UNIT-2: DATA LITERACY

SECTION I-Gist of the chapter

Data: It is a collection of raw facts and figures.
Data Pyramid:

Basics of Data Literacy

-Data literacy meanswing
kno how to understand, work
with, and talks about data. It's about being able to collect, analyze, and show data
in ways that make sense.
Data Literacy

Ability to read,
Raw facts or
comprehend and
information
communicate .

Data Literacy is the ability to

understand, interpret and communicate
with data.
 Data literacy is essential because it enables individuals to make informed
decisions, think critically, solve problems, and innovate.
Data Literate is a person who can interact with data to understand the world
around them. E.g. Data Literacy helps people research about products while
shopping over the internet and decide which is the cheapest product, most liked
product and whether particular product meet all requirements.
Data Literacy Process Framework

Data Security and Privacy

Data Privacy-It referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper
handling of sensitive data including personal data and other confidential data, such
as certain financial data and intellectual property data, to meet regulatory
requirements as well as protecting the confidentiality and immutability of the data.
Data Security-It is the practice of protecting digital information from
unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire lifecycle.
Potential risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access
Due to the rising amount of data in the cloud there is an increased risk of cyber
threats. Hence, we should control and protect the transfer of sensitive or personal
information at every known place. The most possible reasons why data security is
more important now are:
• Cyber-attacks affect all the people
• The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks

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 Cyber security involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices,
electronic systems, networks, and data from harmful attacks.
Do’s
• Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
• Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
• Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
• Prioritize websites with "[Link] for secure logins.
• Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
• Adjust social media privacy settings for limited visibility to close contacts.
• Always lock your screen when away.
• Connect only with trusted individuals online.
• Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
• Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately

Don’t ‘s
• Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.
• Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
• Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
• Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
• Keep passwords and security questions private.
• Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
• Avoid cyberbullying or using offensive language online.

Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data

Data can be acquired through various online sources, interview, questionnaire,
surveys etc
 Types of data:

Numeric Data is further classified as:

● Continuous data is numeric data that is continuous. e.g., height, weight,
temperature, voltage
● Discrete data is numeric data that contains only whole numbers and cannot be
fractional e.g. the number of students in the class – it can only be a whole
number, not in decimals
Types of Data used in three domains of AI:
Computer Vision-Visual data like images and videos
Natural Language Processing-Textual data like document and pdf files
Data Science-Numeric data like tables and excel sheets
Data Acquisition/ Acquiring Data
Data Acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of
gathering data. This involves searching for datasets suitable for training AI
models. The process typically comprises three key steps:
1. Data Discovery- searching for new datasets
2. Data Augmentation-adding more data to the existing data by slight change of
existing data
3. Data Generation-generating data if data is not available.
Sources of Data:
Primary Data sources: surveys, interviews, experiments etc
Secondary Data sources: External data sources like Kaggle, Google, .gov
datasets etc.
Best practices for Acquiring data:
1. Good Data: well structured, accurate, consistent, presentable and relevant.
2. Web Scraping: collecting data from websites with permission.
3. Unbiased: Avoiding any preferences or partiality in data.
4. Consent: taking necessary permissions before collecting or using individual’s
data
5. Transparency: without hiding intentions
6. Anonymity: protecting the identity of the person as source of data

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7. Accountability: Taking responsibility for actions related to data

Features of Data and Data Preprocessing

Data features are the characteristics or properties of the data. e.g. in student
records table features are like student’s name, age or grade. For a photo features
like colors in image, height and width etc. For AI models there are two types of
features:
1. Independent features: It include the information or input we provide to make
predictions
2. Dependent features: It includes the output or result of the model, that we are
trying to predict.
Usability of data depends upon the structure of data, cleanliness of data and
its accuracy.

Data Processing and Data Interpretation

Data Processing: Operating on raw data to produce meaningful information
using computers.
Data Interpretation: Analyzing data using com to arrive at meaningful
decisions.
Methods of Data Interpretation:
There are two methods of Data Interpretation
1. Quantitative Data Interpretation: Interviews, Polls, Observations,
Longitudinal studies, survey
2. Qualitative Data Interpretation: Record keeping, Observation, case studies,
Focus groups, Longitudinal studies, One to one interview Types of Data
Interpretation:
 There are three ways in which data can be presented:
1. Textual DI: The data is in textual form, usually in paragraph suitable for
small data which can be easily comprehended by reading but unfit for
large data.
2. Tabular DI: Data is represented systematically in rows and columns
where

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