CHAPTER 2 EXERCISES
Symbols and Units of Measurement
L - Wheelbase of the vehicle (m).
a, b, hg - Coordinates of the vehicle's center of gravity (m).
hm - Height of the trailer hitch above the road surface (m).
hg - Height of the center of gravity of the automobile (m).
rk, rđ - Kinematic and dynamic radii of the wheel (m).
K - Air resistance coefficient (N⋅s²/m⁴).
F - Frontal area of the automobile (m²).
V - Speed of motion of the automobile (m/s).
Vg - Wind speed (m/s). Vt - Relative speed of motion between the automobile and the air (m/s).
hw - Height of the center of gravity of the frontal area of the automobile (m).
nb - Rotational speed of the wheel (rpm).
ne - Rotational speed of the engine crankshaft (rpm).
nemax - Maximum rotational speed of the engine crankshaft (rpm).
nN - Rotational speed at the point of maximum power (rpm).
nM - Rotational speed at the point of maximum torque (rpm).
α - Inclination angle of the road (°).
i - Road gradient (%).
δi - Coefficient of influence of rotating mass (N⋅s²/kg⋅m).
ηTL - Transmission efficiency of the automobile.
io - Transmission ratio of the main drive.
ih - Transmission ratio of the gearbox.
ip - Transmission ratio of the auxiliary gearbox.
ipc - Transmission ratio of the high gear in the auxiliary gearbox.
ihc - Transmission ratio of the high gear in the gearbox.
iTL - Transmission ratio of the driveline system.
D - Dynamic factor.
φ - Adhesion coefficient of the wheel with the road.
mk - Total mass of the trailer (kg).
G - Gross weight of the automobile (N).
Gm - Gross weight of the trailer (N).
R1, R2 - Tangential reaction forces of the road acting on the wheels (N).
Pk1, Pk2 - Tangential tractive forces of the driving wheels of the front and rear axles, respectively (N).
Pw, Pi, Pj - Air resistance force, hill climbing resistance force, and inertia resistance force, respectively
(N).
Mf1, Mf2 - Rolling resistance moments of the front and rear axle wheels, respectively (N⋅m).
Me - Engine torque (N⋅m). Memax - Maximum engine torque (N⋅m).
MeN - Engine torque at the point of maximum power (N⋅m).
Pϕ - Adhesion force (N). f - Rolling resistance coefficient.
Ne - Power of the internal combustion engine (kW).
Nemax - Maximum power of the internal combustion engine (kW).
Nk - Power at the driving wheels (kW).
j - Translational acceleration of the automobile (m/s²).
ψ - Total road resistance coefficient.
g - Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)"
Problem 1.1: A car is moving on a road at a speed of vt = 80 km/h, with a crosswind acting in the same
direction of motion as the car with a speed of vg = 15 km/h. The wind direction makes an angle of 30°
with the longitudinal axis of the car. Determine the value of air resistance force. Given the air resistance
coefficient K = 0.5 Ns²/m⁴; the car has a frontal area F = 3 m².
Problem 1.2: A car with a gross weight G = 45000 N is moving uphill at a 10% gradient. Determine the
value of adhesion force and the adhesion utilization coefficient of the car. Knowing that the car has all-
wheel drive and the adhesion coefficient of the road φ = 0.6.
Problem 1.3: A car has a gross weight G = 180000 N; main transmission ratio i0 = 7; first gear ratio ih1 =
5; tires with symbol parameters (H=B=10 inches; d=20 inches); Maximum torque Memax = 450 Nm at
speed nM = 3000 rpm; ratio nN/nM = 2; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; slope i = 10%. Determine the
maximum motion resistance forces of the car. Ignore the influence of rotating mass δi = 0.
