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Computer Notes
What is Computer?

A Computer is an electronic device that performs calculations and operations

based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program

Characters of Ideal Computer: Speed, Accuracy, Diligence,

Diligence Versatility &
Storage

History of Computer (Most Important)

Abacus - first counting device which was developed in China
China.

Pascaline: first calculating device

Punched Card System: invented by Herman Hollerith. It was used for storing
and retrieving data.

Charles Babbage: invented the Difference Engine to solve algebraic

expressions and mathema
mathematical tasks accurately and called it Analytical Engine

Mark I Computer - The first electro

electro-mechanical
mechanical computing device was
developed by Howard Hathaway Aiken

First Un-programmable
programmable Electronic Digital Computer (ABC): The
Atanasoff-Berry
Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic computer

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC): ENIAC was the

first electronic computer used for general purposes, such as solving numerical
problems.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC

EDVAC) was the
successor of ENIAC

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)- EDSAC was the

first practical general-purpose
purpose stored-program electronic computer

Universal Automatic Computer ((UNIVAC) was the first commercially

available computer. It represents the birth of the modern computers

Micro Processor – INTEL 4004: In 1969, Intel Corporation designed the first
general-purpose
purpose programmable processor INTEL 4004

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Particulars Name of Person/System

Father of Computer Charles Babbage

Father of Modern Computer Science Alan Tuning

First Non-programmable
programmable Atanasoff Berry Computer
ElectronicDigital Computer (ABC)

First General Purpose Electronic Electronic Numerical

DigitalComputer Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC)

First Micro Processor INTEL 4004

First Commercially Available Universal Automatic Computer

Computer

Generation of Computers (Most Important)

tant)
First generation Computer (1946-1959:

- Vacuum
acuum tubes as the electronic components.
- Occupied a very large space
- Performed computations in milliseconds.
- Machine languages are used.
- Examples – EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650.
IBM

Second Generation Computers – (1959-1965)

- Vacuum Tubes with Transistors.

- They used assembly languages and bat
batch
ch processing operating system.
- Magnetic cores and magnetic tapes were used as storage.
- Examples – IBM-1620,
1620, IBM -7094, CDC-1604, CDC-3600 3600

Third Generation Computers – (1965-1971)

- Transistors
ransistors with integrated circuits (ICs).
- They performed computation in Nanoseconds.
- High-level
level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, ALGO-68,
ALGO
BASIC was used.

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- In this generation, remote processing, time-sharing,

sharing, multi-programming
multi
operating system were used.
- Examples - IBM-360360 series, Honeywell
Honeywell-6000
6000 series, PDP, IBM-370/168.
IBM
Fourth Generation Computers – (1971-1980)

Fourth Generation Computers – (1971-1980):

- Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.

- Semi-conductor
conductor devices are used as primary memory.
- Magnetic disks are used as secondary storage.
- Problem-oriented fourth generation languages (4GL) are used.
- Multi-processing
processing and multiprogramming operating systems are used.
- Example – Apple series – I & II, IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP
11. Fifth Generation Computers – (1980 - Present)

Fifth Generation Computers – (1980 - Present)

- ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) chichips that contain millions of

components on a single chip.
- Based
ased on the artificial intelligence.
- Biochips will be used as memory devices and KIPS (Knowledge-based
(Knowle
Information Processing System) architecture will be used.
- Examples – Robots, Supercomputers.

Type of Computer
Based on Operation

Analog Computer:

- Output
utput in the form of a graph.
- Calculate such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc.

Digital Computer:

- A Digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer

- Data represented in digital form, usually binary 0s and 1s.
- It can perform faster and give more accurate results.

Hybrid Computer:

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- A Hybrid computer is a combined feature of Analog and Digital

computers.

Based on Configuration
Micro Computer – Microcomputers are small, inexpensive compute
computer for
personal use.
Mini Computer - Minicomputers possess most of the features and capabilities
of a large computer but are smaller in physical size.
Mainframe Computer – Mainframe computers are expensive and large size
computers and they are capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Super Computer - Supercomputers are powerful, expensive and the fastest
computers.

