Infectious animal disease management

VETS-3010-2
LE THANH HIEN

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Do you know these ?

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Contents
Part 1: A review (infectious disease epidemiology)
1. Principles of disease control
2. Surveillance system
3. Outbreak investigation
4. Strategies to control disease

Part 2: CASE studies (Zoonotic diseases)

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 Part 1: A review

1- Principles of disease control

} Disease existence in a population

} Basic Concepts in the transmission of communicable
diseases
} Basic reproductive numbers Ro
} Effective or net reproductive number, Re
} Herd immunity, Herd immunity threshold (HIT)

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How does an Infectious Disease Persist in a Population
Infected animals

Agent shed

Agent transmitted to others

S I R
Agent enters

Agent multiplies
/ host shows signs

Outcome of infection
 } Components of Ro
- Number of contacts in a duration of time between infectious animals
and susceptible animals (c) [contact rate]
- Successful contact – probability of a contact that make a transmission
(p) [transmission probability]
- Duration of infectious (D) [duration of infectiousness]

Ro = c × p × D

How to reduce Ro

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 } Net reproductive numbers and herd immunity
Re = Ro x s
To prevent an outbreak Re <1 (the number of secondary
cases will be less than one )
à s < 1/ Ro
( 1-s ) > 1-1/Ro
(1-s): Herd immunity
The value 1-1/Ro: Herd immunity threshold (HIT)
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Disease management at a farm
} All-in – all-out
} Biosecurity
} Herd immunity
} Isolation and culling
} Quarantine
} Acclimatization
} Reduce herd - Close herd
} Testing and removal
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2- Surveillance Systems
} Disease surveillance is an information-based activity involving the
collection, analysis and interpretation of large volumes of data
originating from a variety of sources.

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 } Monitoring of diseases and pathogens within populations provides
changes in disease status within a population.
} Surveillance differs conceptually from monitoring as it is an
ongoing, systematic process for the collection, analysis and
interpretation of data. As a result of surveillance activities, results
can be disseminated in order to inform which future actions are to
be taken.

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 Surveillance and monitoring in pig farms

Has a new disease

entered my farm?
Surveillance
All regular activities, including sampling and testing, for an early detection
of infectious agents in pig farms1

How is a disease
changing in my Monitoring
farm? Detection of changes over time in diseases already present in pig farms1

• Often used interchangeably, but they are not the same

• Can use same tools
• Differ in objectives rather than techniques

(1) Definitions aligned with: Paskins, R. Manual on Livestock Disease Surveillance and Information Systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations; 1999.
 } At many levels
} Standardization
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 Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
Global Positioning System (GPS)

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 Longitudinal coordinates, Latitudinal coordinates, Projected coordinates

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Spatial epidemiology
} Spatial epidemiology is the
description and analysis of
geographic variations in
disease with respect to
demographic, environmental,
behavioral, socioeconomic,
genetic, and infectious risk
factors

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Spatial epidemiology
} Spatial epidemiology at small-area scale can be divided
into three main areas:
} disease mapping
} geographic correlation studies
} clustering, disease clusters, and surveillance.
¨ Clustering detection: examines the tendency for disease risk
to exhibit à infectious disease
¨ Cluster detection à “hot spots"

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 “Hot Spots” for zoonotic diseases of the World

Southeast Asia
Cambodia
China
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam

Amazon Congo region

Bolivia Angola
South Asia
Brazil Burundi Eq. Guinea
Bangladesh
Colombia Cameroon Gabon
CAR India
Ecuador Rwanda
Congo Nepal
Mexico Tanzania
Peru DR Congo Uganda

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 Predicted geographic spread of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Vietnam. Medians from 1000 model

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Type of disease surveillance

•Passive surveillance: gathers disease data from all potential reporting

health care workers

•Active surveillance: provides stimulus to health care workers in the

form of individual feedback or other incentives

•Sentinel surveillance: selects, either randomly or intentionally, a small

group of health workers from whom to gather data

•Syndromic surveillance: focus on real-time indicators for disease that

allow for detection before public health authorities might otherwise
identify them
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Sentinel Herds
} Sentinel pigs
} Tested for Japanese Encephalitis
} Sentinel cattle
} Tested for Bluetongue virus

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Animal Survey
} Domestic animals examined annually
} Samples obtained from pigs, horses, goats & poultry
} Wild waterfowl and shorebirds
} Catch and release
} Serum & cloacal swabs collected

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3- Disease Outbreak Investigation
} Why to investigate a disease outbreak
} Risk and risk factors
} Disease and outbreak

