In the file system, users can create new files, execute, display (on different output devices) and

delete existing files. There is a special type of delete, which removes the file parentally from the
file system. The file makes use of an access right system who specifies who the owner of each
file is and what operations are allowed by which user. The owner of each file may change the
access right to the file and give or take other people’s permissions to access the file. In addition
to the person who creates tire file, the administrator is considered the owner of the file.

The Pizza Ordering System allows the user of a web browser to order pizza for home delivery. To
place an order, a shopper searches to find items to purchase, adds items one at a time to a
shopping card, and possibly searches again for more items. When all items has been chosen,
the shopper provides a delivery address. If not paying with cash, the shopper also provides
credit card information. The system has an option for shoppers to register with the pizza shop.
They can then save their name and address information, so That they do not have to enter er this
information every time that they place an order. Develop a use case diagram, for a wise for
placing an order, Place Order. The use case should show a relationship to two previously
specified use cases, Identify-Customer, which allows a user to register and log in, and Pay-by-
Credit, which models and payments.

A POS (Point-Of-Sale) system is a computer system typically used to manage the sales in retail
stores. It includes hardware components such as a computer, a bar code scanner, a printer and
also software to manage the operation of the store.

The most basic function of a POS system is to handle sales. When a customer arrives at a POS
counter with goods to purchase, the cashier will start a new sale transaction. When the barcode
of a good is read by the POS system, it will retrieve the name and price of this good from the
backend catalog system and interact with inventory system to deduce the stock amount of this
good. When the sale transaction is over, the customer can pay in cash, credit card or even
check. After the payment is successful, a receipt will be printed, Note that for promotion, the
store frequently issues gift coupons. The customer can use the coupons for a better price when
purchasing goods.

Another function of a POS system is to handle returns.

A user must log in to use the POS. The users of a POS system are the employees of the store
including cashiers and the administrator. The administrator can access the system
management functions of the POS system including user management and security
configuration that cashiers can't do.

A city implements a smart traffic management system to improve traffic flow and reduce
congestion. The system is designed to monitor traffic in real time, adjust traffic lights
dynamically based on traffic patterns, and provide feedback to drivers. It also integrates with
other smart city systems, such as public transportation and emergency response systems. The
city’s administration can analyze traffic data to make future urban planning decisions. The
system is expected to be autonomous but can be overridden manually by city authorities during
special events or emergencies.
Use Case Diagram for Library Management System

In the diagram, we can see the multiple actors: staff and the student, librarian, and library
database. And we have dozens of use cases like authenticating, reserve a book, renewing a
book, paying a fine, etc. Some use cases are related to each other, like invalid renewal and
renewing a book, registering a new user, getting a library card ID, etc.

The librarian also does multiple tasks. The thing to notice here is that one actor is a machine
that is the library database. As mentioned above, the actor can be anyone, either a human and a
machine.

Use Case Diagram for Online Shopping

In this illustration, we have an online shopping subsystem. It has use cases like view items,
make a purchase, checkout, and client register. Then we have multiple actors like the registered
user, web customer, and new customer. These actors are related to each other. The use cases
are also in a relationship.

The actors PayPal and credit payment service are the organizations interacting with the
subsystem with different use-cases.

Use Case Diagram for Hospital Management System

It is the use case diagram of the hospital management system. In this diagram, the receptionist
is the leading actor. The receptionist interacts with multiple use cases like a scheduled patient
appointment, patient admission in the hospital, etc. These cases are related to each other.

a) Draw a use case diagram forthe system (diagram should consists of at least three actors
andsix use cases)

b) Provide a narrativedescription for two of your use cases (one of which shouldbe the “Send
Card” use case) includingpre and post conditions where relevant and Mainalternatives.

Case Study

You are the software engineer in Techno Wizard. Youhave been given a project an “E-Card
System” by theorganization for development. E-Card System is a web based systemin which
Member can register himself by filling up the registrationform. User/member of the system
selects a card of his own choicefrom the list of card category. User/member can send this card
tohis recipient/s along with music and sound. User can also writetext on the card. System
Administrator is responsible for keepingthe record of members and cards. System Administrator
can add newcards in the appropriate card category, delete and update theexisting cards.
Similarly, System Administrator can add new member,delete and update the data of the existing
member.
A customer uses Shopping Made Easy System for online shopping. System requires the
customer to sign up and sign in to be able to interact with the system. Customer registration is
verified by the administration. A customer may use the portal as a guest without signing up but
is only able to view catalogues in case of a guest. A customer can manage his/her account
which involves signup/sign in and profile management. A customer can browse through
catalogues to view different products; customer can also search for a specific catalogue by
name or code number. Customer can view the products and can log out without buying.

Another main feature of the system is Shopping cart management. Customer can add or
remove items in cart. Customer can check which items have been added to cart at any time and
can increase or decrease the quantity of items. Once the desired items are added in the cart,
customer can place the order which involves payment process.

Payment can be made through Debit/ Credit card. Once payment is gone through systems
generates order summary, which shows purchased items and payments details. Catalogues
management is administered, to maintain system security, administrating staff also needs to
login to be able to use the system. Administration also verifies and accepts customer requests
for registration.

A local businesswoman has decided to start her own Internet business, Masterpieces Ltd,

hiring paintings for individuals and commercial companies. She requested to develop a

mobile application that allows her to manage her business, customers to rent the painting, and
the painting's owner to establish the painting. The system must be able to manage the details of
customers, paintings, and those paintings currently on hire to customers. Customers are
categorized as B (bronze), S (silver), G (gold),

or P (platinum). These categories entitle a customer to a discount of 0%, 5%, 10% or 15%
respectively.

Customers often request paintings by a particular artist or theme (eg. animal, landscape,
seascape, naval, still-life, etc). Over time a customer may hire the same painting more than
once.

Each painting is allocated a customer monthly rental price defined by the owner. The owner of
the painting is then paid 10% of that customer rental price. An additional 10% to 30% price may
apply for painting rental prices. Any paintings not hired within six months are returned to the
owner. However, after three months, an owner may resubmit a returned painting.

Each painting can only have one artist associated with it.

Several reports are required from the system. The three main reports are:

1. For each customer, a report showing an overview of all the paintings they have hired or are
currently hiring. 2. For each artist, a report of all paintings submitted for hire.

3. For each artist, a report for those paintings not hired over the past six months.

Figure 1 shows the use case analysis for the proposed system.