#292 An Artist's Life

The closing decades of an artist' s life do not generally make the biographer' s heart beat faster, but
Claude Monet is one of a handful of painters who bucks the pattern of an irrelevant old age. While it
' s true that by the time he was 73 he had accumulated all the usual dragging baggage –
outhouses full of fancy cars, a taste for
expensive wine and a sprawl of dependent - it was also now that he produced
career-de ning work.

#615 Bioenergy
A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have interpreted discussions with s
cientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a series of striking images which imagine alternative f
utures and explain some of the technology involved and how it might be put into practice.

#97 Well-being
Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today.
The report is the rst snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-
being program and will be updated and published annually. Well-
being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the environment. Information such as the un
employment rate or number of crimes against the person is presented alongside data on people's th
oughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Togeth
er, a richer picture on 'how society is doing' is provided.
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 #242 Standard Response
The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds
to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very di erent from the '
standard response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what
they are doing; they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their studen
ts.
casual , skill
. talkative ' '
. , best
.
.

#227 Modern Healthcare

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more like
the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to
know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse sta and m
ake di cult marketing and legal decisions.
** (medicine)** , , (Sta )
** (able)** , ** (decisions)** CEO . ,
.

#307 Co ee
Co ee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'co ee experience' has become a staple of
our modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the e ects of co ee cons
umption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Revie
ws in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT),
found that the potential bene ts of moderate co ee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers f
or the majority of major health outcomes considered.

the e ects of co ee consumption on human

health

the potential bene ts of moderate co ee

drinking

major health outcomes considered

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#49 Branches of Astronomy
There are two basic branches of the science of astronomy: observational and theoretical. Observatio
nal astronomy, as the name suggests, is concerned with observing the skies and then analyzing the o
bservations, using the principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy focuses more on developing com
puter or analytical models to describe astronomical phenomena. The two elds complement each oth
er, with observational astronomers attempting to con rm theoretical results, and theoreticians aimin
g to explain what has been observed.
elds . principles skies ,
describe . , con rm ,
.

Fields

Complement

describe astronomical phenomena. .

attempting to con rm

#385 Sandra Lousada

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fty-
year career of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty-
one portraits on display depict key gures in literature, lm and fashion from the early 1960s. Subseq
uent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait Gallery highl
ights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Pri
vate Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-
scenes photographs taken on lm sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.

display

#282 Lithium
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in c
olor, and softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile gr
ease, and in the production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure f
orm in nature. Lithium oats on water — or, rather , it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of
hydrogen, until it dissolves.
modest ( , ) , , ,
/ production ( ) . unstable ( )
, . rather ( ) ,
— until (… ).

modest role

production

so unstable that it is never found

rather, it skitters .

Until it dissolves
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#316 Research
Research is a process of investigation leading to new insights e ectively shared and is central to the
purpose of any university. Students have the right to be taught by acknowledged experts in their el
d, which requires that sta members operate at the most advanced level appropriate to their discipli
ne and level. Research is, therefore, crucial to a positive student experience from further education t
o doctoral development.
insights ( ) , purpose ( ) .
experts ( ) ,
discipline ( ) .
positive( ) .

central to the purpose ( )

appropriate to their discipline and level.

positive student experience .

#92 Cuteness
Cuteness in o spring is a potent protective mechanism that ensures survival for otherwise completel
y dependent infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early ethological ideas of a "kindchens
chema"(infant schema) where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms" for instin
ctive caregiving behaviors.
potent ( ) , dependent ( )
ensures ( ), instinctive ( ) .

potent protective mechanism

that ensures survival for

completely dependent infants.

for instinctive caregiving behaviors

#194 McLuhan
McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into four eras: the ac
oustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He outlined the concept in a 1962 b
ook called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released just as the television was starting to become p
opular. He predicted the world was entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized
by a community of people brought together by technology. He called it the "global village", and said
it would be an age when everyone had access to the same information through technology. The "glo
bal village" could be understood to be the internet.
McLuhan (divided) , 1962 『 』
(outlined). TV (released),
(predicted), (characterized). " "
.

characterized by a community of people brought .

together by technology.
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#68 Sportswomen
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist
, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too ne a point on it, while we still
have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost
too.
. exist ( ) ,
. **point ( )** , **chance ( )**
. , , lost ( ) .

not to put too ne a point on it

we still have a chance.

the stories are lost too. .

#299 Monitoring Animals

Monitoring animals is hard work. Field biologists have to follow tracks made by the animals and look
out for fruit that they might like in order to nd the animals, whether it be walking through rivers, up
and down slippery hillsides with dense vegetation or through thick mud and swamps.

look out for .

#141 Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students' wor
k. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic
detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students' work against text on the Interne
t, in journal articles and within previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and high
lights any matches it nds.

against text on the Internet

Compare A against B A B

Compare a to b

#288 Sea Turtles

Like the sea turtles, we are drawn to the bright lights of our phones, tablets, laptops, and TVs, our mi
nds and bodies becoming disoriented as we lose focus and direction. Each day, we are torn between
the value of tech and the cost to our health.
, , , , TV (drawn)
(disoriented). (torn).

are drawn to .

becoming disoriented .

are torn .