Problem 1.4: Determine the maximum dynamic factor at each gear of the car. Knowing that the car has
a gross weight G = 10000 kG; Maximum torque Memax = 450 Nm; main transmission ratio i0 = 7; gear
ratio of 4th gear ih4 = 1; tires with symbol 10 – 20; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; maximum total
road resistance coefficient the car can overcome (ψmax = 0.35; adhesion coefficient ϕ = 0.6.
Problem 1.5: An all-wheel drive car moves uniformly downhill at a 20° slope with a speed v = 70 km/h.
Determine the normal reaction forces of the road surface acting on the wheels. Knowing that the gross
weight of the car G = 12000 N; wheelbase L = 2.5 m; distance from the center of gravity of the car to the
center of the front axle a = 1.2 m; center of gravity height of the car hg = 0.7 m; aerodynamic drag
coefficient K = 0.25 Ns²/m⁴; the car has a frontal area F = 3.1 m²; height of the center of gravity of the
frontal area hw = 0.95 m; rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; average working radius of the wheel rbx
= 0.35 m.
Problem 1.6: Determine the required power of the engine installed on a truck with a gross weight G =
100000 N; towing a trailer with a mass mk = 5000 kg. Knowing that the car moves on a road with a
speed v = 50 km/h; rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; road slope 3%; transmission efficiency ηTL =
0.8; air resistance coefficient K = 0.5 Ns²/m⁴; the car has a frontal area F = 4.5 m². Ignore the air
resistance of the trailer.
Problem 1.7: A car is moving in 1st gear. The maximum dynamic factor Dmax = 0.29. Determine the
maximum slope that the car can overcome in this gear, knowing the rolling resistance coefficient f =
0.015.
Problem 1.8: A car with a gross weight G = 53000 N moves uphill at an angle α = 10° on a road with a
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015. Determine the value of the rolling resistance force of the car.
Problem 1.9: A car with a gross weight G = 8050 kG moves on a horizontal asphalt road with a rolling
resistance coefficient f = 0.02. Determine the rolling resistance force and the change in rolling resistance
force when the car moves uphill on the same road surface and has a slope α = 10°.
Problem 1.10: A car is moving on a road at a speed v = 60 km/h, with a crosswind acting against the
direction of motion with a speed vg = 4.5 m/s. The wind direction makes an angle of 60° with the
longitudinal axis of the car. Determine the value of air resistance force. Given the aerodynamic drag
coefficient K = 0.5625 Ns²/m⁴; the car has a frontal area F = 3.5 m².
Problem 1.11: Determine the maximum speed of a car. Knowing that the last gear is direct drive, main
transmission ratio i0 = 7; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.5 m; gross weight G = 2500 kG; air
resistance coefficient K = 0.8 Ns²/m⁴; frontal area F = 2.5 m²; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8; maximum
power Nemax = 120 kW at crankshaft speed nN = 5000 rpm; gasoline engine with unlimited speed;
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; ignore the influence of speed on the rolling resistance coefficient;
the car moves in a windless environment.
Problem 1.12: Determine the hill climbing ability when the car moves uniformly in the last gear (direct
drive) at a speed v = 90 km/h. Knowing the main transmission ratio i0 = 5; gross weight G = 2700 kg;
average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.3 m; air resistance coefficient K = 0.2 Ns²/m⁴; frontal area F
= 2.4 m²; transmission efficiency n = 0.8; maximum power Nemax = 180 kW at crankshaft speed nn =
4000 rpm; diesel engine; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015.
Problem 1.13: Determine the tractive force and the components of motion resistance force acting on
the car when moving in direct drive gear at a speed of 60 km/h, acceleration 0.6 m/s², uphill 5%.
Knowing that the gross weight of the car G = 6000 kG; frontal area F = 2.3 m²; air resistance coefficient K
= 0.2 Ns²/m⁴; the car moves in a windless environment; rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; adhesion
coefficient is sufficient. Ignore the influence of rotating mass.
