles to along the tube and that fall off
small veins substances like Some waste is
glucose, amino stored as resins
acids, salts and and gums
eErythrocytes
bOr Red Blood Leucocytes or9te
White Blood Blood
excess water are
re-absorbed
Some waste is
released directly
Cells (RBCs) to form urine
Cells (WBC) Bovee platelets into the soil
Cary oxygen Participate in
ProvideoiVES
SW blood clotting Orine flows through
immunityoaoS 929TO the ureter into
the urinary bladder
where it ís s t o r e d s
until
throuobsion sd
urethra
 [Link] NO.: I
DATE :

Le Paoces8es
ES8 eutad act vÉtes petfotmed by
the
`ustaín

Nutu
ww au o 9 ami8 m obt n fom Me
LSuitonaing aste cal ed wutotfents
NutouHou .
taking.
uteNtss caUed
caued Muoto

Autottop uic Nutsiion i- The

Os4aus m_ whh aie able to make tef
8 wbs am ce lwattt
cal ed ato [Link] ode
mode

4Photo&ynthesis
CO 2H, o-
caMO6t6,t6H,o
 Mvents whin occt auo ug
pbo tosynthesis
PAGE N0.
the cowesin to ecal DATE : |

Stomta
TUe opw'ig udsingof stomata is
b') Tue cne mi cl ene qu is ut|8 ed fos the eg atedV by quat cls whem wate
wate to nydtoge ¢ oyAen eues înto
as photoly 4 wate 8wel
causiuq the 8to matal poe
[L'gt deyendent teactonptares ace u goaa. condition is called te tuqtd condî4ion)
c) The yd sogen is utised fo the eductfon
catbon o e into ca boudtes [ when wate9 8weep 8 out
depedeut meaction] takesplace fu ewoicul
(stoma) condi o n
8 caled placd condion )
L Xeophytes y
8 How do deg e t pl ants make eis own Heesiottopic Nutitoy I- TMe oggis ms
A’ pes e t l ants ( xetohytes) bsob coz whih ae not able to matethel bun
t wgt 4 fom food hey
ncted pon by S w'g t absoob duoung day tÉme deqeud outo trohs, They ae
cutiue caued Me tetot9ophS This modÁ
>epidesmis cal ed netetotstophic ied

MesoPh palsae celu (400 - 20 wwe te

ceus
coMvert uemuto imple substace
cel fugide ei body w°th Me nely a
eAZy mes Suen ype ej nutaifion
mode o wtaoy
EniAwmal,Awoea, aa meelunm
L8 to mata
 Holb20\c Mode Amo eaa (y

Tng s+foni- when food pasfce come 0M

Contac
with te bedy swae mo eba A moebo
DATE :

tahe înood caeaseudopodi.

usiug te mpoay fing eot ke In Human
p 1ojecton
4lamd SecHeioM Food at End
Diqes toM i- Food pa +ele entes the food acto pon
vacuele 8to mia u) co mplen Shau.
Mce C e t osimplei
b oKeM omes Salivagtyll Saya Buccal
Sativay
Cawiy aunalysl
Ab&osiptou i The diq estea food difuses
nte he yto plag m. Cnastie Gastouic Stoma ch Hcl PepsiM, " cowestt Petenes
Nuus food inte
A8imilatfon i- TMe b80bafood is utlized by PH (HCL)= ad ic
amo eba sep oducou. mediunm

