1.
Electric Heating
• Fire (Heat) and wheel are the basis of present day civilization. If we eliminate these two tools, man
will go back to stone age. He used fire to cook food, to warm himself during cold weather. to make
tools to protect himself from enemies.
• In modern times he used fire to extract metals from the ores of the earth's crust, to raise steam from
water, to move from one place to another and to move the turbines of a generator to produce
electricity which could be utilized anywhere.
• With the discovery of electricity, it was found that there were many things common with electricity
and heat.
• When current is passed through a conductor, the conductor becomes hot (Resistance heating).
• It was further found that when a magnetic material is brought in the vicinity of an alternating
magnetic field, heat is produced in the magnetic material (induction heating).
• Similarly it was found that when an electrically insulating material was subjected to electrical
stresses, it too underwent a temperature rise (Dielectric heating). There are various methods of
heating a material but electric heating is considered to be far superior for the following reasons
1. Electric Heating
Introduction: In manufacturing processes, materials are to be heated for producing various products. With the advent of electricity, necessary heat is obtained by electrical he methods.
Advantages Of Electric Heating:
• Transfer of heat is accurately controlled in heating by electrical meth
• Production of heat is not accompanied by any combustion.
• Any temperature can be reached, provided the material can withstands temperature.
• Cleanliness: Due to complete elimination of dust and ash, the charges to maintain cleanliness are minimum and the material to be heated does not get contaminated. As the flue gases are
not there, no space is to be provided for their exit and the atmosphere around is clean and pollution-free
• Ease of control: With the help of manual or automatic devices, it is possible to control and regulate the temperature of a furnace with great ease. In fact, any cycle of heating and cooling can
be followed very closely and accurately in this method of heating
• Uniform heating. Whereas in other forms of heating a temperature gradient is set up from the outer surface to the inner core, the core being relatively cooler, in case of electric heating, the
heat is uniformly distributed and hence the charge is uniformly heated. Even non-conducting materials (Insulators) can be heated uniformally with electric heating
• Low attention and maintenance cost: Electric heating equipment's normally do not require much attention and maintenance is also negligible. Hence Labour charges on these items are
negligibly small as compared to alternative methods of heating No flue gases are produced, and ambient temperature is not affected
• The desired temperature is attained fast
• It is easy to maintain and is safe.8. The efficiency of electric heating is high.
Classification of Heating Methods
• Low temperature up to 400°C.
• Medium temperature 400-1150°C.3.
• High temperatures-temperatures above 1150°C are classified temperatures.
Transfer of Heat
• Transfer of heat is by any of the following methods:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
• Often the heat-transfer is accompanied by a combination of the one method is always the predominant one.(c) he ted fac2.5In th [Link] the bofinal temdifferenc
1. Conduction:
The transfer of heat by conduction takes place in solids, liquids and gases. The transfer of heat is proportional to the difference of
temperatures between the two faces. It is expressed in watt/m²/°C metre length of path. In solids heat is transferred from one molecule to
the adjacent molecule and onwards to the farthest point. There is no actual motion of the molecules. In a plate of thickness t metres,
having x-sectional area of its two parallel faces A square meters and temperature of its two faces T₁ and T2 °C absolute the quantity of heat
passed through it during T hours is given by
𝒌𝑨
Heat dissipated Q = 𝒕 (T1 -T2)T; watt/m²
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity for the material in MJ/m2/ºC/hour
2. Convection:
This is a process where the transfer of heat from one point to another is due to the actual motion of the molecules of a fluid. This is due to
the difference in the fluid density at different temperatures.
Heat is transferred by convection in case of immersion type water heater or in case of low temperature heating equipment for buildings.
The air in contact with a heated radiator element in a room receives heat from con-tact with the element. The heated air expands and rises,
cold air flowing into take its place. Thus, there is a constant flow of air upwards across the heating element. This process is called
convection. These convection currents give up some of their heat to the colder parts of the room. The room and its contents are thus
gradually heated by this means. A similar action takes place in an electric water heater, a continuous flow of water passing upwards
across the immersed heater element, with the result that the whole of the water in the tank becomes hot.
The quantity of heat absorbed from the heater by convection depends mainly upon the temperature of the heating element above the
surroundings and upon the size of the surface of the heater. It also depends partly on the position of the heater. Heat dissipation is given by
the following expression.
Thus, for natural convection in air we have:
Heat dissipated = a(T1 -T2)b watt/m²
where a and b are constants, whose value depend upon the heating surface facilities for heating etc. T₁ and T₂ are the temperatures of the
heating surface and the fluid in °C absolute respectively.
For vertical surfaces in air, the above expression becomes Heat dissipation, H = 3.875 (T₁ - T₂)1.25 watts/m² In furnaces heat transfer by
convection is not to any great extent.
Resistance heating
• Resistance heating is based upon the I2R effect. This method of heating
has wide applications such as heat treatment of metals (annealing,
hardening etc.), drying and baking of potteries, stoving of enamelled ware
and commercial and domestic cooking temperature up to about 1,000°C
can be obtained in ovens employing wire resistance for heating elements
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3. Radiation:
This is a phenomenon confined to surfaces. Radiant energy is emitted and absorbed by different surfaces. It is dependent on the
nature of the surfaces. As per Stefans Law of radiation,
𝑻𝟏 𝟒 𝑻𝟏 𝟒
it is given by the equation: H =5.72 Ke( 𝟏𝟎𝟎
− 𝟏𝟎𝟎
) watt/m²
Where K = Radiating efficiency =1 for single element= 0.5-08 for more than one element, e= emissivity=1 for black body = 0.9 for
resistance heating element
where T₁ is temperature of source of heat in °C absolute, T2 is temperature of substance to be heated in Kelvins, k is a constant
known as radiant efficiency, k is unity for a single element and between 0.5 and 0.8 for several elements placed side by side and
e is emissivity, which is unity for black body and is equal to 0.9 for resistance heating elements. Since radiation is proportional to
the difference of fourth powers of temperatures, we can have very efficient heating at high temperature.
• Nichrome wire is limited temp of 1150 ºC
• Tugnston has high melting point of 3500 ºC and in vacuum, there is no danger of oxidation.
• Lamps together with reflect filament reflectors to direct all the heat on to the charge. These lamps are operated at 2300 ºC
instead of 3000 ºC giving greater portion of infra red heat rays. These lamps are operated same heating, current taken will be
more if voltage employed in is due to the less. Thus we will need and robust filaments. Further, operating the filament at 2300
deg * C increases the life of the filament
Advantage: we not only get high heat transfer rate and consequent reduction in heating time but heat
absorption remains more or less constant what ever the charge temperature. As against this, in low temperature
oven, heat absorption falls off very considerably as the temperature of charge increases.
• Radiant heating is mainly used for drying enamel or painted surfaces. High concentration of radiant energy
enables heat to penetrate the coating of paint or enamel to a depth sufficient to dry it out without wasting
energy in the body of the work piece