Recent Trends in IT Unit – IV

CVM UNIVERSITY
SEMCOM
Vallabh Vidyanagar
Faculty Name: Ami D. Trivedi
Class: TYBCA (SEM-VI)
Subject: Recent Trends in IT

Unit 4: IoT and Cloud Computing

• Introduction to Internet of Things

• Introduction to Cloud computing & Evolution of Cloud Computing
• Applications of Cloud Computing
• Benefits –Limitations of Cloud Computing
• Cloud Services
• Cloud Computing hardware and infrastructure

*Introduction of Internet of Things

What is Internet of Things (IoT)?

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called "things" that are
embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that allows these objects to
collect and exchange data.

The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices like computer,
mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.

IoT makes virtually everything "smart," by improving aspects of our life with the power of
data collection, AI algorithm, and networks. The thing in IoT can also be a person with a
diabetes monitor implant, an animal with tracking devices, etc.

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Components of IoT

The entire IoT process starts with the devices themselves like smartphones,
smartwatches, electronic appliances like TV, Washing Machine which helps you to
communicate with the IoT platform.

There are four fundamental components of IoT: Sensors/Devices, Connectivity, Data

Processing and User Interface.

1. Sensors/Devices

Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live data from the
surrounding environment. All this data may have various levels of complexities. It could
be a simple temperature monitoring sensor, or it may be in the form of the video feed.

A device may have various types of sensors which performs multiple tasks apart from
sensing. Example, A mobile phone is a device which has multiple sensors like GPS,
camera but your smartphone is not able to sense these things.

2. Connectivity

All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The sensors should be connected
to the cloud using various mediums of communications. These communication mediums
include mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.

3. Data Processing

Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the software performs processing
on the gathered data.

This process can be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or
heaters. However, it can sometimes also be very complex like identifying objects, using
computer vision on video.

4. User Interface

The information needs to be available to the end-user in some way which can be
achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or sending them notification through
email or text message.

The user sometimes might need an interface which actively checks their IoT system.

For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to access video
recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.

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IoT Applications

IoT solutions are widely used in numerous companies across industries. Some most
common IoT applications are given below:

Application Type Description

Smart Thermostats Helps you to save resource on heating bills by knowing your
usage patterns.
Connected Cars IoT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking,
insurance, and other related stuff automatically.
Activity Trackers Helps you to capture heart rate pattern, calorie expenditure,
activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.
Smart Outlets Remotely turn any device on or off. It also allows you to track a
device’s energy level and get custom notifications directly into
your smartphone.
Parking Sensors IoT technology helps users to identify the real-time availability
of parking spaces on their phone.
Connect Health The concept of a connected health care system facilitates real-
time health monitoring and patient care. It helps in improved
medical decision-making based on patient data.
Smart City Smart city offers all types of use cases which include traffic
management to water distribution, waste management, etc.
Smart home Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside your homes. It
includes smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs,
windows, door locks, etc.
Smart supply chain Helps you in real time tracking of goods while they are on the
road, or getting suppliers to exchange inventory information.

Challenges of IoT

Following are some challenges may be faced when implementing the IoT.

• Insufficient testing and updating

• Concern regarding data security and privacy
• Software complexity
• Data volumes and interpretation
• Integration with AI and automation
• Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
• Interaction and short-range communication

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Advantages of IoT

• Technical Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in improving technologies and

making them better.

Example, with IoT, a manufacturer is able to collect data from various car sensors.
The manufacturer analyzes them to improve its design and make them more
efficient.

• Improved Data Collection: Traditional data collection has its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT facilitates immediate action on data.

• Reduced Waste: IoT offers real-time information leading to effective decision

making & management of resources.

For example, if a manufacturer finds an issue in multiple car engines, he can track
the manufacturing plan of those engines and solves this issue with the
manufacturing belt.

• Improved Customer Engagement: IoT allows you to improve customer experience

by detecting problems and improving the process.

Disadvantages of IoT

• Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices. However,

during this process, the system may offer little authentication control despite
sufficient security measures.

• Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data, in extreme
detail, without the user's active participation. This creates lots of privacy issues.

• Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT system. It is

mainly regarding integrating with another system as there are many diverse systems
involved in the process.

• Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite complicated. Moreover, it's
deployment and maintenance also not very easy.

• Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and regulations. However, because of its
complexity, the task of compliance is quite challenging.

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Some Important Definitions

• Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi is a computer which is capable of doing all the

operations like a conventional computer. It has other features such as onboard WiFi,
GPIO pins, and Bluetooth in order to communicate with external things.

• Arduino: Arduino is a free electronics platform having easy to use hardware and
software. It has a microcontroller capable of reading input from sensors to control
the motors programmatically.

• MicroPython: MicroPython is a Python implementation, which includes a small

subset of its standard library. It can be optimized to run on the ModeMCU
microcontroller.

• Thingworx: Thingworx is a platform for the fast development and deployment of

connected devices. It is a collection of integrated IoT development tools that support
analysis, production, property, and alternative aspects of IoT development.

• Contiki: IoT Contiki is software that targets explicitly little devices connected with
the Internet. It is used with process power bandwidth, power, and restricted memory.
Contiki helps for the management of programs, resources, processes,
communication, and memory.

• Zigbee: Zigbee is the same like Bluetooth. It used in a complex system for low
power operation, robustness, and high security.

*Introduction & Evolution of Cloud Computing

What is Cloud?

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location.

Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management
(CRM) execute on cloud.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and
software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and
application.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to be

installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.

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History of Cloud Computing

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is
basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all
the controls are resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect
to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her
business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are
networked together and share their resources when needed. On the basis of above
computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that later implemented.

At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can
be sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all
brilliant ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in
the model, the technology simply was not ready for it.

In 1999, [Link] started delivering of applications to users using a simple

website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way
the dream of computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage,
computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the
Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.

In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have
all joined the cloud computing and it has become mainstream.

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Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the
1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role.

These are distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service
orientation, and utility computing.

• Distributed Computing

It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a

single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and
also use them effectively and efficiently.

Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency,

continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures.

But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were required to be
present at the same geographical location.

Thus, to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing
and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.

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• Mainframe Computing

Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and reliable
computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such as massive
input-output operations.

Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc.
These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance.

After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities of the system.
But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an
alternative to mainframe technology.

• Cluster Computing

In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing. Each

machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth.

These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were equally capable
of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was
required.

Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem related to
geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing was
introduced.

• Grid computing

In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different systems
were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via
the internet.

These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of
heterogeneous nodes.

Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between
the nodes increased. The main problem which was encountered was the low availability
of high bandwidth connectivity and with-it other network associated issues.

Thus cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid computing”.

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• Virtualization

It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer
over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the
hardware.

It is a key technology used in cloud computing. It is the base on which major cloud
computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware
virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization.

• Web 2.0

It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients. It
is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also
increases flexibility among web pages.

Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to
say, social media is possible because of this technology only. It gained major popularity
in 2004.

• Service orientation

It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and
evolvable applications.

Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model. These were Quality
of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software
as a Service (SaaS).

• Utility computing

It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services such
as compute services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc
which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.

Applications of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing has its applications in almost all the fields such as business,
entertainment, data storage, social networking, management, entertainment, education,
art and global positioning system, etc.

Some of the widely famous cloud computing applications are as below:

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Application Application
Description
Type Name
It offers an e-mail publishing platform. It is
1 MailChimp widely employed by the businesses to design
and send their e-mail campaigns.
Chatter app helps the employee to share
important information about organization in real
2 Chatter
time. One can get the instant feed regarding
any issue.
Business
Google offers creating text documents,
Applications
Google Apps spreadsheets, presentations, etc., on Google
3
for Business Docs which allows the business users to share
them in collaborating manner.
It offers online accounting solutions for a
business. It helps in monitoring cash flow,
4 Quickbooks
creating VAT returns and creating business
reports.
[Link] offers drag and drop service for files.
5 [Link] The users need to drop the files into Box and
access from anywhere.
Data
Mozy offers online backup service for files to
6 Storage Mozy
prevent data loss.
and Backup
Joukuu is a web-based interface. It allows to
7 Joukuu display a single list of contents for files stored in
Google Docs, [Link] and Dropbox.
It helps in tracking time period assigned to a
8 Toggl
particular project.
It organizes the sticky notes and even can read
Management
9 Evernote the text from images which helps the user to
Applications
locate the notes easily.
It is an accounting app. It helps to track income,
10 Outright
expenses, profits and losses in real time.
It offers social networking service. One can
11 Facebook share photos, videos, files, status and much
more.
Social
It helps to interact with the public directly. One
Applications
can follow any celebrity, organization and any
12 Twitter
person, who is on twitter and can have latest
updates regarding the same.