226 Space
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero -
gravity environment such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS)-
results in loss of bone density and damage to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the
ISS are restricted at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/
20 vision deteriorated after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned t
o Earth.

vision deteriorated , .( / / )
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 #164 Gauss
Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many anecdotes concerning his precocity as a child, and he ma
de his rst ground-
breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. At just three years old, he corrected an erro
r in his father payroll calculations, and he was looking after his father's accounts on a regular basis b
y the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers
from 1 to 100 almost instantly (having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers,
with each pair summing to 101 , total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium
and criticizing Euclid's geometry.

on a regular basis

#90 Low Fertility

Low fertility is a concern for many OECD countries as they face the prospect of population aging. Th
is article makes comparisons between Australia and seven other OECD countries in fertility rates bet
ween 1970 and 2004. Changing age patterns of fertility are also compared and show that for most of
the countries, women are postponing childbirth and having fewer babies. The associations of wome
n's education levels and rates of employment with fertility are also explored .

Fertility

makes comparisons 7 OECD .

Changing age patterns

The associations of women's education levels

#296 Radioactive Waste

It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. The volume of radioactive waste is very sm
all - even smaller if the used material is chemically re-processed -
but it has to be managed carefully. Most countries accept that they are responsible for their own an
d a number including France, Sweden, Finland, Korea and the USA are now constructing facilities, wh
ich will eventually be deep geological repositories.
(volume) , (material) , (managed)
, (accept) .

Quantities

Keep in perspective .

Used material

#319 Food Prices

For two decades, leading up to the millennium, global demand for food increased steadily, along with
growth in the world's population, record harvests, improvements in incomes, and the diversi cation
of diets. As a result, food prices continued to decline through 2000. But beginning in 2004, prices fo
r most grains began to rise. Rising production could not keep pace with the even stronger growth in
demand.
20 ( ), increased( ) , , ,
improvements( ), . , 2000 decline( )
. 2004 , stronger( )
.

Improvements
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#243 Tidal Energy
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a portion of t
he cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmani
a, in partnership with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Au
stralia -
Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's ti
dal energy in unprecedented detail before assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's energy nee
ds.
Lead chief investigator Associate Professor Irene Penesis from the University of Tasmania said the p
roject would help overcome barriers to investment in commercial-scale tidal farms in Australia.
'With some of the largest tides in the world, Australia is ideal for this extremely reliable and low-
carbon form of energy,' she said.
(ARENA) awarded(
). CSIRO partnership( ) ,
.
barriers( ) ,
ideal( ) .

has awarded

overcome barriers to investment .

assess feasibility

in unprecedented detail
#186 Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist
Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories are arranged in modern approaches to
personality. Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and beha
vior, but there is still a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of
personality, how can we begin to categorize risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare t
heir genes with those of others
(arranged) ,
(bridge) . , (categorize),
(compare) .

Psychoanalysis

Arranged in modern approaches to personality .

Avances

Bridge the gap between biochemistry and .

behavior

A great deal

#50 Behanzin
Behanzin ruled the West African kingdom of Dahomey at the end of the nineteenth century, a time w
hen Europeans were doing their utmost to colonise Africa. Behanzin put up extremely powerful resist
ance. He did this with the aid of an army, including ve thousand female warriors. He is often called
King Shark, a name suggesting strength and wisdom. Famed for being a poet as well as a warrior, he
wrote some of the most beautiful songs ever produced in Dahomey.

Utmost ,

With the aid of an army

Suggesting , .

#552 Color Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar col
or preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, y
ellow and orange. Overlying this basic order of color preference, however , are the responses of indiv
iduals, which of course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong
preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since out
side factors may be in uential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expre
ssed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-
group pressure may all play a signi cant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any str
ong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may
be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.

Peoples ,

Hue

Overlying ~ ( )

Aversion ,

Suppressed

Reluctant
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.)

#241 Stress
Stress -
that tense feeling often connected to have too much to do, too many bills to pay and not enough tim
e or money-- is a common emotion that knows few borders. About three-
fourths of people in the US, Australia, Canada, France, Germany and Italy say they experience stress
on a daily basis, according to polling. The anxious feelings are even more intense during the holidays
. Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People in the US cited na
ncial pressure as the top worry.

knows few borders -> ,

!!

#309 Dance
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases, dance numbers are included as
an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more e ective when it forms
an integral part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the st
ory about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enh
anced, rather than interrupts, the drama.
,
. On Your Toes(1936) ,
(enhanced) .

Enhanced

#270 Pupil Charity

My school in the city of London held a charity appeal. In the community, I was voted as the chairman
. We raised 48,000 pounds and I won the rst place in the end. During this period, I learnt a lot and r
ealized the importance of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.

held a charity appea .

Chairman ,

Tenacity ,

Rouse ( , ) . .
.

#128 Health Professionals

People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because illness in
creases with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited complementary health thera
pists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and
over contrasted with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with incr
easing age. The reasons for this di erence might include lower levels of acceptance of complementa
ry therapies by older people
(general).
(complementary health therapists) (proportion) 25 64 .
65 (contrasted) .
(acceptance) .

complementary health therapists

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 Contrasted with ~ ( )

Acceptance

#280 Repetitive Syllables

Assessments of language learning in 18-month-
olds suggest that children are better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over
words with non-
identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help explain why some words or phrases, such as '
train' and 'good night', have given rise to versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-
choo and night-night. The researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and may
provide them with a starter point for vocabulary learning. A team from the University of Edinburgh as
sessed the infants' language learning behavior in a series of visual and attention tests using pictures
on a computer screen of two unfamiliar objects. The two objects were named with made-up words
which were communicated to the infants by a recorded voice — one with two identical syllables, for
example neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then teste
d for their recognition of each word. Recordings of their eye movements showed they looked more r
eliably at the object labeled with repeated syllables, than the other object. Researchers validated thei
r results with a control test, in which the infants responded to pictures of familiar objects — such as
a dog or an apple.
, 18 , 'choo-choo', 'night-night'
(explain).
(provide them with), (visual) .
(made-up) (communicated) , (each)

Assessment

Syllables

Have given rise to

Provide A with B A B .