Eqesou Tue one maining twwagested food is bacteia

e R l town out,

he aigestion "flod.
MoutM to
SmallIwtegtine
A ws
daaky essive
Lsecreo

Hed.
mear'm.
It cowet fooq fnto aal'ne
The wusue wicn hep n the movemet e foed
sines4
to fom stoma h to Smau inteS+Ée is
 LLvet &e Deude
(Lag eSt Fat
Juice fed
qlo bue
" maltose
TancHeas Tamiea-Deuden-A malyse
ISOmalt
Toypsn Po+en "pertoye:
L'pase Emusiffed
Fat
Tefe
cPa1a8iHc- The osgns m(wniu aeive
ei wuetton fsom nEhost
TvHesta Intes+ - Iutes - Eoepsifpeptees Amno othe o
tyal tÉne Lipasepepfdes Ad
Glamd CuButa (ama
La ctnseTigyaides beu) PasagiHC Animal Rowd wasm
Laese Tapewo gim, Lice
(Lipids) Glycese
&ues wy Hebive1es have doMg ntes+ie 9
b Sapowphyc mede
witi+fou Ang ’ Hetivoes og nis mg ee have
fntesine bectuge hey nave to
ms
matte conwet compen &ubstn ces uto eetulose
8ö mpde s ubstan ce o utside teis bod y
o1g anis m ae
Ca ed 5ap oophyteg. A d tnè mode

Fg' (Mus oom) Aga s

Tue es ewe food mug Woom 4
 PLSE NO.
DATE

2 moleues t 2A T
PYwate (3 caabon otarn)

Bony palate Yeast

Nasal passage
(Nasalcavity) de)
Nose
LacHc Ad
-Pharynx
Nostrils
Mouth cavity -Epiglottis
(Buccal cavitý)
Glottis
6 Co,t 6H,ot
Larynx
Voicebaox
pipe) 36 ATP
Bronchus
Bronchus
Lung
Lung
Bronchiole

- Alveoli
Chest cavity
(Thoracic cavity)
Diaphragm pata meium tieMP whoe body is in ai ect
co ntat with te

ifusioM. This Rg ae body sufoce

T u o we o

Wy a f uaion is iMsuffieNt to meet ne

AeuiMent
Hig Me tabo'uie 1ate
 Mut ceu wa oy nsms uke auimals have
blocd vuscla 5 ystem to tanspest o ygen 4
egpiortosd PAGE NO
caben dio ide btw een the DFTE

<sg ans bo dy ceus

Skin espinqon i- o g w8 mS Re easthwosm
cc uss moough skiu
caued eutaneo us es piiaton Respistaton
4 tado leS Thhale
4i espitaon i- Fishes en
+ak es place with the het
to el ease caibo diontae
T9a cuefal espiutoi- Au the fns ect8 wate
Ake e cock1o aM, cem ede etc wwie seSpisao
el bsan ched leneg
nespiatoMeta
tbe&
aeconne
weae
ted to* the atmeSP hese
ese t HAueae [eesime s1ea ctonJ
Caled bio che mical
Bmalu
opewngs "Tt takes place in
cels

(nebttes
J wngs. It i8 caue pumonaay
nspíatfon.
hy acq uate aw'mals besth dfas +eA tham
W
whle
te o e s + acati'
est
ng two
màs cles
ws cles asie inwolved
Solubi.
So thee isue
piaphaaM
a pooLess ftake
awa ale to ag ua te og 'sm nat3 why
 foes a inte he dg3. Tt Ynvolves te (1
m S cleg
due0 PLGE NO.
agm ,be volume
wniu aiop w o
|DATE :
o twad up notuMe
, p e 8 3 uHe
deceage (mucug) made up
umeMoug o. blood capianies
to vide agegupace atea
enoaMAe. et qass Alveol? ae he
Tow aa I+ iwolves
Melaatio
becomeg doMe
Aestoato
ms Ue de to wwch oi aphoagm ung& ate cocal nape coveted by
move iu vem dowwand ,voly
Shaped, ib cage Hhintanspat two JayeBac cau
o e thosac cauty de cea8 e ,peg.s u e leua t p-Aote ct8 meJun8 rom
uceas es, it foes the insrde a o uh out
MOVeMent.
Ves
Tac e e 9 Righ
mae u
J wng is bígg e heavien bto ad
’ eansiA age Rings prevevt he coapsig 3 1beS
Made 2
Cata 8heet w wiu
seperate the tho asis cauity fom the what is the fwCon a AeLedul vounme
abdonminal

Bilobedl
pnevens
Tt pto videg
ng-8tom
}4fpiet t me
caldapsiag
fot
Betevet Jeap Ke ttutue ( fiap) ww
pevent tte etoy food iu windyie. to be Relised