Problem 1.14: Determine the maximum hill climbing ability of a car. Knowing maximum torque Memax
= 200 Nm; gross weight G = 6000 kg; first gear ratio ih1 = 4; main transmission ratio i0 = 5; transmission
efficiency ηTL = 0.8; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.25 m; rolling resistance coefficient f =
0.015; ignore air resistance; adhesion coefficient is sufficient.
Problem 1.15: Determine the maximum utilized tractive force of the car when the car is moving in 3rd
gear. Knowing that the car has a gross weight G = 2190 kg; gear ratio in 3rd gear ih3 = 1.58; maximum
torque Memax = 220 Nm; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.39 m; main transmission ratio io =
5.125; transmission ratio of auxiliary gearbox ipt = 1.94.
Problem 1.16: A car has a gross weight G = 3500 kg; torque at the driving wheels Mk = 450 Nm; frontal
area F = 3.5 m²; aerodynamic drag coefficient K = 0.7 Ns²/m⁴; average working radius of the wheel r =
0.3 m; rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02. Determine the speed of the car when moving uniformly on a
horizontal road without wind and the speed of the car when moving uphill at a 5% gradient with wind
acting in the same direction of motion as the car with a wind speed of 10 km/h. Ignore the influence of
speed on the rolling resistance coefficient.
Problem 1.17: Determine the maximum acceleration ability of the car in 1st gear. Knowing: maximum
engine torque Memax = 17 kg.m; gross weight of the car G = 5400 kg, first gear ratio ih1 = 4.5; main
transmission ratio i0 = 6.0; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; average working radius of the wheel rbx =
0.33 m; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; ignore air resistance; adhesion coefficient is sufficient.
Ignore the influence of rotating mass.
Problem 1.18: Determine the required tractive force of a car with a gross weight G = 5400 kg; moving
uniformly at a speed of 45 km/h uphill α = 20°; the road surface has a rolling resistance coefficient f =
0.015. Knowing that the car has a frontal area F = 3 m²; air resistance coefficient K = 0.7 Ns²/m⁴.
Problem 1.19: Determine the load acting on the axles of an all-wheel drive car moving on a horizontal
road surface at a constant speed of 60 km/h. Knowing the rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; gross
weight G = 5300 kg; wheelbase L = 3.3 m; distance from the center of gravity to the center of the front
axle a = 1.84 m; center of gravity height hg = 0.95 m; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.42 m;
frontal area F = 3.5 m²; aerodynamic drag coefficient K = 0.7 Ns²/m⁴; height of the center of gravity of
the frontal area hw = 0.98 m."
Problem 1.20: A car with a gross weight G = 20000 kg, having all-wheel drive, towing a trailer, moving
uphill at a 10% gradient with a constant speed on a road with a rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015;
adhesion coefficient ϕ = 0.6. Assume that the engine is working with Me = 637 Nm at a rotational speed
ne = 1300 rpm. Determine the maximum possible mass of the trailer that the car can tow from the
perspective of tractive force by the engine and tractive force by adhesion. Given the transmission
efficiency ηTL = 0.8; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.52 m; transmission ratio of TLC io =
3.39; gear ratio of gear 1 ih1 = 10.35; transmission ratio of auxiliary gearbox ipt = 2.2.
Problem 1.21: A passenger car with a gross weight G = 30000 N; main transmission ratio io = 3.5; first
gear ratio in = 3; the last gear is a direct drive; transmission efficiency nu = 0.95; average working radius
of the wheel rox = 0.32 m; Maximum torque Memax = 400 Nm at speed nm = 4500 rpm; frontal area F =
2.2 m²; air resistance coefficient K = 0.25 Ns²/m²; rolling resistance coefficient fo = 0.02; vg = 15 km/h.
Determine: a. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car and determine the components of motion
resistance force when the car moves uniformly on a flat road, against the wind direction in the
maximum engine torque mode and the last gear? b. The maximum hill climbing ability according to the
engine torque condition.
