th

12 CBSE
PHYSICS
PROJECT
N.M.E.I.S,
RIYADH

SUBMITTED BY:
Syed junaid
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project
titled “Electromagnetic Induction” has
been successfully completed by Syed
junaid of class Xll, New Middle East
International School,

in the partial fulfillment by Central Board of

Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the
award of the annual examination of the year
2025-2026

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
“ There are times when silence speak so much more
louder

than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person,

whosewords do not express, but only put a veneer

over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point

of time.”

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

physics teacher [Link] for her vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I would also like
to express my gratitude to my parents and friends
for helping me out.
 TO
ESTIMATE THE
CHARGE INDUCE
D ON EACH OF
THE TWO
IDENTICAL STRY
O FOAM (OR
PITH) BALLS
SUSPENDED IN
A VERTICAL
PLANE BY
 MAKING USE OF
COULOMB’S LAW
Coulomb
Coulomb graduated in
November 1761 from
École royale du génie de
Mézières. Over the next
twenty years he was
posted to a variety of
locations where he was
involved in engineering -
structural, fortifications,
soil mechanics, as well as
other fields of
engineering. His first
posting was to Brest but
in February 1764 he was
sent to Martinique, in the
West Indies,
where he was put in charge of building the new Fort
Bourbon and this task occupied him until June 1772.
On his return to France, Coulomb was sent to Bouchain.
However, he now began to write important works on
applied mechanics and he presented his first work to the
Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1773. In 1779
Coulomb was sent to Rochefort to collaborate with the
Marquis de Montalembert in constructing a fort made
entirely from wood near Ile d'Aix. During his period at
Rochefort, Coulomb carried on his research into
mechanics, in particular using the shipyards in Rochefort as
laboratories for his experiments.

Upon his return to France, with the rank of Captain, he

was employed at La Rochelle, the Isle of Aix and
Cherbourg. He discovered an inverse relationship of
the force betweenelectric charges and the square of its
distance, later named after him as Coulomb's law.

COULOMB’S LAW
In 1785 Augustine de Coulomb investigated the
attractive and repulsive forces between charged objects,
experimentally formulating what is now referred to as
Coulomb’s Law: “The magnitude of the electric force that
a particle exerts on another is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.” Mathematically,
this electrostatic F acting on two charged particles (q1,
q2) is expressed as

where r is the separation distance between the objects

and k is a constant of proportionality, called the Coulomb
constant, k = 9.0 × 109 N · m2/C2. This formula gives us the
magnitude of the force as well as direction by noting a
positive force as attractive and a negative force as
repulsive. Noting that like charges repel each
other and opposite charges attracting each other,
Coulomb measured the force between the objects, small
metal coated balls, by using a torsion balance similar to
the balance used to measure gravitational forces.

OBJECTIVE:-
To estimate the charge induced on each of the two
identical styro foam (or pith) balls suspended in a
vertical plane by making use of coulomb’s law.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
 Small size identical balls (pitch or soft plastic)
 Physical balance or electronic balance
  Halfmeter Scale
 Cotton thread
 Stand
 Glass rod (or plastic rod)
 Silk cloth (or wollen cloth)

THEORY:-
The fundamental concept in electrostatics is electrical
charge. We are all familiar with the fact that rubbing two
materials together — for example, a rubber comb on cat
fur — produces a “static” charge. This process is called
charging by friction. Surprisingly, the exact physics of the
process of charging by friction is poorly understood.
However, it is known that the making and breaking of
contact between the two materials transfers the charge.

The charged particles which make up the universe come

in three kinds: positive, negative, and neutral. Neutral
particles do not interact with electrical forces. Charged
particles exert electrical and magnetic forces on one
another, but if the charges
are stationary, the mutual force is very simple in form
and is given by Coulomb's Law:

where F is the electrical force between any two

stationary charged particles with charges q1 and
q2(measured in
 coulombs), r is the separation between the charges
(measured in meters), and k is a constant of nature
(equal to 9×109 Nm2/C2 in SI units).
The study of the Coulomb forces among arrangements of
stationary charged particles is called electrostatics.
Coulomb's Law describes three properties of the
electrical force:

1. The force is inversely proportional to the square of

the distance between the charges, and is directed
along the straight line that connects their centers.