Visual and attention tests ,

Communicated to the infants .

#323 Houston
Houston is the fth-
largest metropolitan area in the United States and has an outsized impact on the U.S. economy. Mor
e than 90 percent of U.S. o shore oil and gas production takes place in the Texas Gulf Coast area, a
nd the Houston region contains the largest concentration of energy, petrochemical, and re ning indu
stries in the United States. Houston is home to 25 percent of the country's petroleum re ning capabi
lity, 40 percent of the nation's capacity for downstream chemical production, and the fastest-
growing lique ed natural gas industry in the nation

o shore oil and gas production

the largest concentration of energy~

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 #315 Farming
When humans began farming some 12,000 years ago, they altered the future of our species forever.
Our ancestors were ecological pioneers , discovering and cultivating the most valuable crops, scaling
them up to feed entire communities and transforming wild crops so fundamentally that they became
dependent on humans for their survival. Farming, in the words of National Geographic's Genographi
c Project, 'sowed the seeds for the modern age .

Our species

Ecological pioneers

Scaling up , .

Transforming A so fundamentally that B A( ) B( )

.

Sowed the seeds -> ,

Age

#300 Accounting
While accounting focuses on the day-to-
day management of nancial reports and records across the business world, nance uses this same i
nformation to project future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company nanc
es. So nance degree students will likely be more interested in nancial strategy and control, while a
ccounting degree students will be more focused on professional principles and processes, used in or
der to manage numbers rather than in uence them.
nancial reports . analyze expenditure , .
strategy , principles .
in uence manage .

Accounting

Day-to-day management

Financial reports and records

Finance

Project

Analyze expenditure

Company nances

Strategy and control

Principles and processes

Rather than In uence

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#200 Transport Problem
Despite transport problems being a topic of frequent dinner table conversation, comprehensive asses
sment of policy directions for transport has been the subject of remarkably little academic analysis.
This chapter introduces the scope of the book, which is intended to help redress this shortcoming . T
he primary focus is on urban transport policy, with the emphasis being on policy analysis rather than
analysis of the policy process. Importantly, the chapter sets out some key propositions that have bee
n important in shaping the authors' approach to the particular matters that are considered in subseq
uent chapters
, (assessment)
. (shortcoming)
. (urban) ,
. ,
.

Comprehensive assessment

Policy directions

scope

Intened to redress this shortcoming , , .

Urban transport policy

Set out ,

Key propositions

Particular matters

#210 Two Norths

Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location and then the in-
built compass nds north, adjusting to the direction you're facing and pointing the way. But that's no
t easy because there are two 'norths'. There's true north -
which is the direction of the North Pole and which reliably stays put -
and there's magnetic north which, thanks to the owing layer of molten iron in the Earth's outer cor
e , has a habit of moving around.
GPS (compass) (pointing),
. , , (true) (magnetic) .
, (core) .

Compass

Stays put . .

True north ( )

Flowing layer of molten iron

Magnetic north ( )

Core
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 #189 Chimpanzee Posture
Chimpanzee posture, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and emotions b
etween various individuals. When greeting a dominant individual following an absence or in response
to an aggressive gesture, nervous subordinates may approach with submissive signals —— crouchin
g, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out —— accompanied by pant —— grunts or squeaks.
In response, the dominant individual may make gestures of reassurance , such as touching, kissing,
or embracing.

Communicate .

Emotions

Various individuals

Dominant individual

Absence

In response to ~ .

subordinates

Approach .

Submissive signal

In response,

Reassurance

#314 Deforestation
Deforestation can disrupt the lives of local communities, sometimes with devastating consequences.
Forests provide a vast array of resources to all of us, including food, wood, medicine, fresh water,
and the air we breathe. Without the trees, species can disappear, the natural water balance can
become disrupted and the ecosystem that supports the human population can fall apart .

Deforestation

Disrupt , .

Devastating consequences ,

A vast array of

resources

Fall apart , .

#875 Trinity Sport and Fitness

Whether you want to exercise and stay t , train professionally with like-
minded people, or indulge your competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered.
We've got a dedicated support development team on campus to support every student taking part in
[Link] might want to participate in sports competitions, volunteer with a local sports class or si
mply play for fun with our social sport program.
Trinity tness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to discounts
when you are booking a sports facility and tness class. You will also get an opportunity to bene t fr
om tailored personal training, free activities events, and lots more
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 has it covered. .

#317 Following Tips

Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common ground, engage with
your network regularly, and consistently apply yourself to making your network work or it will wither.
It is a skill that you need to practice , not a talent.
engage( ) , apply( ) ,
practice( ) . .

Common ground

Engage with ~ . .

Apply oneself to Ving / /

Wither , .

#252 Corn People

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as the corn people. Th
e phrase is not intended as metaphor . Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence
on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the
calories a Mexican eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So whe
n a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a statement of fact: The very substance of
the Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a manifestation of this plant
‘ ’ , metaphor( ) ,9
(staple) (acknowledge) . 40%
, manifestation( ) .