Problem 1.22: A rear-wheel drive passenger car with a weight G = 16000 N; average working radius of
the wheel rbx = 0.3m; wheelbase L = 2.6 m; distance from the center of gravity to the center of the front
axle a = 1.2 m; center of gravity height hg = 0.6 m; transmission ratio of the driveline iTL = 8; driveline
efficiency nTL = 0.9; frontal area F = 2.6 m²; air resistance coefficient K = 0.3 Ns²/m4; height of the center
of frontal area hω = 0.9 m; road surface with rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02. The car moves
uniformly at a speed v = 200 km/h on a flat road without wind; adhesion coefficient between the wheel
and the road surface φ = 0.8.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car.
2. Determine the tractive force at the driving wheels and the required engine torque in the
mentioned motion mode?
3. Will the driving wheels skid if the road surface is slippery with an adhesion coefficient φ = 0.4?
Problem 1.23: A car with a gross weight G = 11550 kG; main transmission ratio i = 7.32; first gear ratio
ih1 = 5.181; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.9; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.42 m;
Maximum torque Memax = 45 kGm; frontal area F = 3.59 m²; air resistance coefficient K = 0.4 Ns²/m4;
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02. Determine:
1. The components of resistance force and tractive force when the car moves uniformly at a speed
of 40 km/h uphill; slope i 7%; no wind.
2. The maximum hill climbing ability according to the engine torque condition?
Problem 1.24: A rear-wheel drive passenger car with a weight G = 15000 N; wheel radius rbx = 0.3 m;
maximum engine power Nemax = 220 kW at speed nN = nemax = 6000 rpm; mechanical gearbox with
the last gear being a direct drive ihc = 1; main drive transmission ratio i0 = 4; transmission efficiency ηTL
= 0.9; air resistance coefficient K = 0.25 Ns²/m4; frontal area F = 2.5 m²; road surface with rolling
resistance coefficient f = 0.02. The car moves uniformly on a flat road without wind in the maximum
engine power mode and the last gear.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car?
2. Tractive force at the driving wheels?
3. Components of the car's motion resistance force?
Problem 1.25: Determine the maximum speed of the car, knowing: the last gear is a direct drive; main
transmission ratio io = 3.5; gross weight of the car G = 1935 kG; average working radius of the wheel rbx
= 0.3 m; air resistance coefficient K = 0.3 Ns²/m4; frontal area F = 1.5 m²; transmission efficiency ηTL =
0.9; maximum power Nemax = 90 kW at crankshaft speed nN = 5400 rpm; maximum crankshaft speed
Nemax = 6500 rpm; gasoline engine with unlimited speed; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015;
ignore the influence of speed on the rolling resistance coefficient; the car moves in a windless
environment.
Problem 1.26: A passenger car with a gross weight G = 20000N: maximum engine torque Memax = 400
Nm at speed nM = 4500 rpm: mechanical gearbox with the last gear being an overdrive ihc = 0.85; gear
ratio in 1st gear ih1 = 3; main drive transmission ratio io = 4; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.95: air
resistance coefficient K = 0.3 Ns2/m4; frontal area F = 2.8 m2; road surface with rolling resistance
coefficient f = 0.02: wheel radius rb = 0.32 m; wind speed vwind = 15 km/h.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car and determine the components of motion
resistance force of the car, when the car moves uniformly on a flat road, against the wind
direction in the maximum engine torque mode and the last gear?
2. Determine the maximum hill climbing ability according to the engine torque condition?
Problem 1.27: Determine the maximum power and maximum torque of the engine for the car to reach a
maximum speed vmax = 180 km/h. Knowing: gross weight of the car G = 1935 kG; air resistance
coefficient K = 0.2 Ns2/m4; frontal area F = 1.8m, average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.35;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.95: the last gear is a direct drive: main drive transmission ratio i0 = 3.5:
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; gasoline engine type with unlimited speed; maximum power at
rotational speed nN = 4200 rpm.