2. The force is proportional to the product of the

magnitude of the charges.

3. Two particles of the same charge exert a repulsive

force on each other, and two particles of opposite
charge exert an attractive force on each other.

Most of the common objects we deal with in the

macroscopic (human-sized) world are electrically
neutral. They are composed of atoms that consist of
negatively charged electrons moving in
quantum motion around a positively charged nucleus.
The total negative charge of the electrons is normally
exactly equal to the total positive charge of the nuclei, so
the atoms (and therefore the entire object) have no net
electrical charge. When we charge a material by friction,
we are transferring some of the electrons from one
material to another.

Materials such as metals are conductors. Each metal atom

contributes one or two electrons that can move relatively
freely through the material. A conductor will carry an
electrical current. Other materials such as glass are
insulators. Their electrons are bound tightly and cannot
move. Charge sticks on an insulator, but does not move
freely through it.

A neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces.

Nevertheless, a charged object will attract a neutral
macroscopic object by the process of electrical
polarization. For example, if a negatively charged rod is
brought close to an isolated, neutral insulator, the
electrons in the atoms of the insulator will be pushed
slightly away from the negative rod, and the positive
nuclei will be attracted slightly toward the negative rod.
We say that the rod
has induced polarization in the insulator, but its net
charge is still zero.
The polarization of charge in
the insulator is small, but now
it’s positive charge is a bit
closer to the negative rod,
and its negative charge is a
bit farther away.
Thus, the positive charge is
attracted to the rod more
strongly than the negative
charge is repelled, and there
is an overall net attraction.

If the negative rod is brought near an isolated, neutral

conductor, the conductor will also be polarized. In the
conductor, electrons are free to move through the
material, and some of them are repelled over to the
opposite surface of the conductor, leaving the surface
near the negative rod with a net positive charge. The
conductor has been polarized, and will now be attracted
to the charged rod.

Now if we connect a conducting wire or any other

conducting material from the polarized conductor to the
ground, we provide a “path” through which the electrons
can move. Electrons will actually move along this path to
the ground. If the wire or path is subsequently
disconnected, the conductor as a whole is left with a net
positive charge. The conductor has been charged without
actually being touched with the charged rod, and its
charge is opposite that of the rod. This procedure is
called charging by induction.
Let the force between two stationary charges be F

The Weight of the ball

W=mg
The restoring force on each ball
sin θ
=mg

From the diagram in the

right In triangle ACB
sin x
θ
= 2l

Let the charge on each ball is

q1=q2=q
Then at
equlilibrium
x
2

sin θ
mg =
kq×q
 =mg x kq2
2l
x2

 g= mgx3
2lk

PROCEDURE:-

1)Weight the mass of each identical pitch balls by

balance and note down it.
2)Tie the balls with two silk or cotton threads and
suspend at a
point on a stand or a rigid support. Measure the length
of threads by half meter scale. The length of threads
should be equal. Note down the length.
3)Rub the glass rod with silk cloth and touch with both
balls
together so that the balls acquired equal charge.
4) Suspend the balls freely and the balls stay away a
certain distance between the balls when they
become stationary. Note down the distance.
5)Touch any one suspended ball with other uncharged
third
ball and takes the third ball away and repeat the step
4.
6)Touch other suspended ball with other uncharged
fourth ball and takes the fourth ball away and
repeat the step 4.
 OBSERVATION:-
1. Mass of each ball,(m) = g.
2. Radius of each ball,(r) = mm.
3. Length of each thread,(l) = cm.
[Link] CHARGE ON BALL A CHARGE ON BALL B DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
q q BALLS
( 1 ) ( 2 )
(x cm)

1.

2.

3.

4.
Calculations:-
By using the relation

mgx3
g= 2lk

Calculate the charge in each case:

RESULTS:-
The charge on each ball = C

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The suspended balls should not be touched
by any conducting body.
2. Rub the glass rod properly with the silk cloth to
produce
more charge.
3. Weight the mass of the balls accurately.

SOURCE OF ERROR:-
1. The balls may not be of equal size and mass.
2. The distance between the balls may be
measured accurately.