Descendants

Intended

Metaphor

Acknowledge

Abiding

Miraculous grass ,

Staple , ,

Maize

Manifestation ,

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been converted for
human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp
farms in Thailand showed that the commercial pro ts per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only
factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea.
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of thi
s gure and there were costs, too:
$1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the s
upply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for sh, and
less bu ering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or fo
ur years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
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 proper accounting ,

#245 Durkheim
Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosop
hy to ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1882. Durkheim's
views could not get him a major academic appointment in Paris, so from 1882 to 1887 he taught phil
osophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two
years. Durkheim' s period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German so
cial science and philosophy, which gained recognition in France, earning him a teaching appointment
at the University of Bordeaux in 1887.

turning his attention ~

#1085 Students away from Home

For lots of rst-
year students, the University may be their rst experience living away from home for an extended per
iod. It is a de nite break from home. In my point of view, this is the best thing that you can do. I kno
w you have to fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself without y
our parents but the truth is some time in your life you are going to have to part with lovely Mummy a
nd Daddy. But they are only just a phone call away, and it is really good to have some QUALITY TIM
E without them. The rst few weeks can be a lonely period. There may be concerns about forming th
e friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that everyone else is self-
con dent and socially successful! The reality is that everyone has the same concerns. Increased pers
onal freedom can feel both wonderful and frightening . Students can come and go as they choose wi
th no one to hassle them. The strange environment with new kinds of procedures and new people ca
n create the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to be expected. You m
eet so many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. The main points about living away f
rom home are NO PARENTS! You don't have to tell them where you're going, who you're going with,
what time you'll be coming, why you're going etc. You learn various social skills. You have to get alon
g with your roommates. Living with them can present special, sometimes intense, problems. Negotiat
ing respect of personal property, personal space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can be a complex task
. The complexity increases when roommates are of di erent backgrounds with very di erent values. I
t is unrealistic to expect that roommates will be best friends. Meaningful, new relationships should n
ot be expected to develop overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy in high school fr
iendships; the same will be true of intimacy in university friendships. You have a phone! So if you eve
r get homesick or miss you, Mummy, then she's always at the end of a phone-
line for you and so are your friends.
1 extended . de nite ,
. lonely , socially
. frightening , . backgrounds
, .

For an extended period , .

De nite break from home ,

Part with

Wonderful and frightening .

Hassle

Procedures

Intimacy
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#418 Dam
Dams are huge man-
made structures that act as barriers on a river. Today, the main reason people build dams is to produ
ce electricity. They are also built to restrict and control the ow of water in a river. Throughout histor
y, dams have been used to prevent ooding and to irrigate (water) farmland. Dams supply about a si
xth of the world's electricity and they signi cantly reduce the risk of oods and droughts . They also
make water easier to access, especially in desertlike areas, where water is in low supply. There are h
owever, some negative e ects of damming rivers. Many people's homes are knocked down to make
space for the dam, and ooding can occur in the reservoir, which is the area behind the dam where
water collects . This can cause valuable farmland to become submerged under the lakes

Reservoir

Submerged

Occur .

Collects

#193 Music
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question . Even the least musical among us can recogni
ze pieces of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples . We know there are di
erent kinds of music and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like
and which kinds we do not.

Canonical examples

Even if our knoweldege of music is restricted

#266 Trackway
A fossilized trackway on public lands in Lake County, Oregon, may reveal clues about the ancient fa
mily dynamics of Columbian mammoths. Recently excavated by a team from the University of Orego
n Museum of Natural and Cultural History, the Bureau of Land Management and the University of Lo
uisiana, the trackway includes 117 footprints thought to represent a number of adults as well as juven
ile and infant mammoths.

Reveal clues

Fossilized

Trackway

Thought to ~

Juvenile and infant ,

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 #867 David Lynch
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. And prior to this he wa
s sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and found
ation head of the University’s Noosa campus . David's career in education began as a primary school
teacher in Queensland in the early 1980's, progressing to four principal positions before entering hig
her education. David's research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in
building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
David Lynch .
campus . 1980
began ,4 progressing entering .
.

#248 Fingerprint
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human enter
ed a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to cra
ck a case. An institute in London can help maintain a DNA database and be used to match with the s
amples taken from the crime scenes

Traces

Crack a case .

Match with ~ .

#272 Shakespeare's Work

Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were comedies and
histories -
genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then w
rote tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some
of the nest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known
as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Sophistication

Collaborated with other playwrights .

#273 Musical
One of the most popular forms of theater is the musical. Combining drama, dance and music, the mu
sical has been around for over a century, and in that time has kept pace with changing tastes and so
cial conditions , as well as advances in theater technology. Many modern musicals are known for thei
r spectacular sets , lighting and other e ects.

Has kept pace with

Changning tastes

Social conditions

Advances in theater technology

Spectacular sets
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#401 Electric Eels
Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, mak
e up 80% of their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can deliver debilitating blows of up
to 600 volts to their prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last y
ear, Vanderbilt University biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charg
ed head and negatively charged tail closer together to generate a more powerful current .

electrocytes

Stacked like batteries

Debilitating blows

Harnessed .

Pack even bigger punches

Positively/ negatively charged /

Current
#136 Octopus
If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the octopus? Octopuses a
lmost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured body parts, and show a preference not to be
touched near wounds. In addition to feeling pain, octopuses also have sophisticated sensory capacit
ies: excellent eyesight, and acute sensitivity to taste and smell. This, together with their large nervou
s systems and complex behavior makes it all but certain. The question of what subjective experience
might be like for an octopus is complicated by the odd relationship between its brain and body.
, ? injured(
) , . ,
sophisticated( ) — , — .
complex( ) , .
complicated( ) .