Particulars Name of the Computer

Cray CDC 6600

First Super Computer in the world
Summit by the USA
Fastest Super Computer in the
world
PARAM 8000
First Super Computer of India
Pratyush
Fastest Super Computer in India

Based on Mode of Use:

Palmtop Computer – Palmtop computers are small which can fit in the palm of
a hand.

Laptop Computer – Laptop computers are portable with less weight

Personal Computer (PC) - A personal computer is a cost-effective

effective computer
that is designed for a single end
end-user.

Component of Computer
A computer system has four basic components.

Hardware -keyboard, mouse, monitor etc.

Software – It is a set of electronic instructions called programs that make the

computer perform tasks.

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Data – It is a set of facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of
numbers.

Users - Users are the people who make use of a computer to obtain certain
results/ outcomes.

Mother Board (most Important) –

- Main
ain printed circuit board of a computer that carries the central
processing unit (CPU) chip, Read Only Memory (ROM), Random
Access Memory (RAM) and the basic input output system (BIOS)
chip

Central Processing Unit –

- CPUs have been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a

microprocessor.
- It consists of the control unit, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and
the memory unit.
1. Control Unit:
- It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions, transforming them into
control signals that activate other parts of the computer.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Unit:
- The ALU can perform arithmetic and logical operations.
3. Memory Unit:
- Computer main memory consists of primary and secondary ndary memory.

Primary memory (Most Important)

Two types – RAM & ROM

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RAM ROM

It is a temporary memory of the It is the permanent memory of the

computer. computer.

It is a read-write
write memory
memory. The data It is a read only memory.
memory The data can
can be written and read. only be read.

It is a volatile memory as it It is a non-volatile volatile memory as it

temporarily stores the files as long as permanently stores the files even when
the computer is on and working
working. the power is turned off,
off such as game
cartridge and BIOS program stored in the
memory of a computer, etc.

The storage capacity ranges from 1 to Its storage capacity ranges

range from 4 to 8
256 GB. MB.

Data stored in RAM can be retrieved We can only read the data stored in
and altered. ROM. It cannot be altered.
altered

It is faster than ROM as it is a high

high- It is slower than the RAM.
speed memory.

The data stored in RAM is used by The data stored in ROM is used by
time to run the CPU only when it is transferred to
the CPU in real-time
computer. RAM.

It temporarily stores the files and It stores the BIOS program on the
data that the CPU needs to process the motherboard of a computer,
computer which is
current instructions or work. needed to bootstrap the computer.

Examples: It is used as CPU Cache, Examples: It is used as Firmware by

Primary Memory in a computer. micro-controllers.

Types: DRAM (Dynamic Random Types: PROM (programmable read-

Access Memory), SRAM (Static only memory), EPROM (erasable
Random Access Memory). programmable read--only memory),
EEPROM (electrically
electrically erasable
programmable ROM), Mask ROM

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Secondary Memory:

Main secondary memory:

1. Magnetic Disk
2. Floppy Disk
3. Hard Disk
4. Optical Disks

Magnetic Disk

- The Magnetic Disk is Flat, circular platter with metallic coating that is
rotated beneath read/write heads.

Floppy Disk

- Floppy disks are typically 3.5

3.5″″ in size (diameter) and can hold 1.44 MB
of data.

Hard Disk

- Another form of au
auxiliary storage is a hard disk

Optical Disks

Types of Optical Disk

1. CD-ROM
ROM (read only)
2. CD-R: (record) to a CD
3. CD-RW:
RW: can write and erase CD to reuse it (re
(re-writable)
4. DVD(Digital Video Disk)

Cache Memory (Most Important) - It is a very high-speedspeed semiconductor

memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and
main memory. Example: Registers

Flash Drives – Flash drives are small, ultra

ultra-portable
portable storage device. Commonly
called as pen drives,, thumb drives, or jump drives.

