3-17-25
HW C will available
dire
be
3-24
today a
Monday
Quick review of Ch4 so far :
·
Vectors u ,
VEV (V rector
space) are
nearly independent
-
if the
only
solution to
au + bi = 0
is the trivial solution (i .e . a = 0
,
b= 0)
·
A subset WEV (Vvec space) is a
space of V if :
i) W => areW
ii) nEW >
-
cutW for
any
CEIR
·
Thm : If A is an uxn matrix ,
then
of
the solution set the
homogenous
linear system
-
Ax =
is a ubspaceofthe Vesperate
null
space)
W =
E + /Ax 03 =
is
IRV
↑
of
subspace
"S 3" is a set
"
"I " is "such that
·
A vector in is a linear combination
- -
of a set of vectors
Ev , , .
-, 3 if :
n = C , , +... + C
for some scalars ( . . .., 4 EIR
-> Given WEIRY ,
we can determine
if in is a linear combo of
given S ...,n3 by
solving
some ,
the linear
system
:
w = C, Y + Catet - - . + CnYn
for C , Cz , ...,
In
The n ot a set s s
·
Vi :
Spand ... =
Ec
Thm : Spani .,.., 3 in IRV
(where KIn) is a
subspace of
IRM
If EX Y3 independent
linearly
·
are
, ...,
and if
n = C , + -
+ Ckk
then CitIR are
unique.
14 :
Bases a Dimension for
rector
spaces
Def : A finite set of vectors S in a
V called for
vec.
space
is a
basis
V if :
i) vectors in S are
linearly indep
.
ii) vectors in S
span
V
Cie :
spanS =
v)
Given S Ev ,
Significance
:
a basis =
, , . .
of vec V
space 3
every
rector we V can be written
combo
-uniquely as a
Si
linear of
Nectors in
= Vi
it : the vectors &F-- ,] form
coordinate for V
a
system
(coordinate
we're used
system
to :2
III
Ex
The standardbasis
: in I cost
=openin
↑ p e
N
components
i) Se , ...., En3 are lin.
independent
:
Show :
-
(*)
Let Cit - - -
+ Cen = 8. .
This
to the
is
equivalent homogenous
linear
system
I ↓ - [ivalent
H
[
identity matrix Inxn
=> C = 0 ,
Cz = 0
, ...,
Cn = 0
Thus , Ge , ...,
En3 is lin .
independent
ii) spande , ...,
En3 =
1
Show :
Any vector FER with
[]
Xn
can be written as
linear combo
* =
G , +... + Cren
(o) c ++
- +
(() [
=
+.. +
[]
=
In fact ,
c = Xi ,
Cz = Xz , . . .,
Cr= Xn
so vector FEIRN can be
anyas
written a lin .
combo .
of
Se , ...,
en3 ,
so
spande ...
En3 IR" =
Note
:
The above
example shows that
any
set of -
n
linearly indep
.
vectors in R forms basis
a
for IR" :
Why ?
-
LetEv ., 3 R be , ,
.
linearly indep For
any ..
FERRY ,
we can write
=
[-
3-18-25 linearly indep
L
of
Any set 2 I vectors R
·
n .
. in
forms a basis for M".
Why?
Let S = EF , . . .,BER be .
L I
.
Show spanS = IRC :
Cidea take EIR"
arbitrary vector
:
and showIt can be written
as a linear combo of vectors
in S =
EspanS)
For
any YERY ,
we can write
= = C ,
T, +. ..
+ Crun
want to show C
, .... In exist
#
[ ...]
=
↑ unmai
e -
Tay
e
=A (A
3 S
A must ex
because , -
,
in
detAt0(Ch 4 3) .
.
.
Thus
= AE ,
so we
can write
(A z)v (A)
+
* = +
...
+
Il
Ci in
Note :
(At *) ; refers to the jth
of the column rector
entry
At
(At is nxn
, is
xA(
So ,
It spans =
spanE , ---,
in3
.
Thus , spanS =
RV.
Takeaway
:
Any set a LI vectors
·
of
· in
RL is a basis for R
(be it
spans #2)
Ev ...,n3 form
Equivalently
·
, a
,
basis in R if and if
only
detA + 0 ,
where A=
[ ...)
·
If Ev , ...,3 is a basis for some
rector V the set of
space ,
any
more than vectors is
linearly
m
-dependent.
Why?
for- as
Since
a
any EV can be written as
= = C , V ,
+ .
+ Crin .
Now ,
take Ev , ...,
En , 3 .
This
is
linearly dependent since
+... + Cnn-X = T
-
-1
coeff
=
but the coeffs ,
are not all O
this
so set is
linearly dependent.
Geometric Intuition :
?
V =
IR
esi
T
9
du -
Su , is a basis [i] is NOT
basis ba
10 L e I .
a
it's not L I
2.
spanhu 3 /R2
.
.
=
,
Erectors in IR2
Y
i En , , 3 is NOT
& a
not
basis
L I
.
ba
-
wo
Jef : A rector
space
V is Elite
dimensional if
L
there is a
-
basis for V that has a
finite number of rectors .
Def: The dimension of a finite dim.
rector V is the number
space
of elements in the basis for V
.
dimIR" =
n
egi
dural of bas
e
Thm :
Any two red .
have
-
the # of
space same
elements .
(so dimension of a vec.
space
is
unique (
Concrete examples :
E : Let =
[] [] =
Does Ev , 33 form
2,
a basis
for R3 ?
Solution : It suffices to check if
(since
-
Ev Ve 33
, ,
are L I . .
we hale 3 rectors in 13) :
[]
I
det
111
det[S]
=
(v2 2)
= = E , 53] are
not LI So
. .
NOT
a basis for IR3.
is
+spanE ,
Ez , 33 ?
X = c ,
V ,
+ C2Vz + (33
Find 2 ,
22 , 3
[ int
=
3-19-25
4 4
. continued
# Find a basis for the solution
space
of the
homogenous system
E 3x3
X,
-
2X2 + = 0
2x , -
3x2 -
Xy = 0
Solution :
First find the solution
space
:
The
augmented coeff matrix is
[ 13 [ 7)0]
2R , + R2
230 2 30
-
I
-
-
-
2 3 10 01
-
-
-
-
3 -
2(2) =
1
2R2 + Ri
-1 -
2(3) = -
7
F8]
>
-
3+ 2(7) = -
11
& Reduced Echelon form
free variable X3
solutions Xo = t
parameterize
:
by back-substitution ,
xz -
7xz = 0 = Xz =
7x3
Xz =
7t
X. -
11x3 = 0 = x, =
11x3
X, = 11t
solutions have the form
solution
space
=
[] [] = i) =
for tElR
any
The basis for the solution
space is
[[473
solution scalar
because any
is a
multiple
[]
the Vector
The solution is one-dimensional
space
since its basis consists of a
single vector .
Glossary of
terms On
Linear
algebra
Lanvas
today