Consciousness

Come in degrees , .

In addition to ~

Capacities

Acute sensitivity

Complex behavior

All but certain

#51 Arts And Sicence Students

An investigation into the study habits of undergraduates was carried out by a team of researchers at
a number of di erent universities. In all the universities participating in the study, it was found that t
here were the same signi cant di erences between the habits of arts and science students. Not surp
risingly perhaps, arts students read more widely , while science students tended to concentrate on a
few core texts.
team .
participating same .
widely , core .

Was carried out .

the same signi cant di erences , .

Core texts .

#102 Volcanoes
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the
gas is usually harmless . When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere an
d isn't concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous
pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud , it can push out oxygen-
rich air and become deadly.
1 , harmless( ).
concentrated( ) .
underground( ) , cloud( ) ,
.

Blast
fi
ff
ff
fi
ff
 Erupt

underground

Push out

Deadly

#359 Weather Predictions

All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more di cult thanks to climate change. Though no
one is sure exactly what its e ects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions, such as storm
s and hurricanes, are likely to become more common. Such events have far-
reaching e ects on distant weather systems, making general forecasting much harder.
thanks to .
exactly , such as
likely to .
.

#427 Gender Equality

With the popularity of the gender equality campaign and the cultural change, the traditional roles of
men as the earner , and of women in which they stay at home, are challenged today.
(traditional) earner challenged .

are challenged

#264 Global Ecosystems

Whether measured by greenhouse gas concentrations, deforestation rates or declining sh stocks, c
urrent unsustainable consumption and production patterns threatened to exceed the capacity of glob
al ecosystems and the world community must accelerate e orts to pursue environmentally sound eco
nomic growth and 'meet our commitments to future generations'.
unsustainable ,
accelerate , sound .

Whether measured by ~

Threatened to exceed the capacity .

Accelerate e orts .

Sound economic ,

#238 Away from Home

For many rst-year students, the University may be their rst experience living
away from home for an extended period of time. It is a de nite break from home. The individual's us
ual sources of support are no longer present to facilitate adjustment to the unfamiliar environment.
experience , de nite .
sources of support facilitate .

Sources of support

Facilitate adjustment
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ff
ff
ff
fi
ffi
fi
ff
fi
fi
 #201 Canada Gallery
An exhibit that brings together for the rst time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-
Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked wit
h the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection o
f 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections.
6 (comes).
45 60
(paintings) (pull).

Bring together

Pull together , .

#324 Tree and City

A new report by environmental nonpro t The Nature Conservancy lays out how trees could pave the
way to cleaner air and cooler cities. Using geospatial information on forest cover paired with air poll
ution data and population forecasts for 245 cities, researchers found that trees have the biggest hea
lth payo s in densely populated, polluted cities like Delhi, Karachi and Dhaka. The Conservancy and t
he C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group presented the ndings of their global survey this week at th
e American Public Health Association meeting in Denver, Colorado.
The Nature Conservancy , (geospatial)
(forecasts) , ,
(payo s) .

Nonpro t

Lay out , .

Pave the way to ~ .

Geospatial information

Forest cover

Paired with ~

Population forecasts

Health payo s

#473 Native Species

Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America.
And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do live here
, because they're insectivorous. These bats consume moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up
to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour.
They also protect gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles and leafhoppers.
native champion( ) .
500 consume( ) , pests( )
.

Native to North America .

Pollinator

Champion , .

Insectivorous
ff
fi
ff
ff
fi
fi
fi
Pests .

#143 Plates
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Gree
k root "to build". Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to
how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outerm
ost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one a
nother.
‘tectonics’ root( ) ‘ ’ . ‘plate tectonics’
refers( ).
fragmented( ) , relative( ) states( ) .

Rigid slab ,

Root

Plate tectonics

Refers to ~ .

States

Outermost

Fragmented into ,

Relative to ~

#452 Next Task

Having tracked down research that is relevant to your area of interest, the next task is to actually ma
ke sense of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be critical of the research yo
u are reviewing and how to check that the evidence is credible and represented appropriately. Unfort
unately this means discussing the ways in which research ndings may be misrepresented
relevant( ) , make sense( ) .
are reviewing( ) , evidence( )
.
.

Track down , .

Relevant to your area of interest

Make sense .

The research you are reviewing

Check that the evidence is credible

fi
 #436 Toys
Three types of phthalates, additives that render hard plastics exible, will be banned from c
hildren's toys and child-
care products starting Feb 10, while three other types of phthalates will be temporarily fro
m child-
care products and toys that can be placed in a child's mouth. Consumer complain that the l
aw has ended up sanctioning a grace period that allows toy makers to sell off soon-to-
be banned toys, rather than forcing them to of them

Phthalates

Chemical additives

Rener A B A B .

Consumer advocates , ( )

Sanction ,

Grace period

Sell o , .

Dispose of .

#147 Resultant Force

The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force. The resulta
nt of two forces is a single force, which has the same e ect as the two forces combined. If two forc
es pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one for
ce from the other . If the forces are equal , they balance each other, which means a resultant force o
f zero.
resultant force . resultant
. opposite , other
subtracting . equal , balance resultant force 0
.

Two or more

Resultant force

Single force ,

Subtracting .

