Rroof
Rroof
A roof is an upper most part of a building
which provides a structural covering, to give protection to
the building against rain, sun, wind etc.,
The roofs are classified into the following three
categories:
1. Pitched or sloping roofs
2. Flat or terraced roofs
3. Curved roofs or shell roof
• The pitched roofs and sloping roof are very suitable to
coastal region where rainfall is heavy or snow fall is heavy.
• The flat roofs are useful in plains or in hot regions,
where rainfall is moderate and where snowfall is not there.
These roofs are equally applicable to building of any shape
and size.
• The curved roofs have their top surface curved in the form
of shells ( domes, barrel arch, cone). Such roofs are more
suitable for public buildings like libraries, theatres,
recreation centres etc., to develop architectural effects
➢ Lean-to-roof
This is the simplest type of sloping roof,
provided either for a room of small span,
or for the varandah. It has slope only
one side.
➢ Gable roof
This roof slopes in two
direction so that the end formed
by intersection of slopes is a
vertical triangle.
➢ Gambrel roof
This roof ,like gable roof,
slopes in two direction but there is
a break in the slope on each
direction.
➢ Hip roof
This roof slopes in four
direction so that the end formed
by intersection of slopes is a
sloped triangle.
➢ Deck roof
This roof, like a hip roof,
slopes in 4 direction but forms
decks at the top.
➢ Mansard roof
This roof, like a hip roof,
slopes in four direction,
but each slop has a break.
It is the horizontal distance between the
internal faces of walls or supports.
It is the vertical distance between the
wall plate and top of the ridge.
It is the inclination of the sides of a roof
to the horizontal plane.
It is the apex line of sloping roof.
It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two
sloped surfaces having an exterior angle greater than
1800.
It is the sloped triangular surface formed at the
end of the roof.
A valley is the reverse of a hip.
The ridge formed by the intersection of two sloped
surfaces having an exterior angle less than 1800
These are the lower edges of a inclined roof
surface, from which the rain water from the roof surfaces
drop down. (Eaves board or Facia boards)
The edge of a gable, running between the eaves and
ridge, is known as a verge.
These are inclined wooden members
laid from the ridge to the eaves.
They are normally spaced at 30 to 45 cm
apart depending upon the roof covering materials.
These are horizontal wooden or steel members used
to support the common rafters of a sloping roof when
span is large.
These are thin strips of wood, Which are fixed on the
common rafters to support the roofing materials.
TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS:
1. Single roofs
2. Double or purlin roofs
3. Triple-membered or framed or
trussed roofs
Single roofs consist of only common rafters
which are secured at the ridge and wall plate.
Such roofs used only when the span is
limited to 5m.
➢This is the simplest type of pitched roof in
which rafters slope to one side only.
➢ It is suitable to a maximum
span of 2.4 to 2.5 m metres.
➢Generally used for shed,
out houses, attached to the
main building.
➢The common rafter usually inclined at 30
degree.
➢ This type of roof is formed
by the couple or pair of
common rafters which slope
to both the sides of the ridge of the roof.
➢ It is suitable for spans up to 3.5 metres.
➢ A couple-close roof is
economically suitable for
spans up to 4.20m.
➢ This roof is similar to couple
close roof except that in the latter
case, a tie beam is raised and
placed at a higher level.
➢ This roof is suitable for spans
varying from 4 to 5.5 metres.
➢ These purlins required for roofs with span
more than 5.5 m.
➢ The Maximum Span of common rafter is
usually taken as 2.5 m.
When the span of the roof exceeds
5 metres and when there are no inside
supporting walls or partitions for the purlins..
➢Suitable for roofs of span varying from5 to 8 m.
➢The roof truss spacing – 3m
➢Common rafter spacing – 30 cm to 45 cm.
➢This truss differs from a king post truss in
having two vertical posts, known as queen
posts.
➢This truss is suitable for spans varying from
8 to 12 metres.
➢ Up to .
This truss is in the form of a bow.
This truss can be used for long spans
of about 30 metres, provided that light roof
covering is used.
steel trusses can be used over any
span, while timber trusses are suitable only up
to 15m span.