Aveou ate
funcona c& o
lveo9
baloo n ie
8t 4cte made wp vey t n meb an
 (3)
Animals
laanspotaton DATE

Jowe ogams ke qmo eba & otheA ogaic copo nd(usie aud
cotact with the
the bo dy s fu a9e ct amino qa).
o mate al
wate
betwe Blood celsi RBC Cey thto eyes )
the ceu
Re piamentEd cel. Red ment
Mo d 9ect co tat cled haeoqlobin It nas wigh affin
humaM beinas t e e 18 to watds
So tete need
with he su oving Caled fosineyehalmo globin
gtem. TMy ae desttoy ed în jves leen
8y8tem
ate fome~ iM bone man gtow.
Compouents Blood Vus la
Bloo ve8&el&
Blood 9 wBC(Jeucoytes) i-" TMey ate amo eb oja
8hape Muclea fed cels.
Blood-i8 a ted vu8ela coMnecve +i8.8 ue pa men ted
It foMM about 4-8%. an RBC ang e in size. Life
a t eso I+ i8 alkae Tt afamg iwmne 8y8 tm
rt flows ftoM oHgaut
Yn nat ue PH valae he hast+ 4 heat to
Two co mponeut8 Blood ogan. Tt piodu ces auibedi es im oun bod
Non- ving CPlasma ¯ving (B lood cels)
a t ag a -8o\ die n out
Plasmq i-It 8 ple staw colou ed
abo tV ae
e - wiated non -
55
8ats, t-87ptotei pfa mem ted
wate -2 . înogwic
 UUJ
S J u e p o o g
a 2 se
w e u o w n d )
eau a
U6noJD
OM)
fu e do
i - I t helpS
Fune iou PAGE NO.
| DATE :
Blood vessels
Valks ) deep 8eated
A t e i es

He
cad, Ao us
neat
body Pats
blood
Heat
ate elas tfe
poessu s1e wYh e
at wigh Reddia bown iu colout
Blood flows
ate abs ent con' cay
Valves AoRTA.
atteoy is
Bggest Heat i8 p9ote ted by t n t nsp aset
ate n valveg
veins The, ayeed Bae tawed eicadim
ves8el&
docated in Blo
TMey ca
deoygena ted eastt,
g
blood fotom the Fnctiou od peicaaum
he h It alo w3.RctHoweg8 Movement to yout
body patt8des& celagte
ba
tom Me chanial
pes ute
Blod flow at dow
ies ent to pae vent he backfIbuN
Xvalves'aste
blood.
vein 8 vena cava. Auztctes
e ieui chambeAg.
ae the
ue
Left 4 Rfgt autiue
in
ppe
waed

Capia fes hey ate he thinMegt blood ae

3epoted by
vess elS wich 8eve ag
8 lied
b
e e wehnge ate al uke
flat cels
ut ients,
captday w hi c alow Vet atctes
waled distbutina
ase t e Lo we

hamb RS, TMey a1e

iu size tick

qa8e8, itdq endus waste , hostmones between ites vutiat seum.

blood
the body ces
 LUNGS
Pulmonary
vein
(Oxygenated blood)
Pulmonary
artery
(Deoxygenated
blood)
Right Left
atrium atrium

Actle
Right Left
ventricle ventricle

HEART Main artery

(Aorta)
Main vein
(Vena cava)
(oxygenated
blood)
Me
(Deoxygenated
blood)

BODY ORGANS
a et
 Queswwy u Man bengs hawe fowt
nealt 9 (8)
Ang ’ Iu ogde to
Malntain ow
blood osga'sms
body te mpAa PAGE N0.
DATE:

We a e waym
peotfostm vasious
etabolfe actfu
4 to we dept to

e ming vein
to ptevent
e n a t e d ublaed
elood om veMtfde toangs
de omy
Double u clatiou whemoM bood paS8 eg
twice ce to
on e tough the hoastt to apply
(i) Pu monaig oMe ventie
En i- ERshes lies)
oway vein A

to weuated taui
RA eneted by the blood on the walls o te
ei uspid vawe blgod vessels
vawe
RV
Sy8to c Blood pes8uHe i I t is the
AoRTA
ess uYe e Me st te by te blood on the
blood
vema
Cawa e pe Aiod ot manimA M Vent i
(deomygevated
bloedy
Cotta ctou phasle. Tt i8 about 120 Mm
Ha
"Hgevated blood f om elt vewt
Tue eaneg the osgm tstough aota 4
hen deo ygemated bloed gea hes igt vegsols dutg Me
a i de bough VeMa cawa. marnium Ventf ula
|1elavatfo phase H 8 about 80 mm
 Me f n g t t m e t wi c 8 us ed to Meag
Blood pes suoe momaMometey
20) PAGE NO.:
|DETE
i8dwte vus at connecve
Lymph daline

Lymgh o in
t n s8lucent

+3s ue plud between

y mpi ves-8 els
the, bood (apj Uase
utem
r+Ohas fou
wood
attg ToacneidAs Vecsel,
4is ues.J+ cowtaiM <ugeSteg 4 absesbed enchy ma
two p astts wwa movem ent
wa te minel als to al e pas8
wBC
Fnt'on Lymph at ag a midle man
bet ween me blobd body 4 hepto
eehange the Ma te)al betweeM tem

Kets d wa tesoM He aiel the

It aso tanepoAt fats ftom futes+tfMe to
Me blood ev age velns. Sto mat al T 1ansyitaton Leaf causes
veiy mÉwute potes, wate dipug es out
bs amot pto tei ns. ese sto mata into the atmo&pheie
'n one °eeton ftom
f It flo w's the s s kyown a 8to mata ttaMSpi 1a
an8 to heatt fon. Abot qo° wate i8 l038A b

Isansposttatioy, Iu 3
Cut cul ast Toangpi Haton An oute o

Ylants Mamy amts ,Me wate mole ules

Xylem phoem togethes Kuouon as Vascalan

bundles ae seSpo nsi ble fo tMe Lentí cula Tragpíiaion Miwute
totanspotatfou wate, tood minenals
Abot 1 Wate
 o ut în e [Link] Me Thug
de t É les. 22
PLGE NO.

Advantag es DAT

-ue tempeate
ad moe mi eyt
p w
wate minet als oghMe vasR
Sieve ube Co mpaw'on cea, ThYoem
sclesentwyma
F Me chamism of T nanspotat'ov pho to SynthesYs ho ugh poem
cau e d t n s o c a o is
"Taams po tatt o Pol i Due to contow
w a t e f o m the cese e eap Tt ago t n s po+ amino ad
q8uc wwich lerd
wate mi ne als
up watd foote afeve tubes Ouwith Me help ot
dow wwad dfecou .
Cohes ion Face Mut ual t t c on betw Suco 8e i8 tansfeed
co hesion. Tu: to te
the wate mole cules isr called
cohesion Ptopety 1eads to the foma tfoy o}Moc
mboken wtte cot wmn y myem.
"'Root pAes& we Tt i8 a foSee m&es the food in the
+is8 UEs whicn have dow
upwa eetfon ho
 PLGE NO.
24 DATE :
bacteua
he
To Kiu
A| o HU y" fM to a °dc medium do uoe ewatoy
food no
4ein co West
co n v e t
o o
" Pepsin a ct Systenmic oMugenated e)ood foM
pefto nes Bune
ing Aeaches H
’.Pevent
e
" Mu us Hy
vens
eut fu
A 2 valwes ate p e s
blood.
the bacK{low o
oaiy vely, Deyg euated blood
A3 We ae
wastm
te to
ouy temp actívifes
e wt bomefaoc
to mal vtainvafous
pefotm
we Sangs itugla pmo nasiy ateay
e O wt
6Holo
A 2oie"Me oaanis ms whch take
q ated blood.
comw'rt omp lens was tan ces into siMle
8ub&tan ces fngi de uei bo dy w?th
Austies Tey a e t í n enzymes
A4 Valve Lelt mode
ane Amoeha
a
by ite tau The o
veutfdes They e thi et chamos w ic qow on
Ma te O co went fto

stpeated by
hea At
AS wnen blood pas& es tuwi ce yowt Musbom
yeast
 Pu u ’ Pue
to coMwou
Ttav n S T i a t o n cells
tHe
a

f watet foto M the

DsTE

cot ea t e d
Sucion cels Me
y lem
ftom cve +i88ue
at ac on Paote?n high
CohesioM Fo e
Htual

c e l ed
betwe
mole u es eads to otmatfon Beed dinecfon em
wate
w te wwite vusa
onectÈ ve 8sue