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 } Pathogenicity of agent

} Understand characteristics of disease

} Risk factors

} Burden of disease

} Action plan

} Causality

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Outbreak patterns;
Epidemic curve
Outbreak patterns;
Epidemic curve
Outbreak patterns;
Epidemic curve
Outbreak patterns;
Example
 Number of case

0
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7/
10
/2
01
3
8/
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/2
01
3
9/
10
/2
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10 3
/1
0/
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13
11
/1
0/
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13
12
/1
0/
20
13
13
/1
0/
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/1
0/
20
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/1
0/
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13
16
/1
0/
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/1
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/1
0/
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/1
Outbreak patterns; Example

0/
20
13
20

/1
0/
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13
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/1
0/
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13
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/1
0/
20
13
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/1
0/
Epidemic curve of FMD of sow herd

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/1
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/1
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/1
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/1
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/1
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/1
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/1
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 Number of case
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0
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30
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/1
0/
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26 13
/1
0/
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27 13
/1
0/
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28 13
/1
0/
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29 13
/1
0/
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30 13
/1
0/
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/1
0/
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1/
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/2
01
2/ 3
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/2
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3/ 3
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/2
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4/ 3
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/2
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5/ 3
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Outbreak patterns; Example

/2
01
6/ 3
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/2
01
7/ 3
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/2
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8/ 3
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/2
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9/ 3
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/2
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Epidemic curve of FMD of nursery herd

10
/1
1/
20
11 13
/1
1/
20
12 13
/1
1/
20
13 13
/1
1/
20
14 13
/1
1/
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15 13
/1
1/
20
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 Number of case

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
7/10/2013
8/10/2013
9/10/2013
10/10/2013
11/10/2013
12/10/2013
13/10/2013
14/10/2013
15/10/2013
16/10/2013
17/10/2013
18/10/2013
19/10/2013
20/10/2013
21/10/2013
22/10/2013
23/10/2013
24/10/2013

Number of cl inical sow

25/10/2013
26/10/2013
27/10/2013
Outbreak patterns; Example

28/10/2013
29/10/2013
30/10/2013
31/10/2013
Number of cl inical pig

1/11/2013
2/11/2013
3/11/2013
Epidemic curve of FMD of nursery herd

4/11/2013
5/11/2013
6/11/2013
7/11/2013
8/11/2013
9/11/2013
10/11/2013
11/11/2013
12/11/2013
13/11/2013
14/11/2013
15/11/2013
What do you know from epidemic curve
• What is the disease?
• Outbreak pattern
• What are the cause of outbreak?
• Incubation period
• Improve biosecurity of farm
• Can access the Prevention and control?
• Duration since found the first case until not found
case
Step by step of disease outbreak event
First case Report case Send Lab. Report Lab. Control

100-

80-

60-
Duration for
Cases
control
40-

20-

0- Time
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Step by step of disease outbreak event
First case Early detection Control

100-

80-

60-
Decrease number
Cases
of case
40-

20-

0- Time
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Early detection (syndromic surveillance concept)
Body < 38.5 C > 38.5 C Sum
temperature
ASF positive 2 11 13(2+11)
ASF negative 6 1 7(6+1)
ALL 8(2+6) 12(11+1) 20
Chi-square test ; p<0.05
Early detection (syndromic surveillance concept)

Yamsakul et al.,2023
Early detection (syndromic surveillance concept)
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 } Step 1: Verify the diagnosis
} Step 2: Define a Case
} Step 3: Determine the Magnitude of the Problem
} Step 4: Describe the Temporal Pattern of New Cases
} Step 5: Describe the Spatial Pattern of New Cases
} Step 6: Describe the Animal Pattern of New Cases
} Step 7: Analysis of the Data
} Step 8: Formulate a Working Hypothesis
} Step 9: Intensive Clinical and Epidemiologic Follow-up
} Step 10: Reporting the Findings

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 } Formula for the calculation of an attack rate (AR)

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 Risk Risk
factor factor Risk
Risk ? ? ? factor
factor
?
? Disease Relationship
Risk ?
? üAR difference
factor ? Risk
? factor
Risk Risk
factor factor

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4- Major Disease Control Strategies
ü Quarantine ü Therapeutic drugs
ü Slaughter ü Prophylactic drugs
ü Movement control ü Genetic improvements
ü Vaccination ü Grazing strategies
ü Control of biological vectors ü Movement of Susceptibles
ü Control of mechanical vectors ü Improved husbandry
ü Disinfection of fomites ü Minimal disease methods
ü Avoid contact with reservoirs üEducation

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