Problem 1.28: A passenger car with a gross weight G = 22000 N; maximum engine torque Memax = 450
Nm at speed nM = 4800 rpm; mechanical gearbox with the last gear being a direct drive ihn = 1; gear
ratio in 1st gear ih1 = 3.2; main drive transmission ratio i0 = 4: transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.95: air
resistance coefficient K = 0.3 Ns2/m4, frontal area F = 2.8 m2: road surface with rolling resistance
coefficient f = 0.02: wheel radius rb = 0.32 m; Vwind = 10 km/h.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car and determine the components of the car's
driving resistance force, when the car moves uniformly on a flat road, in the same direction as
the wind in the maximum engine torque mode and the last gear?
2. Determine the maximum hill climbing ability according to the engine torque condition?
Problem 1.29: A passenger car with a gross weight G = 16000 N: wheel radius rbx = 0.35 m: maximum
engine torque Memax = 400 Nm at speed nM = nemax = 5000 rpm; mechanical gearbox with the last
gear being a direct drive ihc = 1: gear ratio in 1st gear ih1 = 3; main drive transmission ratio i0 = 3.5;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.95: air resistance coefficient K = 0.27 Ns2/m4; frontal area F = 2.8 m2,
road surface with rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car and determine the components of the motion
resistance force of the car, when the car moves uniformly on a flat road without wind in the
maximum engine torque mode and the last gear?
2. Maximum hill climbing ability according to the engine torque condition?
Problem 1.30: Determine the hill climbing ability when the car moves uniformly in the last gear (direct
drive) at a speed V = 70 km/h, knowing: main drive transmission ratio i0 = 6.5: gross weight of the car G
= 10000 kG; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.5m: air resistance coefficient K = 0.5 Ns2/m4;
frontal area F = 4 m2: transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; maximum power Nemax = 110 kW at
crankshaft speed nN = 3200 rpm; diesel engine: road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015.
Problem 1.31: Determine the acceleration ability when the car moves in the last gear (direct drive) at a
speed V = 70 km/h, knowing: main drive transmission ratio i0 = 6.5: gross weight of the car G = 10000
kG; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.5 m: air resistance coefficient K = 0.5 Ns2/m4; frontal
area F = 4 m2, transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; maximum power Nemax = 110 kW at crankshaft speed
nN = 3200 rpm; diesel engine; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015. Ignore the influence of
rotating mass.
Problem 1.32: Determine the maximum hill climbing ability of the car. Knowing: maximum engine
torque Memax = 17 kG.m: gross weight of the car G = 5400 kG; first gear ratio ih1 = 4.5. main drive
transmission ratio i0 = 6; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; average working radius of the wheel rbx =
0.33m, road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02: ignore air resistance; adhesion coefficient is sufficient.
Problem 1.33: Determine the maximum towing capacity of the car, knowing maximum engine torque
Nemax = 15 kG.m; gross weight of the car G = 5200 kG; first gear ratio ih1 = 5; main drive transmission
ratio i0 = 6: transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.88; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.33 m; road
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; ignore air resistance; adhesion coefficient is sufficient.
Problem 1.34: Determine the tractive force and components of motion resistance force acting on the
car when moving in direct drive gear at a speed of 90 km/h, acceleration 0.5 m/s2, uphill 2%. Knowing
gross weight G = 10000 kG: frontal area F = 3 m2 air resistance coefficient K = 0.4 Ns2/m4; no wind; road
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; adhesion coefficient is sufficient. Ignore the influence of rotating
mass.
Problem 1.35: Determine the transmission ratio of the main drive and the gear ratio of 1st gear so that
the car can move at vmax = 108 km/h and overcome total road resistance = 0.3. Knowing: the last gear is
a direct drive; no auxiliary gearbox: transmission efficiency 0.85; average working radius of the wheel
rbx = 0.4 m. diesel engine type; maximum power at rotational speed nN = 3200 rpm; maximum torque
Memax = 350 Nm; gross weight G = 5400 kG; rear-wheel drive, adhesion weight 3700 kG; adhesion
coefficient 0.6.