Root
qeneata Pnotein

fu
jluYas
e
fons dle
con. y map hflo win o
Pes8 ne
As ComponeAmt
PIO dy ced
by ane blood heaat.
Tue t a n s p o t
caled
nitolaeno a s t e a h i no aià.
catfon. wto the
eed
Suc o.8e fs + Ansf enet
f&8 we usfng the
phloem me

This poMeSS uis help the

the
move u e putoem whi c Vawe vlMs cadanies.
to A tees
eS&uoe.

p wad movement
A33 ytem help fu als e 00t8 to
waté 4 m ney cal ed vein
the
al e
 e
ba tglo w ePes e Pu ef to peNet
Capfwa.d becd. blood ves&g
ae e t i m est
Eau
hep 1n the enchang e es. Glomeulus
BowMa?3
sfzed
Heat Tt d8
ai s t
ween t e gs În
3hap ed pesent a ttw
Po wimal
Reddish
CoMVoluted
Co o u . tuble
Me
bodg
Hen
 Infenor vena cava
Cortex
Aota

Medulla
Renal artery
Pevts
KIdney

Renal vein Renal artory

Ronal vein
Ureter teole
Fibrous capsule
-Ureter
qdomeuus
Urinary bladder BowMaa?3
(b)
Urethra

tuble
Po vmal
It kps the
co tous,
convo)uted
tuble
te bady

Exeyetang ystem Hene's

U1eteA
Kidney Aeyhvo
Bowman capsue

uinay Bladde Tubul Seceton Con cetoaton .

usune.
Uoeth912
 2
M o
They ase t epatmay
en
(3) PLGE No.
DATE : |
Thes e P es ent
shape b ate asymmet Bowman's capswe i- T+ i3 double wawed
colou b ean do [Link]

att
icad po fou . Kiduey is e the coe TMe caviy bowmoM ca swle
NEPHRONS
contoin capíai es caled
mfuions ssue wmit ome u
Connecfve Qe tHe en cote to sy
NEPHy RoNS
'ate io)
e
Utete
:- They w u ed 3tast site
tub wq t
natow
Kid ney opens
wlm I+ codye wqte aong wh ceaiu usef ul
b add es compo wnds cRAtain hasinful agte
e {ilHe ed The fi1fate so
out.
waled ele+ ed i8 caleA Mep hic filtate
iy ed with a d
wal i wate +glueo8e amino
peat s VapeI+'s
BUtusîc
ted mus des (iu voduntay P8eMoved

fye +U t
es the Nephi c tbule
pody (Ptomal cConvoluted le)i
Ueta
bladde Convodute att Yeg i t e
ente d&
8tsty t u e 4ena Coteu
T+
to e o utside .
Outsfde. miuo ae
cal cium

Hele'& doo
 1egiou. I JoAme

wate,
M e du l l a peot meable o
i n 3 )M e n a l

pes
tnb
is
two
dne
Descey le)
t u b Henal cotte
Ascendin÷ convolu
ted

co |1e ct g tu bue
iM co|le c i n g
Distalp t t | r e s

DeT
( ne
H P eabSobed

volu
ted
coy
Hhe wate

ateg

wanted
ag S 4to éc s ulast an
uic
Haemod 8emi P
eable
ftom Bood thougl Machine.

membne aalysig

paH ent 8 aS8 ed

a teMy t e
Membue. Blood 8 cooled

e b ane hag
M equal to thog e

wni ui& isotonc to

wit o q emous waste plasm devoiA
p\asa
8

on ar uses out
alalyaing Memb a4e iuto te