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Types Examples

Semiconductor RAM, ROM

Memory

Optical Memory CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, HVD, Blu-ray

Blu Disc

Magnetic Memory Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Floppy Disk Drive

(FDD)

Flash Memory Pen drive, Memory card etc (EEPROM

Technology devices)

Input and Out Devices (most Important)

Input Devices: Keyboard
Keyboard,, Mouse, Joystick, Light pen, Track ball, digitizer,
digi
scanner, microphone, Magnetic ink ccard reader (MICR), Optical character
reader (OCR),, Bar code reader, Optical mark rreader (OMR)

Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector, plotter, Braille Reader,

Television, Video card, GPS, Head phones

Both Input and Output devices

devices: USB, MODEM, CD and DVD Drives,
Drives Headset,
Facsimile

Types of Printer

Printers can be grouped into two categories. They are as follows: –

 Impact Printers

 Non-Impact
Impact printers

A printer’s speed is normally shown in pages per minute (ppm). The printer’s
resolution is expressed as dpi (dots per inch).

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Feature Impact Printers Non-Impact

Impact Printers

Behavior Characters and graphics Characters and graphics are printed

are printed on paper by on paper without striking.
striking.

Mechanical For printing, Electro

Electro- It does not make use of the Electro-
Electro
Mechanical devices are Mechanical device for printing.
used

Speed These are faster. It Covers These are slower. Covers a page in
250 words per second 30 seconds.

Noise It is very Noisy. It is silent.

Examples Dot-matrix
matrix printers, Inkjet printers and Laser printers.
Daisy-wheel
wheel printers, and
line printers.

Memory Co
Conversion Unit (Most Important)
Term Approximate Size

Byte (B) 8 bits

Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes / 103 bytes

Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB / 106 bytes

Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB / 109 bytes

Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB / 1012 bytes

Petabyte (PB) 1024 TB / 1015 bytes

Exabyte (EB) 1024 PB / 1018 bytes

Zettabyte (ZB) 1024 ES/ 10 21 bytes

Yottabyte (YB) 1024 ZB/ 1024 bytes

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Operating System and Application Software (Most

Important)
Operating System (OS):: Linux (Ubuntu), Windows (Windows XP, Windows
7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10), iOS, Chrome OS, DOS, macOS
Mojave, Android etc

Booting - When the computer starts, the operating system is first loaded, this
process is known as booting.

Cold Boot – Turn ON the computer from an OFF position is called Cold
Booting.

Warm Boot - A computer system starts up/reset from a complete powerless

state is called Warm Booting.

Application Software: MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS excel,, Antivirus, VLC

& other player,, Browser like Google cchrome, Firefox, Social media platform
like FB, Whatsapp, Instagram,
gram, Twitter etc

Language Translator:

- Language Translator translates the highhigh-level language program (input)

into an Low level language program (output).
- It also detects and reports the error during translation.
- Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter are types of a Language Translator.

Computer programming language(Most

(Most Important)
The two major types of programming languages are Low-Lev
Level Languages
and High-Level
Level Languages

1. Low Level Language

Language: Machine language and Assembly language
2. High level language: BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL,
PASCAL, PROLOG

BASIC - Beginner's All All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was

developed for students to writ
write simple computer programs.

ALGOL - ALGOL is a short form of ALGOrithmic Language.

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PROLOG - Prolog is used widely for artificial intelligence applications

PASCAL - It is used too teach programming techniques.

FORTRAN - It is a programming language designed for numeric computation

and scientific computing. FORmula TRANslation is an acronym of FORTRAN.

COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language is the full form of COBOL. It

is used for business and administrative purposes.

C – It is a general-purpose
purpose language which is used in many scientific
programming situations.

C++ - It is an object-oriented
oriented programming language and incorporates all the
features offered by C.

Best of Luck

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