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It offers streaming service. The music files are

Entertainment
13 Audio [Link] stored online and can be played from cloud
Applications
using the own media player of the service.
It offers art services such as designing and
Art
14 Moo printing business cards, postcards and mini
Applications
cards.

Benefits –Limitations of Cloud Computing

Advantage of Cloud Computing

Advantage Description
Back-up and Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up
1
restore data and restore that data using the cloud.
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of
Improved
2 people to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via
collaboration
shared storage.
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information
anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet
Excellent
3 connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases
accessibility
organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our
data is always accessible.
Low Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software
4 maintenance maintenance costs for organizations.
cost
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via
5 Mobility
mobile.
Services in the Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces
6 pay-per-use (APIs) to the users for access services on the cloud and pays
model the charges as per the usage of service.
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing
Unlimited
7 our important data such as documents, images, audio, video,
storage capacity
etc. in one place.
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud
8 Data security computing. Cloud offers many advanced features related to
security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.

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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Disadvantage Description
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio,
video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data
Internet through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do
1
Connectivity not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these
data. However, we have no any other way to access data from
the cloud.
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing.
Organizations may face problems when transferring their
2 Vendor lock-in services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving
from one cloud to another.
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned,
managed, and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud
3 Limited Control
users have less control over the function and execution of
services within a cloud infrastructure.
Although cloud service providers implement the best security
standards to store important information. But, before adopting
cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be
4 Security sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third
party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending
the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

Cloud Services

There are the following three types of cloud service models:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the cloud
computing platform.

It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as servers, networking,

processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources. Customers access these
resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.

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In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific period of
time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration
and time, regardless of the actual use.

With the help of the IaaS cloud computing platform layer, clients can dynamically scale
the configuration to meet changing requirements and are billed only for the services
actually used.

IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure. IaaS provider provides the following services –

Compute Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and

virtual main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end-
users.
Storage IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
Network Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such
as routers, switches, and bridges for the Vms.
Load balancers It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

Top Iaas Providers

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2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to

easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications.

You can purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use
basis and access them using the Internet connection.

In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end- users
do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.

PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform

(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business intelligence,
and more) to support the web application life cycle.

PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks,

Databases, and Other tools:

• Programming languages

PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop
the applications.

Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers are Java, PHP,
Ruby, Perl, and Go.

• Application frameworks

PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the application

development.

Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are [Link], Drupal,
Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.

• Databases

PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB,

and Redis to communicate with the applications.

• Other tools

PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and deploy
the applications.

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Popular PaaS Providers

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model in

which services are hosted by a cloud service provider.

These services are available to end-users over the internet so, the end-users do not
need to install any software on their devices to access these services. There are the
following services provided by SaaS providers -

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• Business Services

SaaS Provider provides various business services to start-up the business.

The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM
(Customer Relationship Management), billing, and sales.

• Document Management

SaaS document management is a software application offered by a third party (SaaS

providers) to create, manage, and track electronic documents.

• Social Networks

As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general public, so social
networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and handle the general
public's information.

• Mail Services

To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail services, many e-mail
providers offering their services using SaaS.

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Popular SaaS Providers

Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data It provides virtual platforms It provides web

center to store information and tools to create, test, and software and apps to
and create platforms for deploy apps. complete business
app development, testing, tasks.
and deployment.

It provides access to It provides runtime It provides software as

resources such as virtual environments and a service to the end-
machines, virtual storage, deployment tools for users.
etc. applications.

It is used by network It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

architects.

IaaS provides only PaaS provides SaaS provides

Infrastructure. Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.

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Cloud Computing hardware and infrastructure

Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and

event-driven architecture. Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following
two parts –
• Front End
• Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End: The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and
applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms.

The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.),
thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End: The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources
that are required to provide cloud computing services.

It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines,

deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.

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Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture –

1. Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a Front-end component. It provides

GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application: The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to
access.

3. Service: A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access
according to the client’s requirement. Cloud computing offers the following three type
of services:
a. Software as a Service (SaaS)
b. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
c. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to
the virtual machines.