#429 Power Station

The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home only to urban ex
plorers and street artists . Opened in 1951, the power station was once a pillar of progress for the ex
panding energy demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to i
ts surrounding metropolis until 1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth the money.
1985 , artists .
1951 demands .
34 , .
1985 – , money
.

Ruins ,
f
ff
fl
Stand empty .

Home only to ~ ~

A pillar , /

Progress

Demands

deem ~ .

#618 Accounting and Finance

While accounting focuses on the day-to-
day management of nancial reports and records across the business world, nance uses this same i
nformation to project future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company nanc
es. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market, with the right knowledge a
nd skills acquired you should be able then when you graduate to advise others in making strong inve
stments. This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting and analyzing the potential for pro
t and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also look
ing externally for future funding options.
reports ,
project , .
, knowledge ,
.
analyzing , , ,
.

project future growth

#328 Conduit of Energy

Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans
, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges fa
cing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation . All three are plant relate
d. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants
are a source of energy production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major fa
ctor in a variety of environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat
destruction and waterway pollution.
, shape .
Ehrhardt Frommer , , , degradation .
. .
source .
, , .

Conduit of energy

Biosphere

Shape

Degradation ,
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 #616 Chapters
Most chapters have a mixed exercise after the main work of the chapter has been completed. This w
ill help you revise what you have done, either when you have nished the chapter or at a later date. A
ll chapters end with some mathematical puzzles and practical investigational work. For this work you
are encouraged to share your ideas with others
main .
revise .
end .
, share .

Revise .

RW #561 Market for Vegetarian Foods

Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly repl
ace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian fo
ods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 b
illion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Dru
g Administration's 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-
healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low i
n saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A re
presentative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 t
o 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs a
bout soy's e ectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2
000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy pr
oducts once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty- ve percent of respondents had tried tofu,
41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy foods USA e-
mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food sto
res at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.
2002 15 estimates , 2006 28 .
( ) , saturated tremendous .
consumers , e ectiveness . 2001
alternatives 3 .

Estimates

Saturated fat

Spur .

Tremendous interest

Menopause
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 #391 Financial Markets
Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities
and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and Euro
pean credit markets were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marke
d by particularly wild swings in the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corp
orate defaults.
equities
. , 3 heavy . ,
swings , corporate
.

Swung widly .

Frenzied ,

Further selling of equities

exceptionally heavy trading

wild swings ( )

Ensure against ~ .

corporate defaults

#297 Coastal Hypothesis

The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater shing, sh
ell sh gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Paci c Oce
an to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people
to move in a southerly direction.
, , , ( )
suggests .
Because , , ,
impetus .

Watercraft

The coastal hypothesis suggests

Because of ice in the east, ocean in the west, , ,

and people in the north

greater impetus for people to move south ,

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 #290 Electronics
Electronics come in all shapes and sizes --
but there's been a limit on their exibility. Now, researchers say they've created electronics that can
be shaped in virtually any way, including bent, stretched and even tightly coiled. They published their
results in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Silicon is the principal ingredient in electronics, and it's in exible and brittle. To overcome this constr
aint, the researchers rst developed one-dimensional, single-
crystal silicon electronics, which they reported in 2005. The crystals could be stretched without losin
g their properties. Then last summer they demonstrated that they could build tiny circuits that were c
onnected by tiny metal bridges. The nal product could be bent and placed over a curved surface.
. (virtually)
, (stretched), .
. overcome 1 ,
demonstrated . .

shaped in virtually any way

bent, stretched and even tightly coiled , ,

To overcome this constraint

they demonstrated that

Brittle

#71 Ikebana
More than simply putting owers in a container , ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature an
d humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement
of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant , such as its stems and leaves, and p
uts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules go
vern its form.
container , .
arrangement , plant
, , . expression , .

ikebana

disciplined

Are brought together

Contrary to the idea of A

Steme

Govern , .

putting owers in a container

a multicolored arrangement of blossoms

other areas of the plant ( )

ikebana is an expression of creativity

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 #295 Environmental Policy
Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the pro tability in any real sense at all. In practi
ce it is companies that are well organized and e cient , or that are already comfortably pro table, th
at have time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if someone says that pro table
companies are the ones most likely to consider environment, this is confusing cause with e ect. It is
not that environmental best practice causes pro tability, but that being pro table allows for concern
for the environment.
e cient .
, establish .
" " , .
— practice .
concern .

Pro tability

Comfortably pro table

Confusing A with B A B .

well organized and e cient

establish and police policies

environmental best practice

concern for the environment

#422 John Milton

John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in several languages, and on an extraordinary range of
subjects. His was a more general education than is o ered at Cambridge these days, and it continue
d after his seven years here, equipping him with the tools to write some of the most groundbreaking
literature ever seen, and to engage as a polemicist on many di erent social, political, and theological
questions .
, (several) , .
(education) ,7 .
(groundbreaking) ,
, , (questions) .

in several languages

a more general education

the most groundbreaking literature

many di erent social, political, and theological
, ,
questions
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ffi
fi
ff
fi
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#619 Fascination
A fascination with the fate of those who show great early talent remained with me. Then in 1981, I ha
ppened upon a radio documentary commemorating Hephzibah, who died earlier that year. Produced
and narrated for the Australian Broadcasting Commission’s The Coming Out Show by the in uential f
eminist commentator and academic Eva Cox –
who was, I learnt for the rst time, Hephzibah’s stepdaughter –
it featured interviews with Hephzibah and with those who had known her. I heard her light, precise v
oice with its slightly Germanic vowels and hint of an American drawl as she spoke about things that
were important to her, and I was drawn to her warmth, thoughtfulness and humor.
.
1981 , Hephzibah commemorating .
‘The Coming Out Show’
Eva Cox . Hephzibah .
Hephzibah known featured .
, drawl , ,
, , .