Problem 1.36: Determine the transmission ratio of the driveline of a car knowing the gross weight of the
car G = 10500 kg; towing a trailer with a weight of 5000 kg; the car moves uphill at a 10% gradient with a
speed of 40 km/h; the road surface has a rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015. Given the maximum
engine torque Memax = 360 Nm; frontal area F = 4.5 m²; aerodynamic drag coefficient K = 0.8 Ns²/m⁴;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.45m.
Problem 1.37: Determine the gear ratios of the forward gears in the gearbox, knowing: the gearbox has
5 forward gears, the last gear is a direct drive, the intermediate gears are distributed in a geometric
progression; transmission ratio of TLC i0 = 6.25; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.4 m;
maximum torque Memax = 165 Nm; gross weight G = 5400 kg; rear-wheel drive, adhesion weight Go =
3700 kg; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.85; the maximum total road resistance coefficient the car can
overcome ψ = 0.35; adhesion coefficient φ = 0.6.
Problem 1.38: Determine the gear ratios of the forward gears in the gearbox, knowing: the gearbox has
5 forward gears, the last gear is a direct drive, the intermediate gears are distributed in a geometric
progression; transmission ratio of TLC i0 = 6.9; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.5 m;
maximum torque Memax = 200 Nm; gross weight G = 7000 kg; rear-wheel drive, adhesion weight G0 =
5000 kg; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8; the maximum total road resistance coefficient the car can
overcome ψ = 0.25; adhesion coefficient φ = 0.8.
Problem 1.39: Determine the transmission ratio of the driveline of a car moving on a horizontal road
with Vmax = 90 km/h. Knowing the rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; gross weight G = 1650 kG;
frontal area F = 3.2 m², aerodynamic drag coefficient K = 0.75 Ns²/m⁴, transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.9;
average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.36 m; Mev = 127 Nm at a rotational speed nev = 4000 rpm.
Problem 1.40: Determine the tractive force and the components of motion resistance force acting on
the car when moving in direct drive gear at a speed of 90 km/h, acceleration 0.5 m/s², uphill 2%.
Knowing: gross weight G = 10000 kg; frontal area F = 3 m², air resistance coefficient K = 0.4 Ns²/m⁴; no
wind; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; adhesion coefficient is sufficient. Ignore the influence of
rotating mass.
Problem 1.41: Determine the maximum hill climbing ability of a car. Knowing: maximum engine torque
Memax = 17 kG.m; gross weight of the car G = 5400 kg. First gear ratio ih1 = 4.5: transmission ratio of
the main drive i0 = 7; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.33
m; road rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.02; ignore air resistance: adhesion coefficient is sufficient.
Problem 1.42: Determine the load acting on the axles of an all-wheel drive car moving uphill at a 10%
gradient with a constant speed of 50 km/h. Knowing the rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; gross
weight G = 2500 kg; wheelbase L = 3.7 m; distance from the center of gravity to the center of the front
axle a = 1.3 m; center of gravity height hg = 1 m; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.394 m;
frontal area F = 3.8 m², aerodynamic drag coefficient K = 0.7 Ns²/m⁴ height of the center of gravity of the
frontal area hw = 0.9 m.
Problem 1.43: A rear-wheel drive passenger car with a weight G = 12000 N; average working radius of
the wheel rbx = 0.34 m; wheelbase L = 2.5 m; distance from the center of gravity to the center of the
front axle a = 1.2 m; center of gravity height hg = 0.7 m; transmission ratio of the driveline itl = 7.5;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8; frontal area F = 2.9 m²; air resistance coefficient K = 0.3 Ns²/m⁴; height
of the point of application of air resistance force hw = 0.7 m; road surface with rolling resistance
coefficient f0 = 0.02. The car moves uniformly at a speed v = 180 km/h on a flat road without wind;
adhesion coefficient between the wheel and the road surface φ = 0.8.
