Graph Theory Tutorial Exercises
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Powered by AIKruskal’s algorithm generates a minimum spanning tree by selecting edges in ascending order of their weights, ensuring no cycle is formed, and continues until the tree spans all vertices. The condition of edge selection in nondecreasing order ensures that each step contributes to the minimal sum of edge weights, optimizing the overall spanning tree cost.
The Floyd-Warshall algorithm uses dynamic programming to iteratively update a distance table for all pairs of vertices, considering each vertex as an intermediate point in path consideration. At each iteration, it checks if the existing path between two vertices can be improved by passing through the current intermediate vertex, updating the path cost if it finds a shorter path, ensuring that its final output represents the shortest paths.
Yes, it is possible for two non-isomorphic graphs to have the same degree sequence. An example of this would be two graphs with the degree sequence (2, 2, 2, 2), as they can be arranged in different structures that are not isomorphic to each other.
A graph with a cut-vertex has at least two end-blocks. An end-block is a block containing exactly one cut-vertex of the graph. This structural feature means that removing the cut-vertex will increase the number of connected components by at least one and delineate the end-blocks in which each contains the cut-vertex along with connected vertices.
No, a simple Eulerian graph on an even number of vertices cannot have an odd number of edges. Eulerian graphs must have all vertices of even degree, which by the Handshaking Lemma, means the sum of the degrees (equal to twice the number of edges) is also even. Therefore, an Eulerian graph must have an even number of edges.
If two vertices u and v are at the diameter distance of a connected graph G, and G has cut-vertices, then no block of G can contain both u and v. This is because the presence of cut-vertices implies that the longest paths (potentially diameter-spanning paths) cross these cut-vertices and demarcate blocks, preventing u and v from sharing the same block.
Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path by iteratively selecting the vertex with the minimum tentative distance that has not been visited, updating the shortest known distances to its neighbors through it, and marking it as visited. This greedy approach ensures each vertex's computed distance is optimal, leading to the shortest path from the initial vertex.
In a connected graph, any two longest paths must share a vertex because their lack of overlap would negate their status as longest paths—additional connecting vertices would yield longer paths. In a disconnected graph, this property fails as paths exist independently in separate components, resulting in multiple non-overlapping longest paths.
For two graphs G and H to be considered isomorphic, they must satisfy several conditions: (i) They must have the same number of vertices, |V(G)| = |V(H)|. (ii) They must have the same number of edges, |E(G)| = |E(H)|. (iii) There must exist an isomorphism (f, g) such that for every vertex v in V(G), the degree of v in G equals the degree of its image f(v) in H, degG(v) = degH(f(v)).
The set of automorphisms of a simple graph forms a permutation group by the usual binary operation of functions because automorphisms are bijective mappings from the graph to itself that preserve adjacency. This results in a set of permutations of the graph's vertices that obey group properties: identity, inversibility, and associativity. This implies the graph has symmetric properties corresponding to these permutations.