commemorating Hephzibah ~

it featured interviews ~ ,

those who had known her

hint of an American drawl

#864 Pidgins
Pidgins are languages that are born after contact between at least two languages. As many pidgins
developed during the period of empire and international trade, one of the language parents was freq
uently a European language such as French or English, and the other language parent was the langu
age of the people with whom the Europeans were trading or whom they were colonizing. Usually one
of the languages provided the majority of vocabulary items and the other provided the grammatical s
tructure. When pidgins become learned as a mother tongue, they become known as creoles. I am not
going to discuss pidgins and creoles and contact languages as such in this book in any depth
. ,
, trading
. vocabulary , .
known . , ,
(depth).

trading with ~

majority of vocabulary items

become known as ~

in any depth
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 #294 Techniques
In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something remarkable : that there's far more p
otential in our minds than we often give them credit for. I'm not just talking about the fact that it's p
ossible to memorize lots of information using memory techniques. I'm talking about a lesson that is
more general,and in a way much bigger: that it's possible, with training and hard work, to teach ones
elf to do something that might seem really di cult
(remarkable) . (minds)
. (information)
. (general) ,
. , (di cult) .

something remarkable

potential in our minds

memorize lots of information

more general lesson

really di cult

Give them credit for ~ .

#1142 Children Breakfast

Children who eat breakfast regularly consume more nutrients that are essential for healthy developm
ent. As a result, they are more likely to thrive both physically and mentally. Studies also show that su
ch children tend to behave better in school and maintain higher levels of concentration.
consume . ,
, thrive .
tend .

consume breakfast regularly ( ) ,

thrive physically and mentally ( · ) ,

tend to behave better

#1178 Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery allows the entire procedure to be recorded, helping to preserve detailed surgical info
rmation. This creates a valuable tool for training , giving students and professionals the chance to le
arn from real operations. It also enables doctors to operate remotely, a technique known as telesurg
ery.
, preserve .
training . , operate
. .

preserve detailed surgical information

tool for training

operate remotely
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 #489 Academic Freedom
Researchers say they have been stripped of their nances and academic freedoms and do not feel v
alued by the new government. Many continue to fear being persecuted for their international connect
ions, ethnicity or gender — or because they have been critical of the government — and some say th
ey have been threatened with death or retribution by the Taliban.
stripped ,
. , ethnicity( ), , persecuted
, retribution( ) .

stripped of their nances and academic freedoms

fear being persecuted

international connections, ethnicity or gender ,

threatened with death or retribution

#339 Merchant Navies

From the mid-1890s a race was on between the merchant navies of the recently uni ed Germany, Br
itain and France. That race was to make the most luxurious and fastest ocean liners and it started wi
th the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, the rst of fourteen four-
stackers built between 1897 and 1921. The large vessels that followed each tried to outdo the previou
s one in terms of size and interior design. Using many of the most famous of interior designers , ever
y part of the new ships was 'designed', from the cutlery to the china, from the furniture to the paneli
ng, and from the bedrooms to the boat decks. Through Kronprinzessin Cecilie, Mauretania, Aquitania
, Olympic, Titanic, Imperator, Vaterland, Ile de France, and Paris, the development and design of the
ships grew grander and more luxurious. The process continued into the 1930s, with the Empress of B
ritain and the fabulously Art Deco Normandie, the nest and most expensive liner ever built, and desi
gned to be a showcase for all that was France, as well as with the Queen Mary, a rather more traditi
onal vessel, but one, nonetheless , which pushed the boundaries of design away from the traditional
country house look of the Edwardian era. Each new vessel brought with it the nest of interiors, from
the plush and palatial to the modern look of the time. Even today, the in uence of these oating pal
aces can still be seen in vessels such as Cunard's Queen Mary 2 and the multitude of new cruise ves
sels, all vying for the public's interest and a ection. The large liners were truly oating palaces, and
here, William H. Miller brings together a collection of fabulous images of the nest ships ever built, s
howcasing the style and elegance of a time when 'getting there was half the fun'.
1890 , , . designers
, . 1930 , nonetheless Queen Mary
. palaces , .

famous of interior designers

one, nonetheless, which pushed… ,~

oating palaces ( )
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 #1050 Home Renovation
Choosing the right contractor for home renovation is crucial for a successful project. Begin by de ni
ng your renovation goals and budget to ensure clarity on the scope of work. Research potential contr
actors, focusing on their experience, customer reviews, and portfolio of past projects. Importantly, dr
aw up a detailed contract to avoid misunderstandings. Remember, a reliable contractor is key not jus
t for quality work but for peace of mind throughout the renovation journey.
.
ensure . , ,
. , draw up .
mind .

ensure clarity

draw up a contract

peace of mind ,

#525 Cargo Ship Munchen

Two weeks before Christmas in 1978, the cargo ship MS München encountered a erce storm in the
North Atlantic. Although the captain couldn't evade it, the forecasted waves and winds should have
posed no threat to the 261-meter-long ship. The West German vessel and its 28-person crew
vanished, leaving behind just four lifeboats, three shipping containers, and a handful of otation
devices
1978 2 , encountered . ,
(forecasted) 261 threat . 28
, 4 , 3 , otation .