1. Draw a diagram of the forces acting on the car.
2. Determine the tractive force at the driving wheels and the required engine torque in the
mentioned motion mode?
3. Will the driving wheels skid if the road surface is slippery with an adhesion coefficient φ = 0.5?
Problem 1.44: Determine the maximum power and maximum torque of the engine for the car to reach a
maximum speed Vmax = 120 km/h, knowing: gross weight of the car G = 2300 kg; air resistance
coefficient K = 0.5 Ns²/m⁴: frontal area F = 2.78 m²; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.3;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.9; the last gear is a direct drive: main drive transmission ratio io = 4:
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; gasoline engine type with unlimited speed; maximum power at
rotational speed nN = 4000 rpm.
Problem 1.45: A car with a gross weight G = 12800 kg; engine with Memax = 51 kG.m, main drive
transmission ratio i0 = 7.53; first gear ratio ih1 = 6.17; wheel radius rbx = 0.45 m; transmission efficiency
ηTL = 0.85; air resistance coefficient K = 0.4 Ns²/m⁴, frontal area F = 3.6 m²: rolling resistance coefficient
f = 0.02. Determine:
1. The components of resistance power and tractive power when the car moves uniformly, at a
speed of 45 km/h, uphill 5%, no wind.
2. The maximum hill climbing ability of the car. Ignore wind resistance; adhesion coefficient is
sufficient.
Problem 1.46: Determine the maximum power and maximum torque of the engine for the car to reach a
maximum speed Vmax = 95 km/h, knowing: gross weight of the car G = 7000 kg: air resistance
coefficient K = 0.2 Ns²/m⁴: frontal area F = 2.8 m², average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.5;
transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.8: the last gear is a direct drive; main drive transmission ratio i0 = 3.5;
rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.015; diesel engine type; maximum power at rotational speed nN =
1800 rpm.
Problem 1.47: Determine the maximum speed of a car. Knowing the last gear is direct drive, main drive
transmission ratio i0 = 3.5; average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.32 m; gross weight G = 3000 kg;
air resistance coefficient K = 0.25 Ns²/m⁴; frontal area F = 2.2 m²; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.9;
maximum power Nemax = 90 kW at crankshaft speed nemax = 4500 rpm; gasoline engine with unlimited
speed; rolling resistance coefficient f = 0.15; ignore the influence of speed on the rolling resistance
coefficient; the car moves in a windless environment.
Problem 1.48: Determine the gear ratios of the forward gears in the gearbox, knowing: the gearbox has
5 forward gears, the last gear is a direct drive, the intermediate gears are distributed in a geometric
progression; transmission ratio of TLC i0 = 4: average working radius of the wheel rbx = 0.32m;
maximum torque Memax = 450 Nm: gross weight G = 2100 kg; rear-wheel drive, adhesion weight G0 =
1400 kg; transmission efficiency ηTL = 0.9; the maximum total road resistance coefficient the car can
overcome ψ = 0.35; adhesion coefficient φ = 0.6.
Problem 1.49: A car with a gross weight G = 6000 kg; engine with Memax = 20 kGm, main drive
transmission ratio i0 = 6.5; first gear ratio ihl = 5; wheel radius rbx = 0.35 m; transmission efficiency ηTL =
0.92; air resistance coefficient K = 0.6 Ns²/m⁴; frontal area F = 3.2 m²; rolling resistance coefficient f =
0.015. Determine:
1. The components of resistance power and tractive power when the car moves uniformly, at a
speed of 50 km/h, uphill 8%, no wind.
2. The maximum hill climbing ability of the car. Ignore air resistance; adhesion coefficient is
sufficient."