Definite Integrations
The definite integral can be evaluated by the process of indefinite integration. This is possible because of
the following theorem called the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. If f(x) is continuous on the
closed interval[𝑎, 𝑏], and if F(x) is the definite integral of f(x), then
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(b) – F (a) E(1)
In words , the Fundamental Theorem E(1) states that given an integral function f(x), we can compute
the definite integral of f(x) by finding first its indefinite integral F(x) and secondly by evaluating F(x) at b,
then ataand finally subtracting.
100
Example 1: Evaluate∫10 ln(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 694.98
1
Example 2: Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 1.0
𝜋
Example 3: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 1/3
Wallis’ Formula
The integral
𝜋
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
in which m and n are integers ≥ 0, arises over and over again in elementary applications. Fortunately, the integral can be
evaluated simply, with a formula which is easy to remember in words, though bulky looking in symbols.
2 2
𝜋 [(𝑚−1)(𝑚−3). . . .𝑜𝑟][(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3). . . .𝑜𝑟]
1 1
∫0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 .𝛼
(𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+𝑛−2). . .𝑜𝑟
1
𝜋
in which 𝛼 = , if m and n are both even,
2
𝛼 = 1, otherwise.
𝜋
7𝜋
Example 1: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 x 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
2048
𝜋
1
Example 2: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠7 x 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
8
𝜋
2
Example 3: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 x 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
35
𝜋
5𝜋
Example 4: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
32
Exercises
Evaluate each of the following definite integrals
𝜋
8
1. Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 x 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
693
𝜋
1
2. Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 x 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
24
𝜋
3𝜋
3. Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
16
𝜋
𝜋
4. Evaluate ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer:
16
1
5. Evaluate ∫0 √1 − √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: .533
1 𝜋
6. Evaluate ∫0 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: -1
2
1 𝑥2
7. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 1/24
(𝑥+1)4
1 𝑥2
8. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Answer: 1/24
(𝑥+1)4
1 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥−1) 𝑒
9. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Answer: -1
(𝑥+1)3 4
√2 −𝑙𝑛2 𝜋
10. Evaluate ∫0 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Answer: + (4√3 -3 )
2 12