encountered a erce storm ,

forecasted waves and winds

posed no threat

otation devices ,

#1042 Butter ies

Butter ies, unlike moths, are not usually attracted to arti cial light. Why is there a di erence in beha
vior between two closely related species ? The answer may lie in their evolutionary paths and ecologi
cal niches. Butter ies, being diurnal creatures, have evolved to navigate using the sun. Arti cial lights
do not provide the same cues, hence their lack of attraction. This distinction in behavior underscore
s the diverse survival strategies evolved by these creatures over millennia.
. species ?
. .
(hence), . distinction
survival .

closely related species

arti cial lights, hence ,

distinction in behavior

survival strategies
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 #293 The University of Maryland
The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs ranked in the top 25 nationally and 29 aca
demic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top-
notch faculty, attracting the brightest students and investing in the quality of our academic programs
, we are a force to reckon with on a national basis .
ranked ( ) 25 78 , 10
29 .
, , investing ( ) ,
reckoned ( , ) .
basis ( , ) .

ranked in the top 25 nationally 25

investing in the quality of our academic programs

a force to reckon with

on a national basis ,

#398 E ective Leaders

In search of lessons to apply in our own careers, we often try to emulate what e ective leaders do. R
oger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves that work in one context may make little se
nse in another. A more productive, though more di cult, approach is to look at how such leaders thi
nk . After extensive interviews with more than 50 of them, the author discovered that most are integr
ative thinkers -
that is, they can hold in their heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new idea t
hat contains elements of each but is superior to both.
apply ( ) , emulate ( ) .
think ( ) .
integrative ( ) ,
each ( ) .

apply that knowledge (apply: )

emulate the actions (emulate: , )

think in this way (think: )

integrative thinking (integrative: )

each of those elements (each: )

In search of ~

#169 Australian Business Etiquette

Business etiquette in Australia is relatively straightforward for Amercians and Europeans. But it di er
s greatly to the approach taken in the country's Asian backyard, the source of an increasing proporti
on of its trade and investment. To many Asians, Australians' openness can appear blunt and unsubtle
; their informality confusing and even disrespectful. Even if Australia is less egalitarian than it was, it
is less hierarchical than many societies and rst names are almost always used, irrespective of rank
· , (di ers: ).
(source: , ) .
(unsubtle: ) ,
.
(hierarchical: ) , .
ff
fi
ffi
ff
ff
ff
 di er greatly

source of trade

appear blunt and unsubtle ,

less hierarchical

Egalitarian

Informality

Irrespective of rank

#474 Country De nition

What is a country, and how is a country de ned? When people ask how many countries there are in t
he world, they expect a simple answer. After all , we've explored the whole planet, we have internatio
nal travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we shoul
d really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according t
o whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be m
ore like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there
isn't a universally agreed de nition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries
nd it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
. After all (all: ),
should (should: ~ ) .
. ‘ ’ arises (arises: ) .
other (other: )
nd ( nd: ~ ) .

after all ,

should know ( )

problem arises (“ ” )

nd it convenient

other countries
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 #301 Hippocrates
Hippocrates allowed observation, rationality and his own genuine respect for his patients to guide his
practice. Using the scienti c method, he carefully recorded his patient's symptoms and responses t
o treatments and used the data gathered to evaluate and prescribe the most successful regimens. Hi
s prestige as a great medical practitioner, educator, and author helped spread these ideals of rationa
l medicine throughout the ancient world.
, , (guide: ) .
, (responses: ) . (gathered:
) . (medical: ) , ,
(rational: ) .

guide one's practice ~ ( )

responses to treatment

gathered data

evaluate and prescribe regimens

medical practitioner ,

rational medicine

prestige as a medical educator

#247 Recruitment
Finding challenging or rewarding employment may mean retraining and moving from a stale or boring
job in order to nd your passion and pursue it. The idea is to think long range and anticipate an acti
ve lifestyle into later years --
perhaps into one's 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean anticipating retiring in sta
ges. This might indicate going to an alternate plan should a current career end by choice or economi
c change.
(rewarding: )
(passion: ) . 80 90
.
. (plan: )
.

stale ,

think long range

anticipate .

rewarding employment

nd your passion

go to an alternate plan
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 #251 Linguistic E ects
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central r
ole of discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that people hold ab
out how language works combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious e
ects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precise
ly analytic tools for tracking those e ects.
(discourse: )
. , (ideas: , )
. , (linguistic: )
(tools: ) .
. (discourse: ) .
(ideas) , . , (linguistic: )
(tools) .

central role of discourse

ideas that people hold

linguistic anthropologists

analytic tools for tracking e ects

#303 Talking
Talking is not just an activity of the vocal cords , it is a way of connecting with ourselves and others
that creates a culture of health and wellbeing . Speci cally, speaking with healthcare practitioners ab
out health worries, and more generally opening up to create more and stronger social ties ,can have
many positive bene ts.
(cords) , (others) (well-
being) . (practitioners) ,
(ties) .

vocal cords

connecting with others

culture of well-being

healthcare practitioners

social ties

#223 Body and Water

Your body is nearly two-
thirds water. And so it is really important that you consume enough uid to stay hydrated and health
y. If you don't get enough uid you may feel tired , get headaches , and not perform at your best.
3 2 .
(consuming) . , (tired) ,
(headaches) .

consume uid

stay hydrated

feel tired

get headaches
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