5. Storage: Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It

provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure: It provides services on the host level, application level, and network
level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as
servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage
resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

7. Management: Management is used to manage components such as application,

service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the
backend and establish coordination between them.

8. Security: Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It

implements a security mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet: The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact
and communicate with each other.

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Cloud Computing Infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure consists of servers, storage devices, network, cloud management
software, deployment software, and platform virtualization.

• Hypervisor: Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a Virtual

Machine Manager. It allows to share the single physical instance of cloud resources
between several tenants.

• Management Software: It helps to maintain and configure the infrastructure.

• Deployment Software: It helps to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.

• Network: It is the key component of cloud infrastructure. It allows to connect cloud

services over the Internet. It is also possible to deliver network as a utility over the
Internet, which means, the customer can customize the network route and protocol.

• Server: The server helps to compute the resource sharing and offers other services
such as resource allocation and de-allocation, monitoring the resources, providing
security etc.

• Storage: Cloud keeps multiple replicas of storage. If one of the storage resources
fails, then it can be extracted from another one, which makes cloud computing more
reliable.

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Types of Clouds

There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the
organization's needs-

1. Public Cloud

• Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general public
through an Internet connection.
• Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third
party, i.e., Cloud service provider.
• In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same
time.
• Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities,
government organizations, or a combination of them.
• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun
Cloud, and Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.

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Advantages of Public Cloud

• Low Cost: Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares
the same resources with a large number of consumers.
• Location Independent: Public cloud is location independent because its services
are offered through the internet.
• Save Time: In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage
and maintain data centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their
time to establish connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates,
configure, and assemble servers.
• Quickly and easily set up: Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the
internet and deployed and configured it remotely through the cloud service provider
within a few hours.
• Business Agility: Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer
resources based on the organization's requirements.
• Scalability and reliability: Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove)
and reliable (24*7 available) services to the users at an affordable cost.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

• Low Security: Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
• Performance: In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet
connectivity.
• Less customizable: Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

2. Private Cloud

• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

• Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls
and internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not
accessible to third-party providers.
• HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a
private cloud.

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Advantages of Private cloud

• More Control: Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware
than public clouds because it is only accessed by selected users.
• Security & privacy: Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud
computing. Private cloud improved the security level as compared to the public
cloud.
• Improved performance: Private cloud offers better performance with improved
speed and space capacity.

Disadvantages of Private cloud

• High cost: The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain
hardware resources are costly.
• Restricted area of operations: As we know, private cloud is accessible within the
organization, so the area of operations is limited.
• Limited scalability: Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal
hosted resources.
• Skilled people: Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

3. Hybrid Cloud

• Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.

Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
• The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified,
automated, and well-managed computing environment.
• In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public cloud and
critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
• Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
• The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Cisco,
and NetApp.

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Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

• Flexible and secure: It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and
secure resources because of the private cloud.
• Cost effective: Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations
to save costs for both infrastructure and application support.
• Features of Public and Private cloud: It offers the features of both the public as
well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is capable of adapting to the demands that
each company needs for space, memory, and system.
• Security: Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the
private cloud.
• Risk Management: Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to
manage the risk.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

• Networking issues: In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of

the private and the public cloud.
• Infrastructure Compatibility: Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a
hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company,
and a public cloud does not, so there is a possibility that they are running in separate
stacks.
• Reliability: The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

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4. Community Cloud

• Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be

accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned,
managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third
party, or a combination of them.
• Example: Our government organization within India may share computing
infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.

Advantages of Community Cloud

• Cost effective: Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is
shared between several organizations or a community.
• Flexible and Scalable: The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is
compatible with every user. It allows the users to modify the documents as per their
needs and requirement.
• Security: Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure
than the private cloud.
• Sharing infrastructure: Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

• Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

• Slow adoption to data
• The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
• Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
• Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

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Recent Trends in IT Unit – IV

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud

Parameter Public Private Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud

Cloud Cloud

Host Service Enterprise Enterprise Community (Third

provider (Third party) (Third party) party)

Users General Selected users Selected users Community

public members

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise Community

provider

Disclaimer: The basic objective of this material is to supplement teaching and

discussion in the classroom in the subject. Students are required to go for extra reading
in the subject through library work.

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